EUTOPIA 75+ : exploratory futures scenarios for baby boomers’ preferred living spaces

Australia is experiencing the global phenomenon of an ageing population with the baby boomer generation starting to reach retirement age in large numbers. As a result, there is a growing need for appropriate accommodation and this will continue to grow for the foreseeable future. However, the needs of the fit, mobile and techno savvy baby boomers are likely to be far different from those of previous generations of older people, but are as yet unknown and unanticipated. This paper reports on the findings of a Futuring research project to explore the preferred housing futures for the baby boomer generation in the city of Brisbane, an aspiring creative city in South East Queensland (SEQ), Australia. Their future home design and service needs are predicted by firstly employing a global environmental scan of related and associated ageing futures issues. This was followed by a micro-Futuring workshop, based on Inayatullah’s Futures Triangle Analysis, to identify a range of scenarios. The key aspects of the workshop culminated in the development of a Transformational Scenario – EUTOPIA 75+. From this, a suite of six design recommendations for seniors’ housing design and smart services provision are synthesised to give a sense of direction of preferred living styles, especially in terms of physical housing spaces, with a view to identifying new house design opportunities for the allied industries and research organisations. The issues identified are also of concern for aged care service providers, retirement living developers, and for academics involved in the social and physical design of living spaces for older people.

Women with self-reported lower-limb lymphedema after treatment for gynecological cancers: Are they more likely to self-report psychosocial symptoms and less likely to use services?

Background: Due to improved screening and treatment for gynaecological cancers survivorship has increased. Use of supportive care services after treatment is important to improve quality of life. Objective: To assess self-reported lower-limb lymphoedema (LLL), depression, anxiety, quality of life, unmet supportive care needs, and service use among gynaecological cancer survivors. Methods: In 2010 a population-based cross-sectional mail survey was conducted (n=160 gynaecological cancer survivors 5 to 30 month post-diagnosis (53% response rate)). Results: Overall, 30% of women self-reported LLL, 21% and 24% depression or anxiety, respectively. Women with LLL were more likely to also report symptoms of depression or anxiety, and with these symptoms had higher unmet supportive care needs. Services needed but not used by 10-15% of women with LLL, anxiety or depression respectively were lymphoedema specialist, pain specialist and physiotherapist, or psychiatrists, psychologists and pain specialists. Limitations: Small sample size, self-report data, limited generalisation to other countries, underrepresentation of older women (age >70) and women from non-Caucasian backgrounds. Conclusions: Women with LLL or high distress were less likely to use services they needed. Funding: This study was funded by Cancer Australia.

Lung sickness in Murri kids : a cohort study in urban Indigenous children

QLD, 4Murri Health Group, Caboolture, QLD Introduction Respiratory illnesses with cough as a symptom are predominant causes of morbidity in young Australian Indigenous children. With the exception of ear disease, there are limited studies that have addressed burden and outcome. Also, there are no studies that are specific to urban Indigenous children. Aim: We aim to comprehensively investigate the incidence, aetiology, risk factors for and outcomes of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in this population. Methods A cohort study of Indigenous children aged less than 5 years registered with an urban Indigenous primary health care service. Comprehensive baseline data are collected and children are followed monthly for 12 months to capture ARI events. ARI events are subsequently followed weekly for 4 weeks to determine cough outcomes, with review by a paediatric respiratory physician if cough has not resolved within 28 days. Results To date, 58 children (57% female) have been enrolled and 46 ARIs have been captured over 907 child weeks of observation (5.1 events per 100 child weeks, 95%CI 3.7–6.8). 13 ARIs (28.3%) have resulted in persistent cough for >28 days following onset. Conclusion Our early findings suggest an excess incidence of ARI in this population. The proportion of ARIs resulting in persistent cough for more than 4 weeks is the highest yet reported. Key Words: Indigenous, acute respiratory illness, paediatric.

Urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children's exposure to stressful events : a cross sectional study

Objectives To determine the frequency and types of stressful events experienced by urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, and to explore the relationship between these experiences and the children’s physical health and parental concerns about their behaviour and learning ability. Design, setting and participants Cross-sectional study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged ≤ 14 years presenting to an urban Indigenous primary health care service in Brisbane for annual child health checks between March 2007 and March 2010. Main outcome measures Parental or carer report of stressful events ever occurring in the family that may have affected the child. Results Of 344 participating children, 175 (51%) had experienced at least one stressful event. Reported events included the death of a family member or close friend (40; 23%), parental divorce or separation (28; 16%), witness to violence or abuse (20; 11%), or incarceration of a family member (7; 4%). These children were more likely to have parents or carers concerned about their behaviour (P < 0.001) and to have a history of ear (P < 0.001) or skin (P = 0.003) infections. Conclusions Children who had experienced stressful events had poorer physical health and more parental concern about behavioural issues than those who had not. Parental disclosure in the primary health care setting of stressful events that have affected the child necessitates appropriate medical, psychological or social interventions to ameliorate both the immediate and potential lifelong negative impact. However, treating the impact of stressful events is insufficient without dealing with the broader political and societal issues that result in a clustering of stressful events in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population.

