A Medicina Física e de Reabilitação no Tratamento Multidisciplinar da Fibrose Quística

A Fibrose Quística (FQ), é a doença hereditária mais comum na população caucasiana. Há uma grande variedade na apresentação e na gravidade clínicas. Os orgãos mais afectados são o pulmão e o pâncreas. Na maioria dos pacientes, a doença apresenta-se, na infância, como infecções recorrentes ou persistentes do tracto respiratório, malabsorção intestinal e má progressão ponderal. A maioria da morbilidade e mais de 90% da mortalidade correlaciona-se com doença pulmonar crónica e suas complicações. O papel da MFR no tratamento desta doença, está relacionado com a redução da obstrução das vias aéreas, melhorando a drenagem de secreções no sentido de melhorar a função pulmonar e tolerância ao exercício, manutenção/ melhoria da massa óssea, manutenção das amplitudes articulares e promoção do exercício aeróbio. A reabilitação respiratória, essencial no tratamento desta patologia, utiliza técnicas de limpeza das vias aéreas, de drenagem postural, drenagem autogénica, percussão torácica, pode auxiliar-se de dispositivos de pressão expiratória positiva. A utilização de técnicas com o objectivo de colheita de expectoração é de extrema importância, especialmente na criança mais pequena, porque o tratamento deve ser direccionado no sentido de identificar e erradicar as bactérias das vias aéreas. Nenhuma das técnicas é melhor que a anterior. As sessões de cinesiterapia respiratória devem ser frequentes e é importante também realçar a necessidade da realização de exercícios no domicílio. Nos periodos perioperatórios a cinesiterapia respiratória deve ser mandatória. Este trabalho pretende alertar para o papel essencial da MFR no tratamento das crianças com esta doença, integrada numa equipa multidisciplinar. A melhoria no tratamento da FQ e sobretudo das complicações respiratórias, conduziu a um aumento da esperança de vida.

Comparison of five methods for oxacillin susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cystic fibrosis patients

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are now a worldwide problem. Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized and infected by MRSA. Accurate oxacillin susceptibility testing is mandatory for the adequate management of these patients. We performed a comparison of the accuracy of different tests in CF isolates, including methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA with different SCCmec types, and using the mecA gene as the gold-standard. The sensitivity and specificity of oxacillin disc, Etest, and oxacillin agar screening plate were 100%. Sensitivity of the cefoxitin disc was 85% and specificity was 100%. For clinically relevant isolates, laboratories may consider the use of a combination of two phenotypic methods.

Displasia Quística Testicular: A Propósito de um Caso Clínico

A displasia quística testicular é uma patologia benigna e rara, frequentemente associada a outras anomalias génito-urinárias, que se apresenta na infância sobretudo com aumento do volume escrotal, fazendo diagnóstico diferencial com situações neoplásicas e inflamatórias do testículo. Embora classicamente considerada indicação para orquidectomia, não parece haver qualquer potencial maligno, pelo que se pode argumentar uma abordagem conservadora. No entanto é importante confirmar o diagnóstico e manter vigilância para precaver a atrofia do parênquima testicular. Os autores apresentam o caso clínico de um doente com antecedentes de agenésia renal esquerda e megauretero obstructivo direito, submetido a orquidectomia no contexto de displasia quística testicular esquerda com atrofia importante do parênquima.

Cystic Fibrosis, Atopy, Asthma and ABPA

The role of atopy on cystic fibrosis (CF) progression remains unclear but evidence suggests that it may influence the appearance of co-morbid conditions such as CF asthma or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Recognising asthma in patients with CF is not always easy but the identification of atopic markers favours the diagnosis. Physicians should be aware of this fact in order to achieve a better control of respiratory symptoms in patients with CF. Bronchial mucosa inflammation and abnormal mucus predispose to mould colonisation. These patients are at higher risk of allergic sensitisation, especially when atopic susceptibility is present. In the particular case of A. fumigatus, allergic sensitisation precedes ABPA development, which occurs in up to 10% of CF patients. Progression of lung function deterioration is most strikingly pronounced in patients with ABPA. Therefore, sensitisation with A. fumigatus should be regularly tested in patients with CF, especially those at higher risk. Recombinant allergens constitute an important advance in differentiating Aspergillus sensitisation from ABPA itself.

