1000 resultados para Prado, Almeida, 1943-2010
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Anthropogenic disturbances frequently modify natural disturbance regimes and foster the invasion and spread of nonindigenous species. However, there is some dispute about whether disturbance events or invasive plants themselves are the major factors promoting the local extinction of native plant species. Here, we used a set of savanna remnants comprising a gradient of invasive grass cover to evaluate whether the species richness of Asteraceae, a major component of the Brazilian Cerrado, is affected by invasive grass cover, or alternatively, whether variation in richness can be directly ascribed to disturbance-related variables. Furthermore, we evaluate whether habitat-specialist Asteraceae differ from habitat generalist species in their responses to grass invasion. Abundance and species richness showed unimodal variation along the invasive grass gradient for both total Asteraceae and habitat-generalists. The cerrado-specialist species, however, showed no clear variation from low-to-intermediate levels of grass cover, but declined monotonically from intermediate-to-higher levels. Through a structural equation model, we found that only invasive grass cover had significant effects on both abundance and species density of Asteraceae. The effect of invasive grass cover was especially high on the cerrado-specialist species, whose proportion declined consistently with increasing invasive dominance. Our results support the prediction that invasive grasses reduce the floristic uniqueness of pristine vegetation physiognomies.
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The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.
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Trata da análise do mercado de margarinas durante o período de 1990 a 1998, empregando modelos de análise de competição. Aborda e dimensiona os mercados concorrentes e as estratégias e táticas empregadas pelas principais empresas que atuam neste mercado durante este período.
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A motivação para este estudo nasceu de uma avaliação inicial, ocorrida durante a obtenção dos meus créditos em Marketing, segundo a qual, na bibliografia disponível, existiriam poucos trabalhos que tratassem das técnicas e métodos de gestão mercadológica, aplicáveis a indústrias não seriadas. Tendo desenvolvido carreira em indústrias fabricantes de bens de capital, pude assistir a várias "ondas" de filosofias, processos e tecnologias, as quais, freqüentemente, foram ou ainda são acompanhadas por pressões pela análise, para eventual adoção, destas "modas", o que, quando não levava à tomada de atitudes mal pensadas, tinha como contrapartida o desperdício de tempo dos envolvidos. Com o passar do tempo, isto trazia como conseqüência o desenvolvimento de uma cultura de rejeição a tudo que vinha de fora, pois os envolvidos já estavam tão cansados de analisar novidades, as quais raramente eram implementadas, que dificilmente concordavam em investir mais tempo neste tipo de atividade, preferindo seguir as receitas caseiras. Na área mercadológica, que não se constitui em exceção à regra, freqüentemente surgem novos modismos, e o fenômeno acima descrito ocorre com renovada intensidade, pelas características peculiares do setor: as vendas para cada cliente são muito espaçadas no tempo, em termos de equipamentos, e no caso dos serviços, embora haja uma maior freqüência nas vendas, o centro de compras envolvido é, via de regra, diverso daquele empenhado na compra de novos equipamentos, o que torna a administração dos relacionamentos com os clientes bastante complexa. No caso específico das técnicas e metodologias, publicadas na área de Marketing, pode-se perceber que a imensa maioria foi desenhada para ser aplicada na transação final com o consumidor, ou nos estágios finais da cadeia produtiva, entre os fornecedores de material produtivo para produtores de bens de consumo e os próprios, e/ou entre os produtores de bens de consumo e seus respectivos canais. No entanto, isto não impede que se tente vender aos fabricantes de bens de capital versões, mais ou menos modificadas, das técnicas e sistemas "da moda", o que nos remete à situação, citada anteriormente, de ter de escolher
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A área de promoção de vendas tem crescido significativamente em importância dentro do mix de marketing. Concomitantemente, mensurar o retorno sobre investimento na área de marketing tem se mostrado cada vez mais relevante. Paralelo a isso, a literatura tem concentrado os estudos em ações promocionais monetárias (descontos, cupons, rebates), existindo uma quantidade muito menor de trabalhos com foco em ações promocionais não monetárias. O objetivo dessa dissertação é desenvolver um modelo de retorno sobre investimento em ações promocionais não monetárias de fácil aplicação. Para tal, fez-se um levantamento da literatura, em especial sobre promoção de vendas e retorno sobre investimento em marketing. A partir daí foi desenvolvido um modelo conceitual de retorno sobre investimento em promoções não monetárias que permite calcular o retorno financeiro de ações, bem como, verificar impactos na marca. Além do conceito do modelo é detalhada a forma de operacionalização do mesmo, bem como são feitas duas aplicações práticas do modelo para torná-lo mais compreensível e testar eventuais falhas e limitações.