The respiratory health of urban Indigenous children aged less than 5 years: Study protocol for a prospective cohort study

Background Despite the burden of acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children being a substantial cause of childhood morbidity and associated costs to families, communities and the health system, data on disease burden in urban children are lacking. Consequently evidence-based decision-making, data management guidelines, health resourcing for primary health care services and prevention strategies are lacking. This study aims to comprehensively describe the epidemiology, impact and outcomes of ARI in urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children (hereafter referred to as Indigenous) in the greater Brisbane area. Methods/design A prospective cohort study of Indigenous children aged less than five years registered with a primary health care service in Northern Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Children are recruited at time of presentation to the service for any reason. Demographic, epidemiological, risk factor, microbiological, economic and clinical data are collected at enrolment. Enrolled children are followed for 12 months during which time ARI events, changes in child characteristics over time and monthly nasal swabs are collected. Children who develop an ARI with cough as a symptom during the study period are more intensely followed-up for 28(±3) days including weekly nasal swabs and parent completed cough diary cards. Children with persistent cough at day 28 post-ARI are reviewed by a paediatrician. Discussion Our study will be one of the first to comprehensively evaluate the natural history, epidemiology, aetiology, economic impact and outcomes of ARIs in this population. The results will inform studies for the development of evidence-based guidelines to improve the early detection, prevention and management of chronic cough and setting of priorities in children during and after ARI.

“It puts a human face on the researched”: A qualitative evaluation of an Indigenous research governance model

Objective This study aimed to describe the Inala Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Community Jury for Health Research, and evaluate its usefulness as a model of Indigenous research governance within an urban Indigenous primary health care service from the perspectives of Jury members and researchers. Methods Informed by a phenomenological approach and using narrative inquiry, a focus group was conducted with Jury members and key informant interviews were undertaken with researchers who had presented to the Community Jury in its first year of operation. Results The Jury was a site of identity work for researchers and Jury members, providing an opportunity to observe and affirm community cultural protocols. Although researchers and Jury members had differing levels of research literacy, the Jury processes enabled respectful communication and relationships to form which positively influenced research practice, community aspirations and clinical care. Discussion The Jury processes facilitated transformative research practice among researchers, and resulted in transference of power from researchers to the Jury members to the mutual benefit of both. Conclusion Ethical Indigenous health research practice requires an engagement with Indigenous peoples and knowledges at the research governance level, not simply as subjects or objects of research.

Integrated lean six sigma approach for patient flow improvement in hospital emergency department

This research aims to develop an Integrated Lean Six Sigma approach to investigate and resolve the patient flow problems in hospital emergency departments. It was proposed that the voice of the customer and the voice of the process should be considered simultaneously to investigate the current process of patient flow. Statistical analysis, visual process mapping with A3 problem solving sheet, and cause and effect diagrams have been used to identify the major patient flow issues. This research found that engaged frontline workers, long-term leadership obligation, an understanding of patients' requirements and the implementation of a systematic integration of lean strategies could continuously improve patient flow, health care service and growth in the emergency departments.

Impact of malnutrition on 12-month mortality following acute hip fracture

Background Studies investigating the relationship between malnutrition and post-discharge mortality following acute hip fracture yield conflicting results. This study aimed to determine whether malnutrition independently predicted 12-month post-fracture mortality after adjusting for clinically relevant covariates. Methods An ethics approved, prospective, consecutive audit was undertaken for all surgically treated hip fracture inpatients admitted to a dedicated orthogeriatric unit (November 2010–October 2011). The 12-month mortality data were obtained by a dual search of the mortality registry and Queensland Health database. Malnutrition was evaluated using the Subjective Global Assessment. Demographic (age, gender, admission residence) and clinical covariates included fracture type, time to surgery, anaesthesia type, type of surgery, post-surgery time to mobilize and post-operative complications (delirium, pulmonary and deep vein thrombosis, cardiac complications, infections). The Charlson Comorbidity Index was retrospectively applied. All diagnoses were confirmed by the treating orthogeriatrician. Results A total of 322 of 346 patients were available for audit. Increased age (P = 0.004), admission from residential care (P < 0.001), Charlson Comorbidity Index (P = 0.007), malnutrition (P < 0.001), time to mobilize >48 h (P < 0.001), delirium (P = 0.003), pulmonary embolism (P = 0.029) and cardiovascular complication (P = 0.04) were associated with 12-month mortality. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that malnutrition (odds ratio (OR) 2.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–4.7, P = 0.007)), in addition to admission from residential care (OR 2.6 (95% CI 1.3–5.3, P = 0.005)) and pulmonary embolism (OR 11.0 (95% CI 1.5–78.7, P = 0.017)), independently predicted 12-month mortality. Conclusions Findings substantiate malnutrition as an independent predictor of 12-month mortality in a representative sample of hip fracture inpatients. Effective strategies to identify and treat malnutrition in hip fracture should be prioritized.

