miR-21 may acts as an oncomir by targeting RECK, a matrix metalloproteinase regulator, in prostate cancer

Background: Prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is based mainly in histological aspects together with PSA serum levels that not always reflect the real aggressive potential of the neoplasia. The micro RNA (miRNA) mir-21 has been shown to regulate invasiveness in cancer through translational repression of the Metaloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor RECK. Our aim is to investigate the levels of expression of RECK and miR-21 in PCa comparing with classical prognostic factors and disease outcome and also test if RECK is a target of miR-21 in in vitro study using PCa cell line. Materials and methods: To determine if RECK is a target of miR-21 in prostate cancer we performed an in vitro assay with PCa cell line DU-145 transfected with pre-miR-21 and anti-miR-21. To determine miR-21 and RECK expression levels in PCa samples we performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: The in vitro assays showed a decrease in expression levels of RECK after transfection with pre-miR-21, and an increase of MMP9 that is regulated by RECK compared to PCa cells treated with anti-miR-21. We defined three profiles to compare the prognostic factors. The first was characterized by miR-21 and RECK underexpression (N = 25) the second was characterized by miR-21 overexpression and RECK underexpression (N = 12), and the third was characterized by miR-21 underexpression and RECK overexpression (N = 16). From men who presented the second profile (miR-21 overexpression and RECK underexpression) 91.7% were staged pT3. For the other two groups 48.0%, and 46.7% of patients were staged pT3 (p = 0.025). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate RECK as a target of miR-21. We believe that miR-21 may be important in PCa progression through its regulation of RECK, a known regulator of tumor cell invasion.

A Low Power CMOS Voltage Regulator for a Wireless Blood Pressure Biosensor

This paper describes a CMOS implementation of a linear voltage regulator (LVR) used to power up implanted physiological signal systems, as it is the case of a wireless blood pressure biosensor. The topology is based on a classical structure of a linear low-dropout regulator. The circuit is powered up from an RF link, thus characterizing a passive radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The LVR was designed to meet important features such as low power consumption and small silicon area, without the need for any external discrete components. The low power operation represents an essential condition to avoid a high-energy RF link, thus minimizing the transmitted power and therefore minimizing the thermal effects on the patient's tissues. The project was implemented in a 0.35-mu m CMOS process, and the prototypes were tested to validate the overall performance. The LVR output is regulated at 1 V and supplies a maximum load current of 0.5 mA at 37 degrees C. The load regulation is 13 mV/mA, and the line regulation is 39 mV/V. The LVR total power consumption is 1.2 mW.

Lsa30, a novel adhesin of Leptospira interrogans binds human plasminogen and the complement regulator C4bp

Pathogenic Leptospira is the etiological agent of leptospirosis, a life-threatening disease that affects populations worldwide. Surface proteins have the potential to promote several activities, including adhesion. This work aimed to study the leptospiral coding sequence (CDS) LIC11087, genome annotated as hypothetical outer membrane protein. The LIC11087 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coil BL21 (DE3) strain by using the expression vector pAE. The recombinant protein tagged with N-terminal 6XHis was purified by metal-charged chromatography and characterized by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The recombinant protein has the ability to mediate attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, laminin and plasma fibronectin, and was named Lsa30 (Leptospiral surface adhesin of 30 kDa). Lsa30 binds to laminin and to plasma fibronectin in a dose-dependent and saturable manner, with dissociation equilibrium constants (K-D) of 292 +/- 24 nM and 157 +/- 35 nM, respectively. Moreover, the Lsa30 is a plasminogen (PLC) receptor, capable of generating plasmin, in the presence of activator. This protein may interfere with the complement cascade by interacting with C4bp regulator. The Lsa30 is probably a new surface protein of Leptospira as revealed by immunofluorescence assays with living organisms and the reactivity with antibodies present in serum samples of experimentally infected hamsters. Thus, Lsa30 is a novel versatile protein that may play a role in mediating adhesion and may help pathogenic Leptospira to overcome tissue barriers and to escape the immune system. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

LrhA als Regulator der Flagellen, Motilität, Chemotaxis und Typ 1 Fimbrien in Escherichia coli

