Óptica paraxial de la lente gruesa.

Una lente está formada por dos dioptrios esféricos separados entre sí por una distancia, e, contada entre sus polos. Supondremos que a su izquierda tenemos un medio transmisor de la luz cuyo índice de refracción es, n, a su derecha otro de índice nï y el material que lo forma tiene como índice nõ. Los radios de curvatura de ambos dispositivos son: r1 y r2. cada uno de los dioptrios tiene un foco imagen paraxial donde se concentran los rayos que proceden del infinito siendo paralelos al eje. Para su cálculo utilizaremos el invariable de Abbe. Es un sistema de difícil cálculo al operar con fracciones.

Óptica paraxial.

Se analiza la óptica paraxial dentro del sistema educativo español en la década de los años sesenta. Al ponerse en vigor con el curso 1960-61 las nuevas normas sobre Preuniversitario, a él pasó la Óptica geométrica, que se venía explicando en el Selectivo de las facultades de Ciencias. La disposición al efecto señala que su explicación se debe hacer utilizando la notación contenida en las normas DIN 1,335. Pero los escasos libros españoles de Óptica apenas han usado estas normas, por lo que se realizó este estudio a modo de compendio. Se señala que no se tiene la pretensión de que estos apuntes puedan ser la sustitución de un libro de texto del Bachillerato, ya que son demasiado densos para los alumnos. Se deja a los profesores la tarea de exponerla de forma adecuada a los alumnos, de ese nivel y edad. Por tanto el contenido es meramente matemático, y se obvia cualquier observación de tipo didáctico. Si se presenta el contenido acompañado de numerosas demostraciones matemáticas y experimentos. De hecho se considera imprescindible que los alumnos vean, acompañando a la explicación del profesor en clase, una colección de experiencias para que se den cuenta de que las cuestiones que se explican corresponden a realidades físicas. En líneas generales los principales puntos tratados son la óptica geométrica, los sistemas ópticos centrados, la óptica paraxial de los sistemas centrados, las ecuaciones de correspondencia y los sistemas compuestos.

The effect of skewness and kurtosis on the Kenward-Roger approximation when group distributions differ

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Nuclear relaxation contribution to static and dynamic (infinite frequency approximation) nonlinear optical properties by means of electrical property expansions: Application to HF, CH4, CF4, and SF6

Electrical property derivative expressions are presented for the nuclear relaxation contribution to static and dynamic (infinite frequency approximation) nonlinear optical properties. For CF4 and SF6, as opposed to HF and CH4, a term that is quadratic in the vibrational anharmonicity (and not previously evaluated for any molecule) makes an important contribution to the static second vibrational hyperpolarizability of CF4 and SF6. A comparison between calculated and experimental values for the difference between the (anisotropic) Kerr effect and electric field induced second-harmonic generation shows that, at the Hartree-Fock level, the nuclear relaxation/infinite frequency approximation gives the correct trend (in the series CH4, CF4, SF6) but is of the order of 50% too small

Simplification, approximation and deformation of large models

The high level of realism and interaction in many computer graphic applications requires techniques for processing complex geometric models. First, we present a method that provides an accurate low-resolution approximation from a multi-chart textured model that guarantees geometric fidelity and correct preservation of the appearance attributes. Then, we introduce a mesh structure called Compact Model that approximates dense triangular meshes while preserving sharp features, allowing adaptive reconstructions and supporting textured models. Next, we design a new space deformation technique called *Cages based on a multi-level system of cages that preserves the smoothness of the mesh between neighbouring cages and is extremely versatile, allowing the use of heterogeneous sets of coordinates and different levels of deformation. Finally, we propose a hybrid method that allows to apply any deformation technique on large models obtaining high quality results with a reduced memory footprint and a high performance.

Finite element approximation of a sixth order nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation

We consider a finite element approximation of the sixth order nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation ut = ?.( b(u)? 2u), where generically b(u) := |u|? for any given ? ? (0,?). In addition to showing well-posedness of our approximation, we prove convergence in space dimensions d ? 3. Furthermore an iterative scheme for solving the resulting nonlinear discrete system is analysed. Finally some numerical experiments in one and two space dimensions are presented.

Infrared intensities of furan, pyrrole and thiophene: beyond the double harmonic approximation

Infrared intensities of the fundamental, overtone and combination transitions in furan, pyrrole and thiophene have been calculated using the variational normal coordinate code MULTIMODE. We use pure vibrational wavefunctions, and quartic force fields and cubic dipole moment vector surfaces, generated by density functional theory. The results are compared graphically with second-order perturbation calculations and with relative intensities from experiment for furan and pyrrole.

A relative path attenuation approximation algorithm for DVB-T systems

In the United Kingdom and in fact throughout Europe, the chosen standard for digital terrestrial television is the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) ETN 300 744 also known as Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial (DVB-T). The modulation method under this standard was chosen to be Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (0FD4 because of the apparent inherent capability for withstanding the effects of multipath. Within the DVB-T standard, the addition of pilot tones was included that can be used for many applications such as channel impulse response estimation or local oscillator phase and frequency offset estimation. This paper demonstrates a technique for an estimation of the relative path attenuation of a single multipath signal that can be used as a simple firmware update for a commercial set-top box. This technique can be used to help eliminate the effects of multipath(1).

Hammerstein model identification algorithm using Bezier-Bernstein approximation

A new identification algorithm is introduced for the Hammerstein model consisting of a nonlinear static function followed by a linear dynamical model. The nonlinear static function is characterised by using the Bezier-Bernstein approximation. The identification method is based on a hybrid scheme including the applications of the inverse of de Casteljau's algorithm, the least squares algorithm and the Gauss-Newton algorithm subject to constraints. The related work and the extension of the proposed algorithm to multi-input multi-output systems are discussed. Numerical examples including systems with some hard nonlinearities are used to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach through comparisons with other approaches.

The price of risk in construction projects: contingency approximation model (CAM)

Little attention has been focussed on a precise definition and evaluation mechanism for project management risk specifically related to contractors. When bidding, contractors traditionally price risks using unsystematic approaches. The high business failure rate our industry records may indicate that the current unsystematic mechanisms contractors use for building up contingencies may be inadequate. The reluctance of some contractors to include a price for risk in their tenders when bidding for work competitively may also not be a useful approach. Here, instead, we first define the meaning of contractor contingency, and then we develop a facile quantitative technique that contractors can use to estimate a price for project risk. This model will help contractors analyse their exposure to project risks; and help them express the risk in monetary terms for management action. When bidding for work, they can decide how to allocate contingencies strategically in a way that balances risk and reward.