Sinusta kiinni : Tutkimus puolisohoivan arjen toimijuuksista

Depending on you – A study of spousal care, everyday life and agency The present aim of the aging policy is to promote old peoples´ possibilities to live at their own home. It is also many elderly couples´ own wish. At home a persons spouse is the most natural care giver, if she or he is able to give care. Spousal care means living together, giving and receiving care and interdependency between the spouses. The aim of the policy is to support spousal care by paying financial support to a carer and arrang-ing formal home care services. The purpose of this research is to study the agency of care giving and receiving spouses as care givers and receivers and also as home care service users. The data of the study consist of the interviews of 21 elderly couples. Both spouses were interviewed seper-ately, with the exception of five couples who were interviewed together. In these inter-views a care receiver had difficulties in communicating by speaking and a spouse was her or his interpreter. The study is based on a social constructionistic and a discourse analytical view of con-struction of meanings in human communication. Talking is a social action: people achieve identities, realities, social order and social relationship through talking. In inter-pretating the spouses agency I have used of Harvey Sack´s method of Membership Categorization Device (MCD). The spouses construct social categories which made the meaning of their agency visible. Care changes the routines and actions of everyday life. The couples have to negotiate their duties and rights between each other. Care giving and receiving are both physical and emotional actions. In the end it becomes a part of the couples´ normal life. The pur-pose of couples´ action is to live together as long as possible. They want to strengthen both their own agency and their spouses´ agency. The living together depends on both of them. The spouses decided together what home care services they would like to use and on which conditions they have to use services. Spouses have different kind of agencies as service users which describe their relationship and confidency on formal home care support and services. Services must support the elderly couples´ shared life at home. They cannot be against the conditions on the spousal care. When you want to arrange services to elderly care giving and receiving couples, you have to consider their own wishes and the meanings of their own relationship and shared life.

Impacto de intervenção nutricional no controle dos níveis pressóricos e metabólicos de pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento na atenção primária de saúde do município de São Luís MA

A hipertensão é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no Brasil. Os hipertensos muitas vezes apresentam perfil lipídico e glicidico desfavoráveis. A alimentação pode desempenhar um papel importante na redução da pressão arterial (PA) e no perfil lipídico e controle glicêmico desses pacientes. Avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção nutricional adaptada ao padrão alimentar brasileiro no controle dos níveis pressóricos e metabólico de pacientes hipertensos em acompanhamento em um serviço de atenção primária de saúde do município de São Luís do Maranhão. Metodologia: ensaio clínico randomizado utilizando uma dieta de baixo índice glicêmico combinada ao aumento do consumo de frutas, vegetais, grãos integrais e laticínios desnatados que são os princípios do Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (dieta DASH). Foram alocados randomicamente 206 pacientes hipertensos que foram acompanhados por 6 meses. O grupo controle (GC, n=101) recebeu aconselhamento padrão, focado na redução da ingestão de sal. Resultados: Dos 206 pacientes randomizados, 156 (37 homens, 119 mulheres) completaram o estudo. A idade média dos participantes foi de 60,1 (DP 12,9) anos. Após 6 meses, houve redução na média da pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) em 14,4 mmHg e na diastólica (PAD) de 9,7 mmHg no grupo experimental (GE), em comparação a 6,7 mmHg e 4,6 mmHg, respectivamente, no GC. Após o ajuste para mudança de peso corporal, PA na linha de base e idade, essas diferenças entre os grupos foram de aproximadamente 9,2 mmHg e 6,2 mmHg, respectivamente. Ocorreram tambem variações estatisticamente significantes na excreção urinária de sódio, reduzida em 43,4 mEq/24 h no GE, bem como o colesterol total (-46.6mg/dl) , LDL colesterol (-42.5mg/dl), triglicérides (-31.3mg/dl), glicemia de jejum (-9.6mg/dl ) e hemoglobina glicada (-0,1%). O consumo alimentar modificou-se no GE com aumento do consumo de vegetais, passando de 2,97 para 5,85 ; frutas (4,09-7,18); feijão (1,94-3,13) e peixes (1,80 para 2,74). Modificações importantes relacionadas à redução significativa de carboidratos, teor lipídico e carga glicêmica da dieta, foram observadas. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou a viabilidade e a eficácia de uma abordagem dietética com base no padrão alimentar brasileiro, na redução da PA e parâmetros bioquímicos inadequados, podendo causar um grande impacto na saúde pública.