Das lrhA-Gen von E. coli kodiert für einen Transkriptionsregulator der LysR-Familie. Die Funktion von LrhA war ungeklärt und sollte durch Vergleich der Gesamt-mRNA aus einem E. coli-Wildtyp und einer isogenen lrhA-Mutante mit Hilfe von Genomanalysen untersucht werden. In der lrhA-Mutante war der mRNA-Gehalt vieler Gene um den Faktor 3 bis 80 erhöht. Es handelt sich um Flagellen-, Motilitäts- und Chemotaxisgene, bzw. um Gene der Typ 1 Fimbrien. Diese Ergebnisse wurden in Expressionsmessungen bestätigt. LrhA war in der Lage an den Promotor von flhDC zu binden, aber nicht an die Promotoren der übrigen Gene für Motilität und Chemotaxis. FlhDC kodiert für den übergeordneten Regulator FlhD2C2 der Fagellensynthese.LrhA war außerdem in der Lage an die Promotoren der Gene für Typ 1 Fimbrien fimA und fimE zu binden. Typ 1 Fimbrien stellen in E. coli Virulenzfaktoren dar. Eine Regulation weiterer Virulenzfaktoren durch LrhA konnte in DNA-Pathoarrays ausgeschlossen werden.LrhA ist damit ein wichtiger Transkriptionsregulator, der die Expression der Gene für Flagellen, Motilität, Chemotaxis und Typ 1 Fimbrien reguliert. FlhDC, fimA und fimE stellen dabei direkte Zielgene von LrhA dar. Außerdem konnte eine positive Autoregulation von LrhA nachgewiesen werden.

The role of the NadR regulator during infection and its implication for the coverage of a new Meningococcus B vaccine

Background: Neisseria meningitides represents a major cause of meningitis and sepsis. The meningococcal regulator NadR was previously shown to repress the expression of the Neisserial Adhesin A (NadA) and play a major role in its phase-variation. NadA is a surface exposed protein involved in epithelial cell adhesion and colonization and a major component of 4CMenB, a novel vaccine to prevent meningococcus serogroup B infection. The NadR mediated repression of NadA is attenuated by 4-HPA, a natural molecule released in human saliva. Results: In this thesis we investigated the global role of NadR during meningogoccal infection, identifying through microarray analysis the NadR regulon. Two distinct types of NadR targets were identified, differing in their promoter architectures and 4HPA responsive activities: type I are induced, while type II are co-repressed in response to the same 4HPA signal. We then investigate the mechanism of regulation of NadR by 4-HPA, generating NadR mutants and identifying classes or residues involved in either NadR DNA binding or 4HPA responsive activities. Finally, we studied the impact of NadR mediated repression of NadA on the vaccine coverage of 4CMenB. A selected MenB strains is not killed by sera from immunized infants when the strain is grown in vitro, however, in an in vivo passive protection model, the same sera protected infant rats from bacteremia. Finally, using bioluminescent reporters, nadA expression in the infant rat model was induced in vivo at 3 h post-infection. Conclusions: Our results suggest that NadR coordinates a broad transcriptional response to signals present in the human host, enabling the meningococcus to adapt to the relevant host niche. During infectious disease the effect of the same signal on NadR changes between different targets. In particular NadA expression is induced in vivo, leading to efficient killing of meningococcus by anti-NadA antibodies elicited by the 4CMenB vaccine.

Chaperone BiP: Master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and its role in regulation of angiogenesis

