O egresso de enfermagem no mundo do trabalho: dimensão subjetiva entre o processo de formação e a prática laboral

O objeto deste estudo é a percepção dos egressos da Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (ENF/UERJ) sobre o mundo do trabalho e a influência da formação na prática laboral, cujos objetivos foram: I) descrever a percepção dos egressos da ENF/UERJ sobre o mundo do trabalho em saúde e enfermagem, considerando o processo de formação na graduação; II) identificar as facilidades e as dificuldades percebidas pelos egressos na prática profissional e suas repercussões para o processo saúde-doença, considerando a configuração do mundo do trabalho; III) analisar os distanciamentos e as aproximações apontados pelos egressos entre a formação na ENF/UERJ e a configuração do mundo do trabalho em saúde e enfermagem; e IV) discutir as situações nas quais os egressos atuam e que se apresentam como real ou potencialmente transformadoras da realidade laboral em que se encontram. Pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, desenvolvida na ENF/UERJ e aprovado pela Plataforma Brasil, sob o número 360.021. Os participantes foram 30 egressos da ENF/UERJ, formados entre o ano 2000 no primeiro semestre até o ano de 2010 no segundo semestre. A coleta de dados ocorreu de dezembro de 2013 até fevereiro de 2014 por meio da entrevista semiestruturada. A técnica utilizada para tratamento dos dados ocorreu por meio da Análise Temática de Conteúdo, que fez emergir quatro categorias empíricas: A dinamicidade e a complexidade do mundo do trabalho contemporâneo e a formação: a ótica do egresso de enfermagem; A dialética do mundo do trabalho: facilidades e adversidades enfrentadas no cotidiano laboral e sua influência no processo saúde-doença; A formação em enfermagem e a interface com o mundo do trabalho: dilemas e desafios a superar; e Significados, habilidades e competências construídas ao longo da formação e suas repercussões na prática laboral. Conclui-se, na perspectiva dos objetivos deste estudo, que os participantes apresentam um ponto de vista crítico e uma visão macro estrutural sobre o mundo do trabalho contemporâneo aproximada da discussão de sociólogos e estudiosos do trabalho. Por conseguinte, pode-se considerar que a formação na ENF/UERJ contribuiu para a construção desta visão crítica, reflexiva e politizada sobre a realidade do trabalho que os egressos vivenciam.

Verbal abuse experienced by student nurses

Aim: This paper is a report of a study to describe the nature, severity, frequency and sources of verbal abuse experienced by nursing students while gaining clinical experience. Background: Verbal abuse of healthcare workers is currently receiving considerable attention and nursing students have been identified as a group vulnerable to experiencing workplace verbal abuse. Method: Questionnaires were distributed in 2005 to a convenience sample of 156 third year nursing students from one pre-registration nursing programme in England. A total of 114 questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 73.0%. Findings: Experience of verbal abuse was reported by 45.1% of respondents, 34.5% had witnessed other students experiencing this and 65.5% reported that they were aware of other students experiencing verbal abuse. The incidents involved patients in 64.7% of cases, 15.7% involved visitors or relatives and 19.6% involved other healthcare workers. Students reported experiencing threats to kill them, racial abuse and sexually oriented verbal abuse, with the majority of incidents occurring in general medical, mental health and general surgical clinical areas. Conclusion: Education and healthcare providers should prepare students to manage negative verbal exchanges during nursing education, and policies and support networks relating to managing verbal abuse in clinical practice should be available to nursing students.

An Innovative teaching tool for students is it Appropriate?

Background: Clinical supervision takes place once the newly qualified nurse is employed in clinical practice. However, often the variety and diversity of nursing jobs can result in a hit and miss delivery of supervision training. By introducing training uniformly at undergraduate stage a more seamless transition may occur (McColgan K, Rice C. 2012).

There is an increased interest in higher education in the use of online learning resources for students. As part completion of a DNP an App. for training students in clinical supervision was developed.

Aim: The creation of a clinical supervision training App. for use in undergraduate nursing.

