Perceived Accessibility of Public Transport as a Potential Indicator of Social Inclusion

Perceived accessibility has been acknowledged as an important aspect of transport policy since the 70s. Nevertheless, very few empirical studies have been conducted in this field. When aiming to improve social inclusion, by making sus-tainable transport modes accessible to all, it is important to understand the factors driving perceived accessibility. Un-like conventional accessibility measures, perceived accessibility focuses on the perceived possibilities and ease of en-gaging in preferred activities using different transport modes. We define perceived accessibility in terms of how easy it is to live a satisfactory life with the help of the transport system, which is not necessarily the same thing as the objec-tive standard of the system. According to previous research, perceived accessibility varies with the subjectively-rated quality of the mode of transport. Thus, improvements in quality (e.g. trip planning, comfort, or safety) increase the per-ceived accessibility and make life easier to live using the chosen mode of transport. This study (n=750) focuses on the perceived accessibility of public transport, captured using the Perceived Accessibility Scale PAC (Lättman, Olsson, & Fri-man, 2015). More specifically, this study aims to determine how level of quality affects the perceived accessibility in public transport. A Conditional Process Model shows that, in addition to quality, feeling safe and frequency of travel are important predictors of perceived accessibility. Furthermore, elderly and those in their thirties report a lower level of perceived accessibility to their day-to-day activities using public transport. The basic premise of this study is that sub-jective experiences may be as important as objective indicators when planning and designing for socially inclusive transport systems.

L’enseignement et l’évaluation des attitudes dans le programme collégial Techniques de travail social

La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’enseignement et à l’évaluation des attitudes au collégial, dans les départements Techniques de travail social des cégeps francophones. Le développement des attitudes essentielles à l’exercice de la profession de technicienne et de technicien en travail social est un aspect important de la formation et constitue une dimension difficile à enseigner et à évaluer. Les attitudes font l’objet de discussions et de réflexions au sein des départements parce que tous s’entendent sur leur importance dans la formation. Par contre, dans quelle mesure les enseignantes et enseignants du programme Techniques de travail social adoptent-ils des stratégies d’enseignement et d’évaluation visant l’acquisition des attitudes nécessaires à la profession de technicienne et technicien en travail social? Afin de répondre à cette question, notre projet de recherche vise l’atteinte des quatre objectifs suivants: 1. Identifier les attitudes enseignées aux étudiantes et aux étudiants dans le programme Techniques de travail social; 2. Identifier les attitudes évaluées par les enseignantes et les enseignants du programme Techniques de travail social; 3. Identifier les stratégies d’enseignement des attitudes ; 4. Identifier les moyens utilisés pour évaluer les attitudes. Une recherche quantitative de type descriptive a été privilégiée afin de réaliser cette recherche. Les enseignantes et les enseignants des départements Techniques de travail social des cégeps francophones ont été sollicités afin de répondre à un questionnaire portant sur l’enseignement et l’évaluation des attitudes dans leur discipline. Nous avons recueilli des données provenant de 47 questionnaires complétés par les participantes et les participants. L’analyse des données recueillies permettra de recueillir des informations concernant les attitudes enseignées et évaluées, les stratégies d’enseignement privilégiées et les moyens utilisés pour les évaluer. Cette recherche permet de cibler certaines attitudes enseignées dans le programme de travail social. Les résultats suscitent également des questionnements quant à la signification donnée à ces attitudes. Cette recherche permet également de connaître les méthodes d’enseignement préconisées et les moyens pour évaluer les attitudes. Cette recherche ne vise pas à généraliser ces résultats, mais elle permet de tracer un portrait global des pratiques d’enseignement et d’évaluation des attitudes dans le domaine du travail social.

The Coming of Post-reflexive Society: Commodification and Language in Digital Capitalism

Language is a unique aspect of human communication because it can be used to discuss itself in its own terms. For this reason, human societies potentially have superior capacities of co-ordination, reflexive self-correction, and innovation than other animal, physical or cybernetic systems. However, this analysis also reveals that language is interconnected with the economically and technologically mediated social sphere and hence is vulnerable to abstraction, objectification, reification, and therefore ideology – all of which are antithetical to its reflexive function, whilst paradoxically being a fundamental part of it. In particular, in capitalism, language is increasingly commodified within the social domains created and affected by ubiquitous communication technologies. The advent of the so-called ‘knowledge economy’ implicates exchangeable forms of thought (language) as the fundamental commodities of this emerging system. The historical point at which a ‘knowledge economy’ emerges, then, is the critical point at which thought itself becomes a commodified ‘thing’, and language becomes its “objective” means of exchange. However, the processes by which such commodification and objectification occurs obscures the unique social relations within which these language commodities are produced. The latest economic phase of capitalism – the knowledge economy – and the obfuscating trajectory which accompanies it, we argue, is destroying the reflexive capacity of language particularly through the process of commodification. This can be seen in that the language practices that have emerged in conjunction with digital technologies are increasingly non-reflexive and therefore less capable of self-critical, conscious change.

The effect of gender context on children's social behaviour in a limited resources situation : an observational study

Knowing when to compete and when to cooperate to maximize opportunities for equal access to activities and materials in groups is critical to children's social and cognitive development. The present study examined the individual (gender, social competence) and contextual factors (gender context) that may determine why some children are more successful than others. One hundred and fifty-six children (M age=6.5 years) were divided into 39 groups of four and videotaped while engaged in a task that required them to cooperate in order to view cartoons. Children within all groups were unfamiliar to one another. Groups varied in gender composition (all girls, all boys, or mixed-sex) and social competence (high vs. low). Group composition by gender interaction effects were found. Girls were most successful at gaining viewing time in same-sex groups, and least successful in mixed-sex groups. Conversely, boys were least successful in same-sex groups and most successful in mixed-sex groups. Similar results were also found at the group level of analysis; however, the way in which the resources were distributed differed as a function of group type. Same-sex girl groups were inequitable but efficient whereas same-sex boy groups were more equitable than mixed groups but inefficient compared to same-sex girl groups. Social competence did not influence children's behavior. The findings from the present study highlight the effect of gender context on cooperation and competition and the relevance of adopting an unfamiliar peer paradigm when investigating children's social behavior.