Verschiedene Krankheiten gehen mit einer fehlerhaften Vaskularisierung einher. Allerdings ist der Erfolg der derzeitig vorhandenen Therapieansätze, die sich z.B. auf VEGF fokussieren, beschränkt. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig, neue Strategien zur Regulation der Angiogenese zu entwickeln. Hierbei stehen neue Signaltransduktions-wege im Fokus, die sich als vielversprechend erweisen, um Angiogenese zu fördern oder zu inhibieren. Die Blutgefäßneubildung ist ein hochregulierter Prozess, der mit einer hohen Proteinsyntheserate verknüpft ist. Die Angiogenese wurde bereits mit dem ER-Stress Signaltransduktionsweg, der Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), in Verbindung gebracht (Zeng et al., 2013; Bouvier et al., 2012). Eine im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie durchgeführte histologische Untersuchung konnte eine Fehlregulierung der Expression von UPR beteiligten Proteinen in vivo unter pathologischen Bedingungen gezeigt werden. Bemerkenswerter Weise war BiP, der Hauptsensor der UPR, in Endothelzellen von Angiosarkomen sehr stark exprimiert. In in vitro Experimenten wurde gezeigt, dass das Herunterregulieren von BiP mittels RNAi Einfluss auf die inflammatorische Antwort und die Bildung angiogener Strukturen in Endothelzellen nimmt. Das Herunterregulieren des Proteins BiP verstärkte die inflammatorische Antwort von HUVEC, was sich in einer gesteigerten Bildung von IL-8 und ICAM-1 äußerte und wurde auf die Aktivierung der UPR durch die verringerte Menge an BiP zurückgeführt. Der Phänotyp BiP-herunterregulierter Zellen entsprach dem untransfizierter Zellen, welcher durch das Cytoskelett und die Expression des endothelspezifischen Markers CD31 charakterisiert wurde. Im Gegensatz dazu änderte sich der Grad der Glykosylierung in transfizierten Zellen. Im Hinblick auf die Blutgefäßbildung, zeigten sich eine gehemmte Migration und eine inhibierte Bildung Gefäß-ähnlicher Strukturen in BiP-herunterregulierten Zellen. In diesen Zellen war die Expression von KDR auffallend stark inhibiert, wohingegen die Flt-1 Expression sich als gleichbleibend herausstellte, was ebenfalls auf die Aktivierung der UPR zurückgeführt werden konnte. Alternativ wäre der reduzierte Level des Proteins BiP im Hinblick auf die Funktion als Helferenzym in der Proteinfaltung eine mögliche Erklärung für die gehemmte Expression von KDR. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie deuten darauf hin, dass stabile Spiegel von BiP die Regulierung der Angiogenese durch die Kontrolle der UPR in physiologischen Prozessen unterstützen könnte. Eine Fehlregulierung von BiP durch Unterdrückung der UPR, wie z.B. in malignen Tumoren, könnte Tumorzellen und beteiligten Endothelzellen einen Vorteil verschaffen und zu einer gestörten Vaskularisierung führen. Somit stellt das Stresssensorprotein BiP und die UPR einen potentiellen Angriffspunkt für die Regulation der Angiogenese dar.

Tetracycline regulator expression alters the transcriptional program of mammalian cells

Tetracycline regulated ectopic gene expression is a widely used tool to study gene function. However, the tetracycline regulator (tetR) itself has been reported to cause certain phenotypic changes in mammalian cells. We, therefore, asked whether human myeloid U937 cells expressing the tetR in an autoregulated manner would exhibit alterations in gene expression upon removal of tetracycline.

The transcriptional regulator megakaryoblastic leukemia-1 mediates serum response factor-independent activation of tenascin-C transcription by mechanical stress

The extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C (TNC) is up-regulated in processes influenced by mechanical stress, such as inflammation, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. Cyclic strain-induced TNC expression depends on RhoA-actin signaling, the pathway that regulates transcriptional activity of serum response factor (SRF) by its coactivator megakaryoblastic leukemia-1 (MKL1). Therefore, we tested whether MKL1 controls TNC transcription. We demonstrate that overexpression of MKL1 strongly induces TNC expression in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts and normal HC11 and transformed 4T1 mammary epithelial cells. Part of the induction was dependant on SRF and a newly identified atypical CArG box in the TNC promoter. Another part was independent of SRF but required the SAP domain of MKL1. An MKL1 mutant incapable of binding to SRF still strongly induced TNC, while induction of the SRF target c-fos was abolished. Cyclic strain failed to induce TNC in MKL1-deficient but not in SRF-deficient fibroblasts, and strain-induced TNC expression strongly depended on the SAP domain of MKL1. Promoter-reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments unraveled a SAP-dependent, SRF-independent interaction of MKL1 with the proximal promoter region of TNC, attributing for the first time a functional role to the SAP domain of MKL1 in regulating gene expression.