Objectives:
•To develop a teaching tool that is up to date, current and easily accessible to students.
•To introduce supervision training for undergraduate nursing students
•To motivate the undergraduate nursing student to identify examples from their clinical experience to encourage change and promote professional development.

Approach:
Stage 1
In 2010/11 informal inquiries with senior nurses regarding the introduction of supervision training in undergraduate nursing
Stage 2
A review of UK supervision training.
Stage 3
Template production of teaching tool.
Stage 4
Collaboration with a computer technician to transfer multimedia outputs onto an App.
Stage 5
App. piloted with lecturers (n=4) and post registration students (n=20).
Stage 6
Minor alterations made to App. design template
Stage 7
App. included in an experimental study looking at online learning versus blended learning June 2013 (n=61, n=63)

Conclusion: A collaborative approach to the development of any educational programme is essential to ensure the success of the final teaching product (McCutcheon 2013). The end result is that this App. could be:
•Made available to nurses in the UK.
•Adapted to suit other healthcare professionals and students.
•Used as a prototype for other healthcare related subjects.

McColgan K., Rice C. (2012) An online training resource for clinical supervision. Nursing Standard, 26(24) 35-39.
McCutcheon K. (2013) Development of a multi-media book for clinical supervision training in an undergraduate nursing programme. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 3(5) 31-38.

A “Child’s Rights Perspective”: The “Right” of Children and Young People to Participate in Health Care Research

As all human beings are consumers of health care provision across the life span and in receipt of care delivered by accountable health care professionals, all should have the right to be involved in shaping the future of their own health care. Rights-based participation, when applied successfully, has the potential to inform and influence the delivery of child health care, the child’s experience of health care, plus children’s nursing education (Coyne & Gallagher, 2011). The “right” of every child and young person to participate in research that relates to their own health care is also sustained by the author’s lead position as a Senior Lecturer in Higher Education for pre-registration children’s nursing in Northern Ireland and the appreciation of their voice when practicing as a registered children’s nurse and ward sister. The report provides an insight into seminal work on human and child rights; the historical context of children in Western society, and the evolution of children’s nursing amid the child’s right to participate in shaping their own health care.

De aluno a enfermeiro: desenvolvimento de competências em contexto de ensino clínico

A formação em enfermagem tem acompanhado a evolução sociocultural e científico-tecnológica procurando dar resposta às exigências dos utentes e, sobretudo, à complexidade e à imprevisibilidade dos contextos de prestação de cuidados. Segundo os novos paradigmas de formação, pretende-se que os alunos desenvolvam competências que lhes permitam “agir em situação”. Neste estudo procurámos compreender de que forma os alunos desenvolvem as suas competências em contextos de ensino clínico e quais os factores que, à luz da perspectiva bioecológica de desenvolvimento humano (Bronfenbrenner e Morris, 1998) e do seu modelo PPCT (Pessoa, Processo, Contexto e Tempo), se constituem como facilitadores ou inibidores desse desenvolvimento. Optámos por uma metodologia predominantemente qualitativa, através de um estudo de caso, referente ao 2º Curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem da Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade de Aveiro (2002-2003 a 2005- 2006). Para além da análise documental para contextualização do ensino clínico no currículo do curso, foram recolhidas narrativas dos alunos e supervisores relativas às suas vivências em ensino clínico durante todo o percurso formativo. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo das narrativas, de natureza qualitativa, foram triangulados com as classificações dos alunos nas grelhas de avaliação de competências e respectivos relatórios e procuraram responder à primeira questão de investigação que visava analisar o desenvolvimento de competências e as perspectivas dos actores envolvidos nesse processo. A resposta à segunda questão, que incidia sobre os factores de desenvolvimento à luz do modelo PPCT, foi baseada essencialmente na análise das narrativas. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos concluir que o desenvolvimento de competências ocorre de forma integradora, combinando sinergeticamente diferentes dimensões (cognitiva, atitudinal, comunicacional e técnica) ao longo dos ensinos clínicos, num processo dinâmico, dialéctico e progressivo. E ainda que, à luz do modelo PPCT, sobressaem determinados factores influenciadores do desenvolvimento de competências. Assim, relativamente à Pessoa, emergem as características pessoais, os papéis desempenhados, a interpessoalidade, o contacto com a morte e com situações de sofrimento, sendo também significativa a emergência de uma componente afectivo-emocional. Quanto ao Processo, (que assume especial relevância), destacam-se as actividades e os processos proximais, as estratégias supervisivas, as dificuldades sentidas pelos supervisores, de entre as quais sobressai a falta de preparação para a tarefa. A análise dos Contextos revela que, no microsistema, o destaque vai para as especificidades de cada contexto e a atmosfera envolvente enquanto que, no mesosistema, a participação multicontextual e o conhecimento intercontextual se manifestam como relevantes. No exosistema, salienta-se a importância do relacionamento interinstitucional e dos modelos de parceria e, ao nível macrosistémico, emergem de forma subtil, indícios da influência das políticas de gestão hospitalar e da formação assim como da matriz conceptual de enfermagem. No que se refere ao Tempo, a importância da continuidade dos processos proximais (microtempo) e a periodicidade dos ensinos clínicos (mesotempo) mereceram referências significativas.

