The social dimension: a neglected policy item in the Bologna Process

Since its beginning in 1999, the Bologna Process has influenced various aspects of higher education in its member countries, e.g., degree structures, mobility, lifelong learning, social dimension and quality assurance. The social dimension creates the focus of this research. The social dimension entered the Bologna Process agenda in 2001. Despite a decade of reforms, it somehow remained as a vague element and received low scholarly attention. This research addresses to this gap. Firstly, different meanings of the social dimension according to the major European policy actors are analysed. Unfolding the understandings of the actors revealed that the social dimension is mostly understood in terms reflecting the diversity of population on the student body accessing to, progressing in and completing higher education, with a special concern on the underrepresented groups. However, it is not possible to observe a similar commonality concerning the actual policy measures to achieve this goal. Divergence occurs with respect to the addressed underrepresented groups, i.e., all underrepresented groups or people without formal qualifications and mature learners, and the values and institutional interests traditionally promoted by these actors. Secondly, the dissertation discusses the reflection of this social dimension understanding at the national level by looking at cases of Finland, Germany and Turkey. The in-depth analyses show an awareness of the social dimension among most of the national Bologna Process actors and a common understanding of the social dimension goals. However, this understanding has not triggered action in any of the countries. The countries acted on areas which they defined problematic before the Bologna Process. Finally, based on these findings the dissertation discusses the social dimension as a policy item that managed to get into the Bologna Process agenda, but neither grew into an implementable policy, nor drop out of it. To this aim, it makes use of the multiple streams framework and explains the low agenda status social dimension with: i. the lack of a pressing problem definition: the lack of clearly defined indicators and a comprehensive monitoring system, ii. the lack of a viable solution alternative: the proposal of developing national strategies and action plans closed the way to develop generic guidelines for the social dimension to be translated into national policy processes, iii. low political perceptivity: the recent trends opt for increasing efficiency, excellence and exclusiveness discourses rather than ensuring equality and inclusiveness iv. high constraints: the social dimension by definition requires more public funding which is less appreciated and strategic constraints of the actors in allocating their resources v. the type of policy entrepreneur: the social dimension is promoted by an international stakeholder, the European Students’ Union, instead of the ministers responsible for higher education The social dimension remains a policy item in the Bologna Process which is noble enough to agree but not urgent enough to act on.

Pursuing a Developmental State Trade Agenda in a Neo-Liberal Context

This book explains why it was possible for the Worker’s Party (PT) in Brazil and the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa to pursue a developmental state trade policy, in spite of neoliberal constraints. The major theoretical lenses are three-fold. It applies state theory (macrolevel), policy network analysis (meso-level) and theories on political parties with emphasis on factional politics (micro-level). This book highlights the socio-political relevance of comparatively progressive policy frameworks and expands the debate on how to re-gain national policy space for progressive reform policies even under neoliberal constraints.

Transaction costs of farmers’ participation in forest management: Policy implications of payments for environmental services schemes in Vietnam

Recent research on payments for environmental services (PES) has observed that high transaction costs (TCs) are incurred through the implementation of PES schemes and farmer participation. TCs incurred by households are considered to be an obstacle to the participation in and efficiency of PES policies. This study aims to understand transactions related to previous forest plantation programmes and to estimate the actual TCs incurred by farmers who participated in these programmes in a mountainous area of northwestern Vietnam. In addition, this study examines determinants of households’ TCs to test the hypothesis of whether the amount of TCs varies according to household characteristics. Results show that average TCs are not likely to be a constraint for participation since they are about 200,000 VND (USD 10) per household per contract, which is equivalent to one person’s average earnings for about two days of labour. However, TCs amount to more than one-third of the programmes’ benefits, which is relatively high compared to PES programmes in developed countries. This implies that rather than aiming to reduce TCs, an appropriate agenda for policy improvement is to balance the level of TCs with PES programme benefits to enhance the overall attractiveness of afforestation programmes for smallholder farmers. Regression analysis reveals that education, gender and perception towards PES programmes have significant effects on the magnitude of TCs. The analyses also points out the importance of local conditions on the level of TCs, with some unexpected results.

El paradigma del Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible -DUS- como referente del proceso de toma de decisiones legislativas en Colombia. Análisis de la agenda legislativa del Congreso de la República entre 1991 y 2006

Este trabajo contribuye al análisis de la incidencia del paradigma del Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible en el proceso de toma de decisiones legislativas en Colombia, concentrándose en la discusión y definición de la agenda legislativa sobre asuntos urbanos, durante el periodo 1991-2006.

