Prospecção de genes com interesse biotecnológico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Electrochemical behaviour of (N-R-4-cyanopyridinium)pentaammineruthenium(II) derivatives in acidic medium. Hydrolysis of coordinated nitriles

The electrochemical behaviour of N-R-4-cyanopyridinium (4-rcp) (R = methyl, decyl, dodecyl, or benzyl) coordinated to pentaammineruthenium(II) in CF3COOH-CF3COONa (μ = 0.1 M, pH 3) aqueous medium was studied by means of cyclic voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis. The electrochemical oxidation of the metallic centre (Ep ca 0.51 V/SCE) can be described as a reversible monoelectronic charge-transfer followed by an irreversible chemical reaction, which is the hydrolysis of N-R-4-cyanopyridiniumpentaammineruthenium(III) (A) to N-R-4-carboxamidepyridiniumruthenium (III) (B) with the kf1 values depending on the type of alkyl group. The E 1 2 values are not significantly influenced by the nature of the alkyl group. At more negative potential (ca -0.5 V/SCE), B undergoes an electrochemical reduction followed by an aquation reaction to produce aquopentaammineruthenium(II) and free N-R-4-carboxamidepyridinium. The amide was identified by comparison of its cyclic voltammogram and UV-vis spectrum with that of a sample prepared by chemical reaction. The results were also discussed by comparison with other systems, and show that nitrile-amide conversion catalysed by pentaammineruthenium(II) complexes is possible. © 1994.

Side-chain Modifications of Highly Functionalized 3(2H)-Furanones

A series of 3(2H)-furanones, based on side-chain modifications of a parent 3(2H)-furanone, was synthesized in good yield. The parent compound was prepared by hydrogenolysis, and subsequent acid hydrolysis, of isoxazole derivatives. The isoxazole was prepared by a [3+2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between 3-butyn-2-ol and nitrile oxide.

Synthese hochsubstituierter Pyrrolidine aus alpha-Aminonitrilen und alpha-(Alkylidenamino)-nitrilen

Viele substituierte Pyrrolidine zeigen eine hohe Affinität zu biologischen Makromolekülen wie zu G-Protein-gekoppelten Rezeptoren, Ionenkanälen oder Enzymen. Eine synthetische Route zur Darstellung von Pyrrolidinen mit der Möglichkeit, alle fünf Ringatome variabel zu substituieren, ist daher von Interesse für die pharmazeutische Forschung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei neue Synthesestrategien zur Darstellung hochsubstituierter Pyrrolidine vorgestellt: Die 1,4-Addition von -Aminonitrilen an ,-ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen liefert cyclische Zwischenprodukte, die in einer Eintopfreaktion zu Pyrrolidinen reduziert werden können. Die Cyanogruppe wird dabei im Reduktionsschritt aus dem Molekül entfernt, so dass keine unerwünschten Funktionalitäten im Zielmolekül zurückbleiben. In analoger Weise reagieren -(Alkylidenamino)-nitrile mit ,-ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen. Nach Reduktion der Intermediate können polysubstituierte Pyrrolidine erhalten werden. Im Gegensatz zu -Aminonitrilen lassen sich -(Alkylidenamino)-nitrile allerdings auch mit CH-aciden ,-ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen umsetzten, und erlauben so die Darstellung von substituierten Pyrrolidinen, die mit der zuerst genannten Methode nicht zugänglich sind. Die Übertragung beider Synthesestrategien auf die Darstellung von polycyclischen Pyrrolidinen wie dem Alkaloid Crispin A wird ebenfalls in dieser Arbeit beschrieben.

Calix[4]arenes in the 1,3-alternate conformation

Calix[4]arenes fixed in the 1,3-alternate conformation offer an interesting platform for the attachment of further functionalities which has been less frequently used than the cone conformer. Several synthetic strategies were developed to attach four amino functions to the narrow rim, to the wide rim and to both rims of the calix[4]arene fixed in the 1,3-alternate conformation. Using different precursor groups (nitrile/phthalimide or nitro/phthalimide) which can be independently converted into amino functions opens the possibility to attach further groups selectively to the amino functions. Here the groups which is newly attached will determine the reaction sequence.

Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Pyrazole Derivatives Through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction And Synthesis of Helicene-Thiourea based and Polymer Supported Soos's Catalyst for Asymmetric Synthesis

In first part we have developed a simple regiocontrolled protocol of 1,3-DC to get ring fused pyrazole derivatives. These pyrazole derivatives were synthesized using 1,3-DC between nitrile imine and various dipolarophiles such as alkynes, cyclic α,β-ketones, lactones, thiocatones and lactums. The reactions were found to be highly regiospecific. In second part we have discussed about helicene, its properties, synthesis and applications as asymmetric catalyst.Due to inherent chirality, herein we have made an attempt to synthesize the helicene-thiourea based catalyst for asymmetric catalysis. The synthesis involved formation of two key intermediates viz, bromo-phenanthrene 5 and a vinyl-naphthalene 10. The coupling of these two intermediates leads to formation of hexahelicene.

Synthese cyclischer Peptide und von Kohlenhydraten abgeleitete Katalysatoren zur enantioselektiven Darstellung von Cyanhydrinen

Der Suche nach neuen Wirkstoffen für den chemischen Pflanzenschutz kommt insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der steigenden Weltbevölkerung und weniger zur Verfügung stehenden kulturfähigen Ackerflächen eine stetig wachsende Bedeutung zu. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Synthese von cyclischen Peptiden und Depsipeptiden, die aufgrund ihrer biologischen Aktivität als potentielle Insektizide für den chemischen Pflanzenschutz in Frage kommen. Darüber hinaus sollten von Kohlenhydraten abgeleitete Katalysatoren zur enantioselektiven Cyanhydrinsynthese entwickelt werden, um einen leichten Zugang zu den Bausteinen der Depsipeptide zu ermöglichen. Als vielversprechender Naturstoff mit insektiziden Eigenschaften gilt das cyclische Pentapeptid Cycloaspeptid E, dessen Totalsynthese in 10 Stufen mit einer Gesamtausbeute von 25% erreicht wurde, sodass die Verbindung für biologische Tests bereitgestellt werden konnte. Zusätzlich gelang die Kristallisation der Verbindung, was eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermöglichte. Ein Derivat von Cycloaspeptid E sollte 2-Aminonicotinsäure anstelle von Anthranilsäure enthalten. Die Synthese dieser Verbindung wurde auf drei Wegen versucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es bei einer zur Totalsynthese des Naturstoffs analogen Strategie zur quantitativen Bildung eines Diketopiperazins kommt. Auf den anderen Routen ließ sich entweder ein Kupplungsschritt nicht realisieren, oder die Verbindung erwies sich unter den gewählten Bedingungen als instabil. Die Darstellung eines 2-Aminonicotinsäure-Derivats von Cycloaspeptid E bleibt daher weiterhin ein ungelöstes Problem, das weiterer Forschung bedarf. Verticilid A1 ist ein cyclisches Depsipeptid, das aufgrund seiner Bindungsfähigkeit an den Ryanodinrezeptor von Insekten, als Leitstruktur für die Suche nach neuen Insektiziden von Interesse ist. Um zu untersuchen, wie wichtig die Esterbindungen im Molekül für die biologische Aktivität sind, sollte das entsprechende Amid-Derivat und das Cyclodepsipeptid mit nur zwei statt vier Esterbindungen hergestellt werden. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass eine zur Darstellung von Verticilid A1 analoge Syntheseroute zu einer ausgeprägten Epimerisierung führt. Eine lineare Synthese der Derivate endet in der Bildung des Diketopiperazins. Weiterhin wurden zwei neue, zueinander pseudoenantiomere Vanadium(IV)-Katalysatoren auf Basis von D-Glucose einerseits und L-Xylose andererseits dargestellt. Diese lassen sich in fünf bzw. 14 Stufen synthetisieren und liefern in der enantioselektiven Katalyse von Mandelsäurenitril Enantiomerenüberschüsse von 89% bzw. 91% bei hohen Ausbeuten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass im Rahmen dieser Arbeit die Totalsynthese von Cycloaspeptid E erfolgreich durchgeführt wurde, und die Syntheseversuche von weiteren cyclischen Peptiden wichtige Erkenntnisse für weitere Synthesen lieferten. Mit den beiden hergestellten Vanadium(IV)-Komplexen wurden zwei potente, auf Kohlenhydraten basierende Katalysatoren für die enantioselektive Synthese von Cyanhydrinen entwickelt.