Understanding the Patient Experience Through the Power of Film: a Mixed Method Qualitative Research Project

Film is a highly attractive teaching instrument for the study of different terminal diseases, exploring bioethics (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009) and is a preferred medium over traditional lectures (Edmunds, 2013) to provide realistic examples for adult learners. It can tap into ethical issues; facilitate decision-making; and examine underlying issues such as euthanasia; assisted suicide; and professional responsibility. Contrast this with standard means of teaching, such as scenarios- although a useful pedagogic tool, these are limited because students must imagine the clinical scenario. Film can fill that imaginative gap (Volandes, 2007). It can be utilised as an active teaching strategy for a variety of topics in nursing (Edmunds, 2013) providing a unique way to promote active learning in nursing education (Herrman, 2006). The objectives of the study, aim to help pre registration student nurses from each year of study to engage with their role as health care professionals; provide open discussion and debate on how they view the personal experience of illness/disease/disability/death and to reflect on their role and provision of patient care. It is delivered in 3 tiers to provide a range of data for thematic analysis; 1) Film screening followed by a ‘5 minute reaction’ discussion and post screening questionnaire; 2) Pre screening guided activities for reflection and discussion; 3) Focus groups. This project meets identified aims from the UK Professional Standards Framework (UKPSF) by fostering creative and innovative approaches to teaching and learning; facilitating and supporting the design and delivery of continuing education development programmes and activities; and demonstrates professionalism that staff and institutions bring to teaching. Preliminary feedback and themes will be presented.

Necessidades de formação em educação para a saúde em contexto escolar: contributos para os currículos de enfermagem

Tese de Doutoramento, Educação (Desenvolvimento Curricular), 9 de Dezembro de 2013, Universidade dos Açores.

Exploring critical-care nurses' perceptions about critical thinking /

The influx of nurses to the critical-care environment is continuous. In many workplaces, the nurses who are new to critical care are also newly graduated nurses. These new critical-care nurses and their critical-care nursing colleagues, who may have worked in critical care for many years, need to demonstrate expert judgment in order to optimize the potential for positive patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore critical-care nurses' perceptions about critical thinking and expert nursing judgment. Using grounded theory research design, I collected data from 1 1 critical-care nurses through focus groups, an interview, and postparticipation questionnaires. I have articulated a Critical-thinking Modelfor Expert Nursing Judgment. The educational model is directly relevant to practicing critical-care nurses and nursing leaders who guide critical-care nursing practice. The Critical-thinking Modelfor Expert Nursing Judgment contributes to educational theory by objectifying the substantive topic of critical thinking and expert judgment. The model has broad applicability within the domain of education and specific applicability within the domain of nursing education.