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Essa dissertação trata da coordenação entre política monetária e política fiscal. O trabalho visa testar a hipótese de que a demanda agregada é afetada pela política fiscal no Brasil entre 1995 e 2006. Com esse intuito, o trabalho estima uma curva IS para o Brasil nesse período, incluindo variáveis fiscais explicativas. O resultado é de que há evidência estatística de que o desvio do produto em relação ao produto potencial (de agora em diante gap do produto) seja dependente (positivamente) do nível de gastos do governo e (negativamente) da arrecadação do setor público. Além disso, conforme a teoria prevê, o gasto do governo tem um efeito (em módulo) mais intenso do que a arrecadação do governo, de modo que tanto o nível do superávit primário, quanto o tamanho do governo em proporção ao PIB têm impacto sobre a demanda agregada. Assim, assumindo que a convergência da taxa de câmbio real via paridade descoberta de taxa de juros tenha sido defasada no período sob análise, a política fiscal pode ter contribuído para manutenção da taxa de juros real acima do nível de equilíbrio no período em questão.
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ARAÚJO, M. M. A criança [pobre] em escola católica na cidade paroquial de Jadrdim do Seridó (Rio Grande do Norte, 1943-1951). Educação e Filosofia (UFU. Impresso), v. 23, n.46, p. 19-36, 2009
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Land cover mappings represent important tools for the regional planning. However, the current mappings are related to very specific purposes and, consequently, they are limited in their capacity to define the wide variety of existing types of land cover. In that context, this paper aims at developing a wide and including hierarchical classification system for land cover mapping in regional scale, which should contribute for a future standardization of classes. Besides, it is intended to test that system for a study case that contemplates the use of a classification method based on fuzzy approach, which has shown to be more appropriate than conventional approaches. Therefore, it was proposed a hierarchical classification system with three detailing levels and a study case was defined with the specification of the test area and of the classification project. Then, the georreferencing of a TM/Landsat-5 image that comprises the test area was carried out. Later, it was applied a fuzzy classification approach in the TM/Landsat-5 image, starting from images of probability for the mapped classes and an uncertainty image were generated. Finally, it was produced a conventional output that represents the thematic mapping of the test area.
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The process of development of any area is closely linked to teaching and research, and in Tourism it is not different. Thus, in this area in which service is one of the factors intrinsically related to its success , it is observed the need for people with deep and critical training in the various aspects of this activity acting in this sector. However, we can see the existence of some differences between what is offered by the academy from what is required by the market. Therefore, the objective of this research is to verify the relationship between higher education in Tourism and labor market through the perception of the bachelor in this area, graduated in Natal-RN, since it is the tourismologist who makes the link between this two fields. To know the perception of these tourismologists, it was necessary to apply a questionnaire to those ones graduated in the years 2009 and 2010. In accordance with the aim of this study, this research was exploratory-descriptive. Related to the technical procedures, it was a documentary, literature and field research. To have it analyzed, some qualitative and quantitative techniques were applied according to our specific objectives and the types of data collected, such as: content analysis, factorial analysis to synthesize the information and identify the basic dimensions that represent the different variables studied, the standard deviation to verify the variation of the responses in some items and the correlation technique that allows the analysis of the relationship between two variables. In response to the objectives proposed here, we could finally conclude that: the syllabuses of these courses are too general and the graduates themselves consider them so. It was diagnosed that the graduates 1) are mostly female, 2) a very small part of them is working in the area that they are graduated in, and 3) not all of them receive satisfactory wages which contributes to having a negative view of their degree course. Moreover, the educational institution where they studied was not a decisive factor to get a job. It was still diagnosed that most part of them do not have positive perceptions when thinking about the future of their careers as bachelors in Tourism. Many of them, including, if it was possible to change something in their careers so far, they could have chosen another college degree. It was found that, although there is a negative perception about their professional future, almost half of them believe that the course met the needs of the market. However, those ones that are not working have a more positive point of view related to the applicability of higher education. On the other hand, the other ones who already worked in this area have a more negative perception about it and do not believe that the course meets the market's needs. In summary, this study allowed the understanding of the existence of some gaps that exist between higher education in Tourism and the market needs, professionally speaking, thus contributing to the spreading of ideas on that subject for teachers, researchers and the current and future students of the area.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Objective: The present study evaluated morphometrically bone loss percentages in experimental periodontitis in rats, comparing different locations (lingual mandible, palatal maxilla and buccal maxilla) and two evaluation methods (distance and area methods). Material and Methods: Ligatures were placed around the maxillary right second molar and around the mandibular right first molar in 14 female Wistar rats. The contralateral molars served as intragroup control. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed and their mandible and maxilla were removed. The specimens were dissected and stained with methylene blue dye. Bone loss was evaluated by two different methods on the surfaces of the defleshed jaw. In the first method, the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone crest was measured in the roots of teeth associated with ligature. In the second method, the area of bone loss was determined using the alveolar tissue bone, CEJ and the proximal region of roots associated with the ligature as reference. The data were converted to bone loss percentages caused by ligature: (ligated - unligated) x 100/ligated. Results: When comparing the distance and area methods, no statistically significant difference was observed (p>0.05). Both methodologies indicated that the maxilla presented greater bone loss than the mandible and it was more accentuated on the buccal side than on the palatal side (p<0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study show that both the area and the distance methods can be used to evaluate bone loss caused by ligature placement in rats, and suggest applying the morphometric methodology to the maxilla on the buccal side.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)