New synthetic strategies towards indolizines and pyrroles

Indolizines and pyrroles are considered as “privileged” structures since their skeletons were found in many biologically active natural products and they possess a wide range of pharmaceutical properties. Syntheses of these small drug-like molecules are very important in medicinal chemistry. However, most existent methodologies are usually limited to specific substitution patterns or require impractical starting materials or expensive catalysts. Therefore, developing new methodologies for the synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles from commercially available or readily accessible sources is highly desirable.rnIn this PhD thesis, several methods has been described for the synthesis of indolizines and pyrroles. In the first part, indolizines carrying substituents in positions 1-3 were synthesized via a formal [3+2]-cycloaddition of pyridinium ylides and nitroalkenes. Pyridinium salts were prepared by N-alkylation of pyridines with cyanohydrin triflates which could be prepared from corresponding aldehydes via a Strecker reaction followed by O-triflylation. Nitroalkenes were simply prepared from the corresponding aldehydes and nitroalkanes in a nitroaldol condensation. Overall, this modular approach allows to construct the indolizine framework with various substitution patterns starting from a pyridine, two different aldehydes and a nitroalkane. In contrast to reported methods, the produced indolizines do not have to contain an electron-withdrawing group.rnIt has also been found that nitrile-stabilized 2-alkylpyridinium ylides cyclize to unstable 2-aminoindolizines via an intramolecular 5-exo-dig cyclization. Using an in situ acetylation of the amino group, N-protected 2-aminoindolizines could be synthesized. As a less common substitution pattern, indolizines carrying substituents in positions 5–8 were synthesized from enones and 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)nitriles obtained from α-aminonitriles using a modified Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis. The decoration of the pyridine unit in the indolizine skeleton has been achieved by a one-pot conjugate addition/cycloaromatization sequence.rnIn the second part of the thesis, the diversity-oriented synthesis of pyrroles from 3,5-diaryl substituted 2H-pyrrole-2-carbonitriles (cyanopyrrolines) obtained in a cyclocondensation of enones with aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride is being discussed. 2,4-Di-, 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles, pyrrole-2-carbonitriles and 2,2’-bipyrroles were synthesized in a one- or two-step protocol. While the microwave-assisted thermal elimination of HCN from cyanopyrrolines gave 2,4-disubstituted pyrroles, DDQ-oxidation of the same intermediates furnished pyrrole-2-carbonitriles. Furthermore, 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles were obtained via a C-2-alkylation of the deprotonated cyanopyrrolines followed by the elimination of HCN. Finally, it has also been found that tetraaryl substituted 2,2’-bipyrroles could be synthesized by the oxidative dimerization of cyanopyrrolines using copper (II) acetate at 100 °C.rn

Sulforaphane improves cognitive function administered following traumatic brain injury.

Recent studies have shown that sulforaphane, a naturally occurring compound that is found in cruciferous vegetables, offers cellular protection in several models of brain injury. When administered following traumatic brain injury (TBI), sulforaphane has been demonstrated to attenuate blood-brain barrier permeability and reduce cerebral edema. These beneficial effects of sulforaphane have been shown to involve induction of a group of cytoprotective, Nrf2-driven genes, whose protein products include free radical scavenging and detoxifying enzymes. However, the influence of sulforaphane on post-injury cognitive deficits has not been examined. In this study, we examined if sulforaphane, when administered following cortical impact injury, can improve the performance of rats tested in hippocampal- and prefrontal cortex-dependent tasks. Our results indicate that sulforaphane treatment improves performance in the Morris water maze task (as indicated by decreased latencies during learning and platform localization during a probe trial) and reduces working memory dysfunction (tested using the delayed match-to-place task). These behavioral improvements were only observed when the treatment was initiated 1h, but not 6h, post-injury. These studies support the use of sulforaphane in the treatment of TBI, and extend the previously observed protective effects to include enhanced cognition.