Construing social dimensions of personality development: nurses as educators

A convenience sample of twenty registered nurses was recruited from two' general hospitals and two community college nursing schools. Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory provided the theoretical framework to discover how nurses perceived themselves as educators. The nurses completed a self-administered Self-Perception Inventory (Soares, 1983) to determine their perception of self as nurse and ideal self as nurse. In an interview, each of the nurses constructed a rank-order repertory grid adapted from Kelly's (1955) Role Repertory Construct Test. Twelve constructs derived from the Self-Perception Inventory (Soares, 1983) were ranked according to a list of ten elements common to a teaching situation. Rank order correlations among the constructs were determined with Spearman's rho. Using a dependent samples t-test, significant differences were found between perceptions of current and ideal self for staff nurses. Significant differences were also found between nurse educators' perceptions of self and ideal self as nurse. No significant differences were determined in perceptions of self as nurse and ideal self as nurse between the staff nurse and nurse educator groups with an independent samples t-test. However, observations of single constructs revealed that although several constructs are shared between the groups in the perception of self in a teaching situation, both groups hold constructs that operate exclusively in their separate domains. The nature and strength of the relationships between the common and unique constructs are different for each group. Nurses I self-perceptions appear to be influenced by the historical development of nursing, role socialization during nursing education, social expectations and gender issues in the health care system.

Method and truth in MÄ dhyamika

Abstract The study was undertaken to identify what motivates registered nurses to participate in continuing education activities. The primary questions were whether basic nursing education, employment status, clinical area, and position, as well as readiness for selfdirected learning influenced Canadian nurses' motivational orientations when deciding to participate in continuing education activities. Other individual differences (e.g., age) were also examined. The sample included 142 registered nurses employed at an urban community hospital. Three instruments were used for data collection: the Education Participation Scale, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, and a nursing survey consisting of demographic questions. Basic nursing education and employment status did not effect motivational orientation or self-directed learning readiness. Clinical area and level of position significantly influenced nurses' decisions to participate in continuing education activities. Motivational orientation had a significant relationship with selfdirected learning readiness. Implications for practice as a result of this study involves program planning and delivery. The identification of the motivational orientations of participants may assist in the development and delivery of continuing education programs that are beneficial, relevant, and address the identified learning needs of participants. Implications for future research also exist in relation to studying different groups of nurses, for example, registered nursing assistants, and investigating related issues, for example, what are the deterrents to participation in continuing education?

Family members' perceptions of nurse caring behaviours in the intensive care unit

La présence de membres de la famille dans les milieux de soins critiques a augmentée graduellement au cours des dernières années. La présente recherche visait à décrire la perception que les membres de la famille avait eu à l’égard des comportements de caring des infirmières lors de leur visite aux soins intensifs. Plus spécifiquement, ce projet avait pour but d’explorer les différences entre les perceptions de membres de la famille dont le proche était hospitalisé pour une blessure traumatique versus une maladie grave non-traumatique. Les différences ont aussi été examinées selon certaines caractéristiques personnelles d’un membre de la famille soit leur genre, leur expérience antérieure de visites aux soins intensifs, leur âge et leur perception de la gravité du problème de santé de leur proche. Le cadre de référence de cette étude était basé sur les facteurs caratifs proposés par Watson (1985). L’importance et la satisfaction des membres de la famille à l’égard des comportements de caring de la part des infirmières ont été mesurées par les versions française et anglaise adaptées du Caring Behaviors Assessment (CBA) (Cronin & Harrison, 1988). Les données ont été analysées en utilisant les techniques d’analyse MANOVA et des tests de corrélation de Pearson. En général, les résultats indiquent que les membres de la famille rapportent des degrés d’importance et de satisfaction similaires selon que leur proche était hospitalisé pour une blessure traumatique ou une maladie grave non-traumatique. Peu de différences émergent selon les caractéristiques personnelles des membres de la famille. Un coefficient de corrélation significatif (0.36, p = 0.012) existe entre la perception des membres de la famille de la gravité du problème de santé, et l’importance de la dimension ‘réponses aux besoins’. Par ailleurs, les comportements de caring regroupés dans la dimension ‘réponses aux besoins’ ont été perçus comme étant les plus importants et les membres de familles étaient très satisfaits des comportements de caring des infirmières. Cette étude fournit des pistes pour l’enseignement, la clinique et la recherche et met en lumière la perception des membres de la famille des soins infirmiers humains chez des proches hospitalisés dans une unité de soins intensifs.

