Exploring Relationships Between Vector-Borne Diseases and Landscape Architecture: Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Landscape Architecture

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Un modelo tipo predador - presa para la dinámica de población del mosquito Aedes aegypti con control químico y control biológico

Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, 2000) la fiebre por dengue y la fiebre hemorrágica 1 por dengue son un problema de salud pública a las cuales dos quintas partes de la población mundial se encuentran en riesgo. Las principales medidas de prevención y control han sido la fumigación masiva de insecticidas dirigida contra los mosquitos adultos (adulticidas) y la aplicación de larvicidas (control químico). Sin embargo, a pesar de que dichas medidas reducen rápidamente la población de mosquitos adultos y eliminan un 90% de la población de larvas en un criadero, su efecto es sólo transitorio pues no afectan la generación de nuevos mosquitos. En efecto, los registros estadísticos demuestran un avance del mosquito a pesar de las campañas de fumigación y aplicación de larvicidas (OMS, 2000). Por otra parte Hernández y García (2000) señalan que hay factores negativos asociados con el control químico de las poblaciones de mosquitos.

FOLHA da Embrapa: Embrapa declara guerra ao Aedes aegypti.

2016

Aedes aegypti Pharate First Instar Aseasonal Quiescence Cues Anticipatory Plasticity with Implications for Urban Vector Ecology and Control

The eggs of the dengue fever vector Aedes aegypti possess the ability to undergo an extended quiescence period hosting a fully developed first instar larvae within its chorion. As a result of this life history stage, pharate larvae can withstand months of dormancy inside the egg where they depend on stored reserves of maternal origin. This adaptation known as pharate first instar quiescence, allows A. aegypti to cope with fluctuations in water availability. An examination of this fundamental adaptation has shown that there are trade-offs associated with it. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are frequently associated with urban habitats that may contain metal pollution. My research has demonstrated that the duration of this quiescence and the extent of nutritional depletion associated with it affects the physiology and survival of larvae that hatch in a suboptimal habitat; nutrient reserves decrease during pharate first instar quiescence and alter subsequent larval and adult fitness. The duration of quiescence compromises metal tolerance physiology and is coupled to a decrease in metallothionein mRNA levels. My findings also indicate that even low levels of environmentally relevant larval metal stress alter the parameters that determine vector capacity. My research has also demonstrated that extended pharate first instar quiescence can elicit a plastic response resulting in an adult phenotype distinct from adults reared from short quiescence eggs. Extended pharate first instar quiescence affects the performance and reproductive fitness of the adult female mosquito as well as the nutritional status of its progeny via maternal effects in an adaptive manner, i.e., anticipatory phenotypic plasticity results as a consequence of the duration of pharate first instar quiescence and alternative phenotypes may exist for this mosquito with quiescence serving as a cue possibly signaling the environmental conditions that follow a dry period. M findings may explain, in part, A. aegypti���s success as a vector and its geographic distribution and have implications for its vector capacity and control.

GEOTECNOLOGIAS APLICADA AO MONITORAMENTO DO VETOR AEDES AEGYPTI NA ÁREA ITAQUI-BACANGA, SÃO LUIS - MA.

O uso do SIG na espacialização de dados referentes à saúde é de extrema importância para o monitoramento das variáveis relacionadas à doença em questão, como por exemplo, fatores físicos, sociais e variantes relacionadas ao vetor transmissor. Esta geotecnologia possui uma linguagem computacional, na qual é possível armazenar, cruzar e relacionar dados, através da localização de pontos na superfície terrestre. No Brasil, a problemática da dengue, diante do seu agravamento e a iminência de uma epidemia de proporções consideráveis, tem intensificado as pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de métodos mais eficazes para o controle dessa doença no ambiente urbano. Em nível local, a utilização de SIGs para o monitoramento da dengue no município de São Luís, contribuiu para uma análise da distribuição espacial da doença na cidade. Deste modo, esta pesquisa objetivou analisar o problema da dengue na referida localidade, utilizando as geotecnologias e a educação ambiental sinergicamente associadas, como estratégia para que a comunidade descobrisse, através da participação nas atividades da pesquisa, a dimensão do problema da dengue no seu próprio habitat.