Sociedade Contemporânea e Cuidados Paliativos: a morte e o morrer no campo da saúde

Este trabalho refere-se a uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória que tem por objetivo geral investigar alguns aspectos que marcam a experiência da morte na modernidade, como sua crescente desqualificação e ocultamento social, e mais recentemente, no período denominado de contemporâneo, a sua maior visibilidade no campo dos saberes especializados, a fim de avaliar como tais questões se materializam no campo da assistência em saúde. Essa discussão servirá de base para a reflexão sobre o novo modelo de assistência denominado de cuidados paliativos, o qual tem significado uma tentativa de humanizar o cuidado dispensado a pacientes portadores de doença avançada, sem possibilidades de cura ou em fase de terminalidade da vida.Para tal, parte-se de uma análise da panorâmica histórica sobre os modos como a questão da morte se apresenta no século XX, além do processo de emergência do novo modelo assistencial, sendo abordados os conceitos de morte moderna - que reflete uma objetivação da morte pelo conhecimento técnico científico no campo da medicina - e morte contemporânea ou neomoderna - surgida como reação a esta última, caracterizada principalmente pela reivindicação ao direito de morrer com dignidade. Para cumprir os objetivos específicos, quais sejam, conhecer um serviço de cuidados paliativos no cotidiano de um hospital, mapear suas principais características e coletar dados sobre a dinâmica e organização do serviço foi realizada uma breve observação através de visitas ao Programa de Tratamento da Dor e Cuidados Paliativos do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HUCFF/UFRJ). Os resultados mostraram que nos últimos 40 anos houve uma mudança notável das atitudes e das representações associadas ao fim da vida.Isso promoveu o surgimento de novas filosofias e formas alternativas para lidar com a morte e o morrer, de que os cuidados paliativos são o representante maior neste início de século, tornando-se hegemônicos no cuidado ao fim da vida nos domínios profissionais, associativos e políticos. Mostraram que os cuidados paliativos têm sido integrados ao sistema público de saúde em nosso país a partir das políticas nacionais voltadas para a realidade do câncer, com desenvolvimento especialmente no contexto hospitalar de alta complexidade, ainda circunscritos exclusivamente ao domínio do especialista, fato indicado pelo desconhecimento da clientela sobre a existência e natureza do serviço.

O trabalho político do profissional de saúde mental em um processo de desinstitucionalização: um estudo sobre integralidade e reforma psiquiátrica

O trabalho pretende apresentar uma cartografia das atividades desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde mental que prestam assistência aos moradores dos serviços residenciais terapêuticos do município de Carmo, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Estas moradias constituem uma etapa do processo de desinstitucionalização de um hospital psiquiátrico estadual do tipo colônia agrícola, fundado na década de 40 do século passado, onde estavam internados cerca de 280 pacientes. A partir de 2003, com a extinção do hospital coordenada pelo gestor estadual e a municipalização dos recursos, uma pequena parcela dos internos retornou ao seio familiar, mas a maioria (cerca de 160) foi alocada em moradias assistidas, espalhadas pelas áreas urbana e rural do município. Tomando a tarefa de reinserção social como o viés político da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, o trabalho cotidiano da equipe multiprofissional é focalizado. Neste plano relacional o texto busca a conceitualização de Política e de um trabalho político, através das idéias de Arendt, Gramsci, Deleuze e Guattari, entre outros; já a ergologia possibilita uma metodologia para a abordagem do trabalho humano. Com base na pesquisa de campo, a cartografia revela como a tarefa política é realizada, nas atividades dos técnicos, quer dizer, na micropolítica dos encontros dos profissionais uns com os outros, com a sociedade civil e com os moradores, onde os valores da Reforma Psiquiátrica são negociados. No fim, trata-se de uma etapa em um processo, ainda a meio caminho entre a gestão estadual e a gestão municipal, onde a proposta mantém-se sustentada pela vontade política do gestor e, na via da hegemonia, deve ser trabalhada entre os profissionais e na sociedade civil. O panorama é heterogêneo, e a dinâmica revela a diversidade de entendimentos e interesses. No cenário do trabalho cotidiano, conceitos como autonomia e cidadania se atualizam em atividades que caracterizam a vida nas cidades e se desdobram em torno de certos temas, como o uso do dinheiro, ou a apropriação do espaço. A experiência dos técnicos envolvidos mais diretamente com os moradores, como os cuidadores, produz uma técnica de escuta e mobilização, que não admite cartilhas nem regras pré-estabelecidas ou imutáveis. Este trabalho conjunto, formador de redes e sustentado na interação, é indicador de integralidade na execução da proposta da Reforma Psiquiátrica.