Les perceptions d’étudiants au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières de l’utilisation du journal d’apprentissage

L’approche par compétences est de plus en plus choisie pour guider les curriculums universitaires de formation professionnelle. Accordant un intérêt primordial au développement des compétences, les responsables des programmes élaborés selon cette approche doivent déterminer les stratégies pédagogiques qui seront les plus efficaces et qui permettront une participation active de l’étudiant. Depuis plus de 30 années (Cameron et Mitchell, 1993; Wellard et Bethune, 1996), le journal d’apprentissage favorise la construction des savoirs en pratique clinique et le développement de la pensée réflexive, une compétence nécessaire à la pratique des infirmières qui s’inspirent d’une vision spécifique de la discipline, comme celle du modèle de McGill (Kravitz et Frey, 1989; Thorpe, 2003). Malgré cela, les études sur les perceptions d’étudiants relativement au journal d’apprentissage sont rares, et ce, surtout au Canada (Epp, 2008). Il importe de s’intéresser aux perceptions d’étudiants afin d’atteindre l’efficacité optimale de l’outil. Le but de cette étude était d’explorer les perceptions d’étudiants au baccalauréat en sciences infirmières de l’utilisation du journal d’apprentissage. Elle a été réalisée auprès d’étudiants de 2e et 3e année, selon un devis de type qualitatif exploratoire. Les participants (n=52) ont rempli un formulaire constitué d’une mise en situation comprenant 5 questions ouvertes. L’analyse des données a fait émerger trois thèmes principaux de l’utilisation du journal soit : un outil personnel, un outil de communication et un outil d’apprentissage de la pratique. Des recommandations pour la formation et la recherche sont formulées.

Perceptions d’infirmières et infirmiers diplômés à l’étranger et de préceptrices sur les stratégies facilitant la transition professionnelle en période de préceptorat

Le nombre d’infirmières et infirmiers diplômés à l’étranger (IIDÉ) est en constante progression au Canada. Le préceptorat est qualifié d’approche exemplaire pour faciliter la transition professionnelle d’IIDÉ dans le nouvel environnement (Sherman & Eggenberger, 2008). Au cours de cette période, les défis pour l’IIDÉ sont importants en raison des différences culturelles et de pratique entre les pays d’origine et d’accueil (Johnston & Mohide, 2008). Une transition réussie est nécessaire pour le bien-être des IIDÉ et leur rétention dans le milieu de travail, mais aussi pour l’impact possible sur la sécurité des patients et la qualité des soins (Kawi & Xu, 2009). Inspirée de la théorie intermédiaire de la transition (Meleis, Sawyer, Im, Messias, & Schumacher, 2000), cette recherche avait pour but de décrire les perceptions d’IIDÉ et de préceptrices, en regard des stratégies utilisées en période de préceptorat, pour contrer les barrières et faciliter la transition professionnelle d’IIDÉ, en milieu de santé québécois. Les résultats de cette recherche descriptive qualitative proviennent de l’analyse d’entrevues semi-dirigées avec six IIDÉ d’origine française et deux préceptrices. Plusieurs stratégies s’adressant à l’IIDÉ, la préceptrice, l’équipe de travail et l’organisation du centre hospitalier ont été identifiées. Celles pour l’IIDÉ servent à échanger et s’intégrer, accepter et optimiser, comprendre et apprendre ainsi que comparer et sélectionner; celles pour la communauté professionnelle se résument à soutenir, encadrer, personnaliser, expliquer et justifier. Les perceptions d’IIDÉ et de préceptrices varient sur plusieurs des stratégies. Des recommandations pour la formation, la pratique et la recherche en sciences infirmières ont été formulées.