Detection of DENV-4 genotype I from mosquitoes collected in the city of Manaus, Brazil

Background Dengue epidemics have been reported in Brazil since 1981. In Manaus, a large city in the Amazon region, dengue is endemic with all four-virus serotypes (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) simultaneously causing human disease. In 2008, during a surveillance of dengue virus in mosquitoes in the district of Tancredo Neves in Manaus, 260 mosquitoes of Aedes genus were captured, identified and grouped into pools of 10 mosquitoes. Findings RNA extracts of mosquito pools were tested by a RT-Hemi-Nested-PCR for detection of flaviviruses. One amplicon of 222 bp, compatible with dengue virus serotype 4, was obtained from a pool of Aedes aegypti. The nucleotide sequence of the amplicon indicated that the mosquitoes were infected with DENV-4 of genotype I. This virus of Asian origin has been described in Manaus in 2008 infecting acute febrile illness patients. Conclusion This is the first report of dengue virus serotype 4 genotype I infecting Aedes aegypti in the Americas.

Short report: Application of an alternative Aedes species (Diptera : Culicidae) surveillance method in Botucatu City, São Paulo, Brazil

One of the main problems with dengue is the control of Aedes aegypti, its major vector. In Brazil, the current control program for Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus populations includes larval density surveys. An interesting alternative is the use of a distinct index, the Premise Condition Index (PCI). This tool relates conditions of property, such as houses and yards, and the degree of shade with the occurrence of Aedes sp. oviposition, and is calculated as scores from 3 to 9. The lowest score indicates property in good condition and an unfavorable breeding environment, while the highest score indicates property at high risk for infestation by Aedes sp. The present study is based on the application of the PCI in an urban area of Botucatu, Brazil to confirm its effectiveness.

A comparison of larval, ovitrap and MosquiTRAP surveillance for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti

In Brazil, the entomological surveillance of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti is performed by government-mandated larval surveys. In this study, the sensitivities of an adult sticky trap and traditional surveillance methodologies were compared. The study was performed over a 12-week period in a residential neighbourhood of the municipality of Pedro Leopoldo, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An ovitrap and a MosquiTRAP were placed at opposite ends of each neighbourhood block (60 traps in total) and inspections were performed weekly. The study revealed significant correlations of moderate strength between the larval survey, ovitrap and MosquiTRAP measurements. A positive relationship was observed between temperature, adult capture measurements and egg collections, whereas precipitation and frequency of rainy days exhibited a negative relationship.

Spatial Distribution of the Risk of Dengue and the Entomological Indicators in Sumare, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Mayaro virus and dengue virus 1 and 4 natural infection in culicids from Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil

This study aimed to verify the diversity of Culicidae species and their frequency of infection with flaviviruses and alphaviruses in Cuiabá, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Mosquitoes were captured with Nasci aspirators and hand net in 200 census tracts, identified alive at species level and pooled in one-20 (11,090 mosquitoes, 14 species). Female pools (n = 610) were subjected to multiplex seminested-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 11 flavivirus and five alphavirus. Positive pools were tested by single RT-PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing, by RT-PCR for E1 gene [Mayaro virus (MAYV)] and by inoculation in Vero cells (MAYV) or C6/36 cells (flaviviruses). One/171 Aedes aegypti was positive for dengue virus (DENV)-1, 12/403 Culex quinquefasciatus , and four/171 Ae. aegypti for MAYV, which was isolated from two pools containing two nonengorged females of Ae. aegypti and two of Cx. quinquefasciatus. DENV-4 was detected in 58/171 pools of Ae. aegytpi, 105/403 Cx. quinquefasciatus, two/five Psorophora sp., two/11 Psorophora varipes / Psorophora albigenu , one/one Sabethes chloropterus , two/five Culex bidens / Culex interfor , and one/one Aedes sp. DENV-4 was isolated from two pools containing three and 16 nonengorged Cx. quinquefasciatus females. Phylogenetic analysis revealed MAYV belongs to genotype L, clustering with human samples of the virus previously identified in the city. Cuiabá has biodiversity and ecosystem favourable for vector proliferation, representing a risk for arbovirus outbreaks.