Role of Toll interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) 8, a negative regulator of IL-1R/Toll-like receptor signaling, in resistance to acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection

Toll interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) 8 (TIR8), also known as single Ig IL-1 receptor (IL-R)-related molecule, or SIGIRR, is a member of the IL-1R-like family, primarily expressed by epithelial cells. Current evidence suggests that TIR8 plays a nonredundant role as a negative regulator in vivo under different inflammatory conditions that are dependent on IL-R and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. In the present study, we examined the role of TIR8 in innate resistance to acute lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram-negative pathogen responsible for life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals and cystic fibrosis patients. We show that Tir8 deficiency in mice was associated with increased susceptibility to acute P. aeruginosa infection, in terms of mortality and bacterial load, and to exacerbated local and systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], IL-1β, and IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, and CCL2). It has been reported that host defense against P. aeruginosa acute lung infection can be improved by blocking IL-1 since exaggerated IL-1β production may be harmful for the host in this infection. In agreement with these data, IL-1RI deficiency rescues the phenotype observed in Tir8-deficient mice: in Tir8-/- IL-1RI-/- double knockout mice we observed higher survival rates, enhanced bacterial clearance, and reduced levels of local and systemic cytokine and chemokine levels than in Tir8-deficient mice. These results suggest that TIR8 has a nonredundant effect in modulating the inflammation caused by P. aeruginosa, in particular, by negatively regulating IL-1RI signaling, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this infectious disease.

Interaction of the receptor FGFRL1 with the negative regulator Spred1

FGFRL1 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family. It plays an essential role during branching morphogenesis of the metanephric kidneys, as mice with a targeted deletion of the Fgfrl1 gene show severe kidney dysplasia. Here we used the yeast two-hybrid system to demonstrate that FGFRL1 binds with its C-terminal, histidine-rich domain to Spred1 and to other proteins of the Sprouty/Spred family. Members of this family are known to act as negative regulators of the Ras/Raf/Erk signaling pathway. Truncation experiments further showed that FGFRL1 interacts with the SPR domain of Spred1, a domain that is shared by all members of the Sprouty/Spred family. The interaction could be verified by coprecipitation of the interaction partners from solution and by codistribution at the cell membrane of COS1 and HEK293 cells. Interestingly, Spred1 increased the retention time of FGFRL1 at the plasma membrane where the receptor might interact with ligands. FGFRL1 and members of the Sprouty/Spred family belong to the FGF synexpression group, which also includes FGF3, FGF8, Sef and Isthmin. It is conceivable that FGFRL1, Sef and some Sprouty/Spred proteins work in concert to control growth factor signaling during branching morphogenesis of the kidneys and other organs.

Heme oxygenase-1 is a critical regulator of nitric oxide production in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-infected human enterocytes

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the causative agent of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In the first stage of the infection, EHEC interact with human enterocytes to modulate the innate immune response. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-derived NO is a critical mediator of the inflammatory response of the infected intestinal mucosa. We therefore aimed to analyze the role of EHEC on iNOS induction in human epithelial cell lines. In this regard, we show that EHEC down-regulate IFN-gamma-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NO production in Hct-8, Caco-2, and T84 cells. This inhibitory effect occurs through the decrease of STAT-1 activation. In parallel, we demonstrate that EHEC stimulate the rapid inducible expression of the gene hmox-1 that encodes for the enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Knock-down of hmox-1 gene expression by small interfering RNA or the blockade of HO-1 activity by zinc protoporphyrin IX abrogated the EHEC-dependent inhibition of STAT-1 activation and iNOS mRNA expression in activated human enterocytes. These results highlight a new strategy elaborated by EHEC to control the host innate immune response.

The NF-{kappa}B negative regulator TNFAIP3 (A20) is inactivated by somatic mutations and genomic deletions in marginal zone lymphomas

Unique and shared cytogenetic abnormalities have been documented for marginal zone lymphomas (MZLs) arising at different sites. Recently, homozygous deletions of the chromosomal band 6q23, involving the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20) gene, a negative regulator of NF-kappaB, were described in ocular adnexal MZL, suggesting a role for A20 as a tumor suppressor in this disease. Here, we investigated inactivation of A20 by DNA mutations or deletions in a panel of extranodal MZL (EMZL), nodal MZL (NMZL), and splenic MZL (SMZL). Inactivating mutations encoding truncated A20 proteins were identified in 6 (19%) of 32 MZLs, including 2 (18%) of 11 EMZLs, 3 (33%) of 9 NMZLs, and 1 (8%) of 12 SMZLs. Two additional unmutated nonsplenic MZLs also showed monoallelic or biallelic A20 deletions by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or SNP-arrays. Thus, A20 inactivation by either somatic mutation and/or deletion represents a common genetic aberration across all MZL subtypes, which may contribute to lymphomagenesis by inducing constitutive NF-kappaB activation.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mutations in azoospermic and oligospermic men and their partners

The objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to human infertility and to define screening and counselling procedures for couples asking for assisted reproduction treatment. Extended CFTR mutation screening was performed in 310 infertile men (25 with congenital absence of the vas deferens (CAVD), 116 with non-CAVD azoospermia, 169 with severe oligospermia), 70 female partners and 96 healthy controls. CFTR mutations were detected in the majority (68%) of CAVD patients and in significant proportions in azoospermic (31%) and oligospermic (22%) men. Carrier frequency among partners of infertile men was 16/70, exceeding that of controls (6/96) significantly (P = 0.0005). Thus, in 23% of infertile couples both partners were carriers, increasing the risk for their offspring to inherit two mutations to 25% or 50%. This study emphasizes the necessity to offer extended CFTR mutation screening and counselling not only to patients with CAVD but also to azoospermic and oligozoospermic men and their partners before undergoing assisted reproduction techniques. The identification of rare and/or mild mutations will not be a reason to abstain from parenthood, but will allow adequate treatment in children at risk for atypical or mild cystic fibrosis as soon as they develop any symptoms.

Recruitment of EB1, a master regulator of microtubule dynamics, to the surface of the Theileria annulata schizont

The apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata transforms infected host cells, inducing uncontrolled proliferation and clonal expansion of the parasitized cell population. Shortly after sporozoite entry into the target cell, the surrounding host cell membrane is dissolved and an array of host cell microtubules (MTs) surrounds the parasite, which develops into the transforming schizont. The latter does not egress to invade and transform other cells. Instead, it remains tethered to host cell MTs and, during mitosis and cytokinesis, engages the cell's astral and central spindle MTs to secure its distribution between the two daughter cells. The molecular mechanism by which the schizont recruits and stabilizes host cell MTs is not known. MT minus ends are mostly anchored in the MT organizing center, while the plus ends explore the cellular space, switching constantly between phases of growth and shrinkage (called dynamic instability). Assuming the plus ends of growing MTs provide the first point of contact with the parasite, we focused on the complex protein machinery associated with these structures. We now report how the schizont recruits end-binding protein 1 (EB1), a central component of the MT plus end protein interaction network and key regulator of host cell MT dynamics. Using a range of in vitro experiments, we demonstrate that T. annulata p104, a polymorphic antigen expressed on the schizont surface, functions as a genuine EB1-binding protein and can recruit EB1 in the absence of any other parasite proteins. Binding strictly depends on a consensus SxIP motif located in a highly disordered C-terminal region of p104. We further show that parasite interaction with host cell EB1 is cell cycle regulated. This is the first description of a pathogen-encoded protein to interact with EB1 via a bona-fide SxIP motif. Our findings provide important new insight into the mode of interaction between Theileria and the host cell cytoskeleton.

Plakoglobin as a regulator of desmocollin gene expression.

Desmosomes are cell adhesion junctions required for the normal development and maintenance of mammalian tissues and organs such as the skin, skin appendages, and the heart. The goal of this study was to investigate how desmocollins (DSCs), transmembrane components of desmosomes, are regulated at the transcriptional level. We hypothesized that differential expression of the Dsc2 and Dsc3 genes is a prerequisite for normal development of skin appendages. We demonstrate that plakoglobin (Pg) in conjunction with lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (Lef-1) differentially regulates the proximal promoters of these two genes. Specifically, we found that Lef-1 acts as a switch activating Dsc2 and repressing Dsc3 in the presence of Pg. Interestingly, we also determined that NF-κB pathway components, the downstream effectors of the ectodysplasin-A (EDA)/ ectodysplasin-A receptor (EDAR)/NF-κB signaling cascade, can activate Dsc2 expression. We hypothesize that Lef-1 and EDA/EDAR/NF-κB signaling contribute to a shift in Dsc isoform expression from Dsc3 to Dsc2 in placode keratinocytes. It is tempting to speculate that this shift is required for the invasive growth of placode keratinocytes into the dermis, a crucial step in skin appendage formation.