Análisis comparativo del proceso de construcción de la política pública en materia migratoria como prioridad en la agenda interna de un estado, caso de estudio: Colombia y Ecuador de 2003 - 2011

Colombia y Ecuador son países que por mucho tiempo no brindaron mayor importancia al tema migratorio y sus políticas enfocadas a dicha materia fueron incipientes y con resultados poco favorables. Desde principios del siglo XXI, el tema migratorio empezó a considerarse como prioridad dentro de las agendas políticas internas de cada Estado y de ahí surge la necesidad de crear políticas migratorias capaces de dar respuesta efectiva a los nuevos flujos migratorios y de proteger a los emigrantes residentes en el exterior por medio de la garantía de sus derechos fundamentales. No obstante, los resultados en la implementación de dichas políticas varío considerablemente entre los dos países debido a la importancia que se le asignó al tema dentro de la agenda política de cada Estado, mientras que en Ecuador la migración es un considerada como una prioridad interna, para Colombia el tema migratorio sigue siendo relegado por otros temas como el conflicto armado y el desplazamiento forzado interno.

Análisis de la influencia de la agenda setting y la imagen en campañas electorales. Estudio de caso: campaña de Gustavo Petro a la Alcaldía de Bogotá

Este trabajo busca hacer un análisis de la influencia de la imagen y la agenda setting en el éxito de una campaña electoral. La mayoría de estudios que tratan esta materia apuntan a la creación de unas normas básicas universales, pero en este tema nada está escrito y la coyuntura tanto geográfica como temporal, juegan un papel fundamental. De acuerdo a lo anterior, este trabajo busca comprobar que dada una coyuntura, hay unos factores específicos que confluyen para llevar a la victoria a un candidato determinado.

Decoding the canada's foreing and security policy: tracking the strategic and ethicliberal approaches of a middle power's behavior

The article attempts to explain the main paradox faced by Canada at formulating its foreign policy on international security. Explained in economic and political terms, this paradox consists in the contradiction between the Canadian ability to achieve its strategic goals, serving to its own national interest and its dependence on the United States. The first section outlines three representative examples to evaluate this paradox: the Canada’s position in North American security regime, the US-Canada economic security relations, and the universe of possibilities for action of Canada as a middle power. The second section suggests that liberal agenda, especially concerning to ethical issues, has been established by this country to minimize this paradox. By pursing this agenda, Canada is able to reaffirm its national identity and therefore its independence on the United States. The third section evaluates both the explained paradox and the reaffirmation of Canadian identity during the Jean Chrétien (1993-2003), Paul Martin (2003-2006) and Stephen Harper’s (2006) governments.

The Connectivity Agenda Five years of success in Colombian e-gov initiatives.

In this article the author try to emphasize how the Connectivity Agenda, enacted in 2000 as the Colombian policy to move the country toward the knowledge society trough the intensive use of Information and Communication Technologies – ICT, has been a successful electronic government initiative. To achieve it, the author describes first the general policy outline and then the proposed benefits comparing them to the ones already obtained, and explaining how there is no gap between planning and execution. To complement this exposition, the author presents the results of an evaluation model applied, which focused on determining what the citizens expect from the electronic administration and how they perceive it. Finally, the author states how both approaches conclude that the Connectivity Agenda can be considered as a successful electronic government initiative.

La incidencia del Movimiento Islámico de Uzbekistán en el establecimiento de una agenda de seguridad uzbeka en Asia Central 1991-2012

El interés del presente estudio de caso es analizar la estrategia de securitización implementada por el Presidente de la Republica de Uzbekistán Islam Karimov sobre el Movimiento Islámico de Uzbekistán. Se describe y se explica cómo desde las lógicas históricas y étnicas acontecidas en Asia Central, se pueden comprender los alcances internacionales de la confrontación antagónica ejercida entre uzbekos al apoyar ideas de corte secular e islamista. Así, siguiendo los parámetros establecidos por Barry Buzan con respecto a la securitización, se puede llegar a identificar la creación de una agenda de seguridad uzbeka en la región de Asia Central, cuyos logros permitieron disminuir el riesgo de la amenaza insurgente.