A native Wolbachia Endosymbiont does not limit Dengue virus infection in the mosquito Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects many species of insects and has been transinfected into the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), the primary vector of dengue virus (DENV). Recently, it has been shown that Wolbachia blocks the replication and transmission of RNA viruses, such as DENV, in a number of mosquito species including Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is naturally infected with Wolbachia and considered a secondary vector for DENV. The mosquito species Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) is highly prevalent in Australia, including in areas where DENV outbreaks have been recorded. The mosquito has been implicated in the transmission of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, but not DENV. We investigated whether Wolbachia naturally infects this mosquito species and whether it has an impact on the ability of Ae. notoscriptus to transmit DENV. We show, for the first time, that Ae. notoscriptus is naturally infected with a strain of Wolbachia that belongs to supergroup B and is localized only in the ovaries. However, Wolbachia infection in Ae. notoscriptus did not induce resistance to DENV and had no effect on overall DENV infection rate or titer. The presence of a native Wolbachia in Ae. notoscriptus cannot explain why this mosquito is an ineffective vector of DENV.

Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis strains that contain Dipteran-specific cry genes from Ilha Bela (São Paulo, Brazil) soil samples

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Population dynamics of DENV-1 genotype V in Brazil is characterized by co-circulation and strain/lineage replacement

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Mecanismos de resistência de aedes aegyoti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) a inseticidas

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Caracterização molecular de cepas do Vírus dengue 1 isoladas no Brasil entre os anos de 1994 a 2008

A febre do dengue é uma das mais importantes arboviroses distribuída por todas as áreas tropicais do mundo. O vírus dengue (VDEN) é transmitido principalmente pela picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti infectado. A dispersão do vetor e o aumento do fluxo migratório entre países possibilitaram a ocorrência de grandes epidemias e manifestações clínicas severas, como febre hemorrágica do dengue (FHD) e Síndrome do choque do dengue (SCD). O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização molecular de isolados do VDEN sorotipo 1 (VDEN-1) no Brasil ao nível dos genes estruturais C/prM/M/E de 29 cepas isoladas durante epidemias ocorridas no Brasil no período de 1994 a 2008. A identidade nucleotídica entre as cepas de VDEN-1 do estudo em relação às outras isoladas no Brasil variou de 96,1% a 100%, enquanto o percentual de identidade de aminoácidos foi determinado entre 98,4% a 100%. As diferenças de aminoácidos entre as cepas do estudo, quando comparadas com a cepa FGA/89 (Guiana Francesa), mostraram a presença de importantes substituições não-sinônimas com mudança de caráter bioquímico, tais como os resíduos E297 (Met Tre) e E338 (Ser Leu), sendo necessário estudos para verificar se essas alterações podem ou não estar relacionadas à virulência. A análise filogenética para a proteína E, realizada por meio do método de máxima verossimilhança para as cepas do estudo e outras cepas selecionadas do banco de dados do Genbank, mostraram que as cepas de VDEN-1 isoladas no Brasil desde 1982 pertencem ao genótipo V, corroborando com os resultados publicados anteriormente. O tempo de divergência do VDEN-1, estimado através da hipótese de relógio molecular, mostrou que este vírus teve sua origem a partir de uma linhagem ancestral, há aproximadamente, 113 anos e observou-se ainda que as cepas de VDEN-1 circulantes no Brasil e as provenientes da África possuem um ancestral comum, sendo necessário estudos de filogeografia que mostrem as possíveis rotas de entrada do VDEN-1 no Brasil.