Iron-Promoted Nucleophilic Additions to Diimine-Type Ligands: A Synthetic and Structural Study

We report here three examples of the reactivity of protic nucleophiles with diimine-type ligands in the presence of FeII salts. In the first case, the iron-promoted alcoholysis reaction of one nitrile group of the ligand 2,3-dicyano-5,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-pyrazine (L1) permitted the isolation of an stable E-imido−ester, [Fe(L1‘)2](CF3SO3)2 (1), which has been characterized by spectroscopic studies (IR, ES-MS, Mössbauer), elemental analysis, and crystallographically. Compound 1 consists of mononuclear octahedrally coordinated FeII complexes where the FeII ion is in its low-spin state. The iron-mediated nucleophilic attack of water to the asymmetric ligand 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrido[3,4-b]pyrazine (L2) has also been studied. In this context, the crystal structures of two hydration−oxidation FeIII products, [Fe(L2‘)2](ClO4)3·3CH3CN (2) and trans-[FeL2‘‘Cl2] (3), are described. Compounds 2 and 3 are both mononuclear FeIII complexes where the metals occupy octahedral positions. In principle, L2 is expected to coordinate to metal ions through its bipyridine-type units to form a five-membered ring; however, this is not the case in compounds 2 and 3. In 2, the ligand coordinates through its pyridines and through the hydroxyl group attached to the pyrazine imino carbon after hydration, that is, in an N,O,N tridentate manner. In compound 3, the ligand has suffered further transformations leading to a very stable diamido complex. In this case, the metal ion achieves its octahedral geometry by means of two pyridines, two amido N atoms, and two axial chlorine atoms. Magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed the spin state of these two FeIII species:  compounds 2 and 3 are low-spin and high-spin, respectively.

Deficiency of ECHS1 causes mitochondrial encephalopathy with cardiac involvement.

OBJECTIVE Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECHS1) is a multifunctional mitochondrial matrix enzyme that is involved in the oxidation of fatty acids and essential amino acids such as valine. Here, we describe the broad phenotypic spectrum and pathobiochemistry of individuals with autosomal-recessive ECHS1 deficiency. METHODS Using exome sequencing, we identified ten unrelated individuals carrying compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in ECHS1. Functional investigations in patient-derived fibroblast cell lines included immunoblotting, enzyme activity measurement, and a palmitate loading assay. RESULTS Patients showed a heterogeneous phenotype with disease onset in the first year of life and course ranging from neonatal death to survival into adulthood. The most prominent clinical features were encephalopathy (10/10), deafness (9/9), epilepsy (6/9), optic atrophy (6/10), and cardiomyopathy (4/10). Serum lactate was elevated and brain magnetic resonance imaging showed white matter changes or a Leigh-like pattern resembling disorders of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Analysis of patients' fibroblast cell lines (6/10) provided further evidence for the pathogenicity of the respective mutations by showing reduced ECHS1 protein levels and reduced 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. While serum acylcarnitine profiles were largely normal, in vitro palmitate loading of patient fibroblasts revealed increased butyrylcarnitine, unmasking the functional defect in mitochondrial β-oxidation of short-chain fatty acids. Urinary excretion of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybutyrate - a potential derivative of acryloyl-CoA in the valine catabolic pathway - was significantly increased, indicating impaired valine oxidation. INTERPRETATION In conclusion, we define the phenotypic spectrum of a new syndrome caused by ECHS1 deficiency. We speculate that both the β-oxidation defect and the block in l-valine metabolism, with accumulation of toxic methacrylyl-CoA and acryloyl-CoA, contribute to the disorder that may be amenable to metabolic treatment approaches.