La nueva agenda internacional del Ecuador (Tema Central)

Este artículo plantea que, para poder actualizar la agenda internacional del Ecuador, se torna necesario considerar los cambios drásticos experimentados en las relaciones internacionales durante la última década. De manera particular, se debe contemplar que la caída del Muro de Berlín significó la imposición rigurosa del liberalismo económico y, a su vez, que los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001 implican la imposición de una ideología guiada por la lucha antiterrorista. Todo esto influye en labor de la Cancillería con relación a la cooperación internacional, organismos bilaterales y multilaterales. Finalmente, se definen temas prioritarios tales como el fortalecimiento a la democracia, seguridad, la lucha contra la corrupción, la migración, Derechos Humanos, medio ambiente, terrorismo y narcotráfico.

La seguridad en la agenda de cooperación política sudamericana (Artículos Varios)

El artículo aborda el tema de la consolidación de la paz y la seguridad en la región andina como un objetivo central en la Política Exterior Común adoptada por la Comunidad Andina. Hace un análisis de cómo algunos textos e instrumentos manejaron el tema de la seguridad subregional, como por ejemplo el Comunicado de Brasilia, en el cual los presidentes sudamericanos acordaron el establecimiento de una Zona de Paz en el espacio sudamericano. En este contexto, se analiza las posibilidades de establecer dicha Zona Sudamericana de Paz a partir de los instrumentos comunitarios existentes sobre la materia tanto en la Comunidad Andina como en el MERCOSUR, así como las condiciones previas y los requisitos que ella debiera tener para alcanzar sus fines.

Una agenda internacional imBRICada: los nuevos caminos y desafíos de la política externa brasileña en el siglo XXI (Tema Central)

Este ensayo, de carácter analítico-descriptivo, pretende transitar entre las grandes líneas de la política exterior brasileña a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI, más específicamente durante los dos mandatos de Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva (2003-2006 y 2007-2010), a fin de identificar en qué medida la agenda internacional brasileña fue afectada desde su categorización como potencia emergente bajo el acrónimo de BRIC (Brasil, Rusia, India y China) en el año 2003. El análisis parte de la premisa de que la política exterior brasileña, a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI, está más que nunca, imBRICada. Más allá de un simple juego de palabras, im“BRIC”ar significa dejar en evidencia la forma compleja en la que interactúan las diversas prioridades de la agenda internacional de un país emergente como Brasil, a veces convergiendo, a veces discrepando.

La incorporación de la gobernanza a la agenda latinoamericana (Tema Central)

Este artículo se aboca a un breve análisis relativo a los orígenes y debates conceptuales relativos a la gobernanza y su aplicación al caso de América Latina. En este último espacio no ha tenido la mejor de las acogidas puesto que otros términos, como el de gobernabilidad o el de gobierno, han respondido a una tradición en el análisis político regional como producto de un pasado reciente turbulento en lo relativo a las alteraciones al sistema democrático.

The challenges of Europe's fourfold union. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/13, 16 August 2012

Five years after the first tremors in Europe’s banking system, what makes the crisis unique is the absence of a democratically accountable decision-making framework; there is an 'executive deficit' that compounds Europe’s democratic deficit. The author argues that the only way to resolve the crisis successfully is a sustained effort to achieve a 'fourfold union' agenda: banking union, fiscal union, competitiveness union and political union. Progress must be made in parallel on each of the four components. In particular, successful progress towards banking union requires a combination of short term action, including the establishment of a temporary resolution authority to identify undercapitalised banks and to restructure them, and longer-term measures, including the creation of permanent authorities for supervision, resolution and deposit insurance.

New ICT sectors: platforms for European growth? Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/14, August 2012

Europe's failure to specialise in new ICT sectors and firms is likely to hold back Europe’s post-crisis recovery. Europe lacks in particular leading platform providers, who are capturing most of the value in the new ICT ecosystem. • In-depth analysis of some specific new emerging ICT sectors shows that the problem in Europe appears not to be so much in the generation of new ideas, but rather in bringing ideas successfully to market. Among the barriers are the lack of a single digital market, fragmented intellectual property regimes, lack of an entrepreneurial culture, limited access to risk capital and an absence of ICT clusters. • The EU policy framework, particularly the Innovation Union and Digital Agenda EU 2020 Flagships, could better leverage the growth power for Europe of new ICT markets. The emphasis should move beyond providing support for infrastructure and research, to funding programmes for pre-commercial projects. But perhaps most important is dealing with the fragmentation in European digital markets.