Bone marrow fibrosis (pseudo-myelofibrosis) in human kala-azar

Thirty cases of human kala-azar were diagnosed by iliac crest biopsy and myeloculture. Histological analysis of 12 patients showed diffuse thickening of reticulin fibers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the third report describing secondary bone marrow fibrosis (myelofibrosis-like) associated with kala-azar. Patients with positive bone marrow fibrosis (pbmf = 12) were compared to patients without detectable bone marrow fibrosis (wbmf = 18). There were no significant differences in clinical and blood parameters following treatment. All patients showed regression of hepatosplenomegaly.Our findings suggest that associated bone marrow fibrosis is transient and did not interfere in the evolution of treated patients.

Pathogenesis of hepatic septal fibrosis associated with Capillaria hepatica infection of rats

Septal fibrosis is a common form of hepatic fibrosis, but its etiology and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Rats infected with the helminth Capillaria hepatica constitute a good experimental model of such fibrosis. To investigate the pathogenetic contribution of the several parasitic factors involved, the following procedures were performed in rats: a) regarding the role of eggs, these were isolated and injected either into the peritoneal cavity or directly into the liver parenchyma; b) for worms alone, 15-day-old infection was treated with mebendazole, killing the parasites before oviposition started; c) for both eggs and worms, rats at the 30th day of infection were treated with either mebendazole or ivermectin. Eggs only originated focal fibrosis from cicatricial granulomas, but no septal fibrosis. Worms alone induced a mild degree of perifocal septal fibrosis. Systematized septal fibrosis of the liver, similar to that observed in the infected controls, occurred only in the rats treated with mebendazole or ivermectin, with dead worms and immature eggs in their livers. Thus, future search for fibrogenic factors associated with C. hepatica infection in rats should consider lesions with both eggs and worms.

Morphometric study of the fibrosis and mast cell count in the circular colon musculature of chronic Chagas patients with and without megacolon

A morphometric study of the circular colon musculature was performed, in which the mast cell count was determined and the connective fibrous tissue in this layer was measured. The objective was to gain better understanding of Chagas megacolon morphology and contribute towards the knowledge of fibrosis pathogenesis in Chagas megas. An evaluation was made of 15 distal sigmoid rings from Chagas patients with megacolon (MCC), 15 without megacolon (CSMC) and 15 non-Chagas patients (NC). The rings were fixed in formol, embedded in paraffin, and 7mm thick sections were cut and stained using Azan-Heidenhain and Giemsa. The mast cell count and fibrosis were greater in the MCC group than in the CSMC and NC groups (p < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test) and there was no significant difference between the latter two. The fibrosis and increased mast cell count in the colon musculature of the MCC group possibly indicates that there is a relationship between mastocytosis and fibrosis, as has already been demonstrated in other pathologies.

Production of septal fibrosis of the liver by means of foreign protein injections into rats

Similarities and differences in antigenic humoral responses and electrophoretic patterns between Capillaria hepatica and pig-serum were investigated as a contribution to the understanding of hepatic fibrosis induced by the parenteral administration of foreign proteins. Only two out of 10 rats receiving repeated intraperitoneal injections of an extract of Capillaria hepatica-infected mouse liver presented septal hepatic fibrosis (20%). Under the same experimental conditions, 4 out of 9 rats (44.4%) developed septal fibrosis following whole pig-serum administration. Injections of normal mouse liver extracts did not result in hepatic fibrosis. Since a 100% septal fibrosis rate is observed in experimentally Capillaria hepatica-infected rats, it appeared that Capillaria hepatica products continuously released from inside the liver creates a much more effective fibrosis inducing mechanism than the parenteral administration of such factors. Thus, repeated peritoneal administration of a foreign protein to rats would not reveal the full fibrogenic potential it may have under natural conditions.