Identification of active sites in amidase: Evolutionary relationship between amide bond- and peptide bond-cleaving enzymes

Mainly based on various inhibitor studies previously performed, amidases came to be regarded as sulfhydryl enzymes. Not completely satisfied with this generally accepted interpretation, we performed a series of site-directed mutagenesis studies on one particular amidase of Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 that was involved in its nitrile metabolism. For these experiments, the recombinant amidase was produced as the inclusion body in Escherichia coli to greatly facilitate its recovery and subsequent purification. With regard to the presumptive active site residue Cys203, a Cys203 → Ala mutant enzyme still retained 11.5% of the original specific activity. In sharp contrast, substitutions in certain other positions in the neighborhood of Cys203 had a far more dramatic effect on the amidase. Glutamic acid substitution of Asp191 reduced the specific activity of the mutant enzyme to 1.33% of the wild-type activity. Furthermore, Asp191 → Asn substitution as well as Ser195 → Ala substitution completely abolished the specific activity. It would thus appear that, among various conserved residues residing within the so-called signature sequence common to all amidases, the real active site residues are Asp191 and Ser195 rather than Cys203. Inasmuch as an amide bond (CO-NH2) in the amide substrate is not too far structurally removed from a peptide bond (CO-NH-), the signature sequences of various amidases were compared with the active site sequences of various types of proteases. It was found that aspartic acid and serine residues corresponding to Asp191 and Ser195 of the Rhodococcus amidase are present within the active site sequences of aspartic proteinases, thus suggesting the evolutionary relationship between the two.

Thyroid hormone (T3) inhibits ciprofibrate-induced transcription of genes encoding beta-oxidation enzymes: cross talk between peroxisome proliferator and T3 signaling pathways.

Peroxisome proliferators cause rapid and coordinated transcriptional activation of genes encoding peroxisomal beta-oxidation system enzymes by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoform(s). Since the thyroid hormone (T3; 3,3',5-triiodothyronine) receptor (TR), another member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, regulates a subset of fatty acid metabolism genes shared with PPAR, we examined the possibility of interplay between peroxisome proliferator and T3 signaling pathways. T3 inhibited ciprofibrate-induced luciferase activity as well as the endogenous peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzymes in transgenic mice carrying a 3.2-kb 5'-flanking region of the rat peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene fused to the coding region of luciferase. Transfection assays in hepatoma H4-II-E-C3 and CV-1 cells indicated that this inhibition is mediated by TR in a ligand-dependent fashion. Gel shift assays revealed that modulation of PPAR action by TR occurs through titration of limiting amounts of retinoid X receptor (RXR) required for PPAR activation. Increasing amounts of RXR partially reversed the inhibition in a reciprocal manner; PPAR also inhibited TR activation. Results with heterodimerization-deficient TR and PPAR mutants further confirmed that interaction between PPAR and TR signaling systems is indirect. These results suggest that a convergence of the peroxisome proliferator and T3 signaling pathways occurs through their common interaction with the heterodimeric partner RXR.

Pollutant emissions during the pyrolysis and combustion of flexible polyurethane foam

Thermal decomposition of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) was studied under nitrogen and air atmospheres at 550 °C and 850 °C using a laboratory scale reactor to analyse the evolved products. Ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and nitrile compounds were obtained in high yields in pyrolysis at the lower temperature, whereas at 850 °C polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other semivolatile compounds, especially compounds containing nitrogen (benzonitrile, aniline, quinolone and indene) were the most abundant products. Different behaviour was observed in the evolution of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) at 550 °C and 850 °C. At 550 °C, the less chlorinated congeners, mainly PCDF, were more abundant. Contrarily, at 850 °C the most chlorinated PCDD were dominant. In addition, the total yields of PCDD/Fs in the pyrolysis and combustion runs at 850 °C were low and quite similar.

Carcinoma renal em doentes com leiomiomatose hereditária e cancro de células renais : a propósito de um caso clínico

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014