O processo de consolidação da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal: a atenção terciária como desafio da segunda década da política de saúde bucal do SUS

Esta tese tem por objeto descrever e analisar o processo de desenvolvimento da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal (PNSB) no terceiro nível de atenção. Para entender esse desenvolvimento, foram realizados três macroprocessos de pesquisa. O primeiro grupo de pesquisas procurou mapear a distribuição espacial dos hospitais com disponibilidade de leitos/SUS nos país e saber, dentre estes, quantos contam com serviços de atenção à saúde bucal cadastrados no Sistema de Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (SCNES). O segundo grupo de pesquisas se ocupou em levantar junto ao DATASUS, através das ferramentas de consulta TABNET e TABWIN, dados nacionais relativos ao movimento das Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar (AIH) voltadas para procedimento de código 041402041-3 cuja descrição é Tratamento Odontológico para Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais em todas as unidades hospitalares que apresentaram este tipo de produção no país no biênio 2011/12. Foram consideradas 15 categorias de análise. O terceiro grupo de pesquisas buscou levantar junto ao site do Ministério da Saúde dados das Comissões Intergestores Regionais (CIR) existentes no Brasil até dezembro de 2012 assim como os Planos Diretores de Regionalização (PDR) e os Planos Estaduais de Saúde (PES) dos 26 estados e do Distrito Federal. Os resultados da pesquisa foram cotejados com aqueles verificados no TABWIN acerca do local de internação e de residência dos usuários SUS que se submeteram ao procedimento pesquisado. A fim de permitir uma análise comparativa deste processo numa perspectiva internacional, também foram levantados dados acerca da assistência hospitalar pública em saúde bucal levada a termo nos três países da América do Norte e em 31 países da Europa. Os resultados das pesquisas revelaram o caráter focalizador da atual ação da PNSB, em contraste com a atenção à saúde bucal hospitalar realizada na grande maioria dos países estudados. Entre outros resultados, as pesquisas permitiram concluir que: somente 32% dos hospitais que apresentaram AIH para os fins pesquisados possuía serviço de atenção à saúde bucal cadastrado SCNES; 1% das AIH apresentadas está relacionado ao atendimento de pacientes internados por motivos médicos; e 44% dos estados brasileiros preveem em seus instrumentos de gestão a atenção à saúde bucal em nível hospitalar. Assim, são apresentadas algumas sugestões tanto para o aperfeiçoamento da normatização da PNSB no que diz respeito à gestão da Rede de Cuidados à Pessoa com Deficiência, como para a expansão e extensão dos cuidados assistenciais em saúde bucal a todos os pacientes internados ou em tratamento ambulatorial nos hospitais do SUS.

Numeracy skills for nurses: revision and review

Introduces a revision and working examples of the numeracy skills key to the role of nurses working with older people in nursing and residential homes.

A self-reported work sampling study in community pharmacy practice

Lack of time to implement pharmaceutical care has been cited as a barrier to the routine provision of this extended patient-care service. Using self-reported work sampling methodology, this study investigated how community pharmacists utilise their time. Pharmacists working in community pharmacies in the Greater Belfast area were found to spend approximately 49% of their time engaged in professional activities, 29% in semi-professional activities and 22% involved in non-professional activities. The activity to which pharmacists devoted the majority of their time was product assembly and labelling, this being a task which can be performed by trained technical staff. Only 9.5% of community pharmacists' time was devoted to counselling patients on their prescription medicines. Wide variation in the amount of time apportioned to each activity was observed between the participating community pharmacists (n=30). Staffing levels within the community pharmacy were found to significantly influence pharmacists' involvement in a number of activities, with pharmacists who worked in pharmacies employing multiple pharmacists devoting more time to the assembly and labelling of products and less time to administrative tasks, non-professional encounters and to miscellaneous professional activities. Pharmacists working in pharmacies with a high prescription turnover were found to devote significantly less time to counselling patients regarding OTC products and in responding to patient symptoms.