Capillaria hepatica-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats: paradoxical effect of repeated infections

Multiple exposures to parasitic agents are considered an important factor in the genesis of the most severe forms of the diseases they cause. Capillaria hepatica-induced septal fibrosis of the liver in rats usually runs without signs of portal hypertension or hepatic failure. After determining the hepatic profile of 15 animals during the course of a single infection, we submitted 20 rats to multiple Capillaria hepatica infections to determine whether repeated exposures would augment fibrosis production, transforming septal hepatic fibrosis into a true cirrhosis. Ten single-infection rats served as controls. A total of 5 exposures, with 45-day intervals, were made. Histological changes were followed by means of surgical liver biopsies, collected prior to infection and to each re-infection. Functional changes were minimal and transient. Although a slight recrudescence of fibrosis was observed after the first two re-infections and when the single-infected control group was re-infected at the end of the experiment, subsequent re-infections failed to increase the amount of fibrosis. On the contrary, there occurred quantitative and qualitative evidence of collagen degradation and suppression of parasite development. These paradoxical results are in keeping with the hypothesis that a complex immunological modulation participates in the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis induced by Capillaria hepatica infection in rats.

Persistência e eficácia do regulador de crescimento pyriproxyfen em condições de laboratório para Aedes aegypti

A persistência e a eficácia do regulador de crescimento pyriproxyfen foram testadas em concentrações de 0,01 e 0,05ppm, contra larvas de Aedes aegypti, utilizando os recipientes caixas d'água (45 litros), frascos de vidro (5 litros) e baldes de plástico (20 litros). As avaliações foram nos dias 1, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 e 120 após o tratamento usando larvas de 3º e 4º estádio de Aedes aegypti. Foi calculado o percentual de mortalidade de larvas, pupas e adultos, percentual de inibição de emergência de adulto e duração dos bioensaios. Observou-se que a persistência foi de 45 dias e 90 dias para concentração final de 0,01 e 0,05ppm de pyriproxyfen, respectivamente. Observamos que a mortalidade de pupas foi significativamente maior que a de larvas e de adultos para todos os recipientes e concentrações.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do retrovírus HTLV-1 em células de mamíferos

O retrovírus linfotrópico de células T humanas tipo 1 é o agente etiológico da leucemia das células T do adulto e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1. O genoma proviral é composto por 9.032 pares de bases, contendo genes estruturais e regulatórios. A glicoproteína transmembrana gp 21 é codificada pelo gene estrutural env. O desenvolvimento de metodologias para a expressão heteróloga de proteínas, assim como a obtenção de uma linhagem celular que expresse a gp 21 recombinante constitutivamente são os principais objetivos do trabalho. O fragmento codificante da gp 21 foi amplificado por Nested-PCR e clonado no vetor pCR2.1-TOPO. Posteriormente, foi realizada a subclonagem no vetor de expressão pcDNA3.1+. A transfecção da linhagem celular de mamíferos HEK 293 foi realizada de maneira transitória e permanente. A produção da gp 21 recombinante foi confirmada por citometria de fluxo e a linhagem celular produtora será utilizada em ensaios de imunogenicidade.

Clonagem e expressão da glicoproteína transmembrana do vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas em sistema procarioto

O HTLV-1 é o vírus causador da leucemia/linfoma de célula T no adulto e de uma desordem neurológica conhecida por mielopatia associada ao HTLV ou paraparesia espástica tropical. Um dos modos de transmissão é pelo sangue contaminado e seus subprodutos e, devido ao risco de infecções associadas ao HTLV sua pesquisa na triagem de doadores de sangue foi introduzida no Brasil a partir de 1993. Os kits diagnósticos utilizados nos bancos de sangue nacionais são na sua maioria comprados de empresas estrangeiras. O Brasil não detém a tecnologia para produção deste material e há a necessidade de produção de sistemas de diagnóstico com tecnologia nacional. Neste trabalho, mostramos a expressão da gp21/HTLV-1 em Escherichia coli e sua reatividade frente a anticorpos monoclonais e de pacientes infectados. Expressar tais proteínas é o primeiro passo para obtenção de conjuntos diagnósticos com tecnologia brasileira.

Role of partial hepatectomy on Capillaria hepatica-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

It is known that hepatic fibrosis may regress following partial hepatectomy, since the hepatic parenchyma regenerates very rapidly, but not the excess of fibrous tissue. The present study evaluated this hypothesis by observing the behavior of systematized septal fibrosis induced by either 30 or 90-day-old Capillaria hepatica infection, in rats subjected to partial hepatectomy. The results revealed that the morphology of the fibrosis was unaffected, but its relative quantity within the microscope field appeared significantly decreased, as a consequence of the increased liver tissue mass following regeneration.