243 resultados para Moderation
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This thesis discusses an experimental technique for investigating electron temperature control by Rydberg atoms in ultra-cold plasmas. The objective we set ourselves was twofold. Firstly, we sought to gain an insight into the processes whereby the creation of Rydberg atoms within the plasma lengthens the lifetime of the plasma. To this end, we created the plasma using a Littman dye laser and subsequently, at a variable time delay, we excited neutral atoms in the plasma to specific Rydberg states using a narrow bandwidth pulsed dye laser. Secondly, we employed radio-frequency (rf) electric fields to excite electron oscillations within the plasma in order to infer such information as plasma density and electron temperature. Although we found that the introduction of high angular momentum Rydberg states did lengthen the plasma lifetime we were not able to differentiate between the temperature moderation effect due to the Rydberg atoms cooling the plasma, and the binding effect due to an increased positive space charge within the plasma.
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O presente trabalho analisa o comportamento da volatilidade do crescimento do produto brasileiro entre 1980 e 2008, cuja trajetória apresenta um declínio de 70% desde 1991. Através da análise do comportamento do PIB, de seus componentes e de seus determinantes, objetiva-se apontar as razões pela qual a volatilidade do crescimento caiu de forma significativa no período considerado. A baixa volatilidade do crescimento do produto traz conseqüências positivas para o bem-estar da sociedade, para a distribuição de renda e para o crescimento econômico de longo prazo. Diferentes estudos foram realizados para apontar as causas do declínio desta volatilidade em diversos países nas últimas três décadas, fenômeno que nos Estados Unidos passou a ser conhecido como The Great Moderation. Dados os benefícios deste processo, entender as suas razões é imprescindível para a formulação de políticas econômicas que garantam a sustentabilidade da moderação dos ciclos econômicos. Este trabalho concentra-se nos fatores nominais (choques de demanda) para explicar o processo de redução da volatilidade do crescimento brasileiro. De um lado, a ausência de restrições externas ao crescimento econômico e o ciclo de prosperidade mundial dos últimos cinco anos garantiram a contribuição da parcela externa. Por outro lado, a condução de políticas macroeconômicas mais sólidas, refletindo em uma maior estabilidade de variáveis como o nível de preços, respondem pelos fatores internos.
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Diversos estudos evidenciam as vantagens da presença de líderes autênticos nas organizações. O presente estudo visa identificar as prioridades, em termos de valores, que impactam na autenticidade de um líder, ou seja, investigar quais as prioridades, em termos de valores, de uma pessoa, que podem influenciar no seu desempenho como líder autêntico. Mais propriamente, quais os Valores – considerando a estrutura de valores propostas por Schwartz (2005) – estão relacionados à expressão das dimensões que compõem as características descritas, na literatura, como sendo o perfil do líder autêntico. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa, com questionário aplicado a 295 indivíduos de organizações com natureza e atuação diversas. Os dados foram analisados a partir de técnicas estatíticas multivariadas, utilizando análise fatorial e regressões lineares múltiplas e hierárquicas. Os resultados apontam que, de todos os valores propostos por Schwartz, apenas a Auto Transcendência relaciona-se positiva e significantemente com a Liderança Autêntica. Não foram identificados quaisquer efeitos de moderação ou interação, na expressão de Liderança, em relação aos pares de variáveis que representam os quadrantes da estrutura de valores. Assim, o estudo aponta para a Auto transcendência, traduzidos nos tipos motivacionais da benevolência e do universalismo, como principal fator preditor da autenticidade de um líder, esta sendo potencializada na medida em que o mesmo amplia suas experiências de coordenação e avança em idade ou tempo de vida.
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A literatura de marketing aponta que os indivíduos diferem quanto à necessidade de tocar os objetos. A informação obtida fazendo uso das mãos – ou informação háptica – é relevante na avaliação dos produtos. Este estudo buscar avaliar se a necessidade de tocar (NFT, do inglês need for touch) afeta a confiança na avaliação do produto à venda, na sua qualidade percebida e no risco percebido com a compra, considerando duas diferentes situações de compra: quando o produto é comprado para uso próprio e quando o produto é comprado como um presente para outra pessoa. Esta pesquisa também examina o efeito moderador do gênero e do conhecimento prévio sobre a categoria de produto. Um experimento foi conduzido usando amostra por conveniência composta de 171 homens e 153 mulheres estudantes de graduação. As escalas foram testadas com análise fatorial confirmatória e atingiram adequação satisfatória. As hipóteses foram testadas usando regressão linear múltipla. A confiança na avaliação foi influenciada positivamente pelo conhecimento do produto e pela situação de compra, sendo maior quando o produto é para uso próprio. A qualidade percebida sofreu os efeitos do conhecimento do produto e do gênero – as mulheres percebem menor qualidade do que os homens. O risco percebido foi influenciado de forma significativa pela situação de compra, sendo maior quando a compra é para presente. Os resultados mostraram que NFT não tem impacto direto no risco percebido, mas por meio da sua interação com o gênero. Portanto, este estudo não encontrou influência direta da NFT nas variáveis dependentes, sugerindo que outros aspectos podem prevalecer sobre os efeitos da NFT nos processos de decisão de compra.
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A culpa, uma emoção de valência negativa, é objeto de interesse da literatura científica em comportamento do consumidor desde os anos 1990. Um grupo de pessoas especialmente susceptível ao sentimento de culpa são as mães, e o pressuposto desta dissertação é que esta emoção influencia suas decisões de consumo. O objetivo aqui é investigar se a culpa pode ser um antecedente do consumo, e para isso a pesquisa foi realizada por meio de métodos mistos sequenciais com mães de crianças entre 3 e 12 anos. A primeira fase foi um estudo exploratório qualitativo e a segunda foram dois experimentos em que foram testadas hipóteses sobre as relações entre: 1) Culpa da mãe em relação ao bem estar do filho e influência do filho nas decisões de consumo; 2) Culpa da mãe em relação ao bem estar do filho e atendimento aos pedidos de compra do filho; 3) Culpa da mãe em relação ao bem estar do filho e frequência com que a mãe compra produtos supérfluos para o filho; sendo estas últimas duas relações moderadas pelo estilo de consumo da mãe e pelo poder de insistência do filho. O primeiro experimento (técnica projetiva) comprovou as três hipóteses e o segundo experimento (questionamento direto) comprovou a terceira hipótese e sua moderação. Os diferentes resultados devem-se à escolha da estratégia de pesquisa utilizada, sendo que a técnica projetiva reduz as defesas das respondentes quando o tema abordado está sujeito a normas sociais (Fisher, 1998). Este estudo tem relevância pois trouxe evidências empíricas de que a culpa é um antecedente de consumo. Pode trazer insights para as mães e para os gestores sobre a relação entre culpa e consumo.
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A vergonha é uma emoção autoconsciente e avaliadora que depende de uma série de cognições relacionadas ao self para ser experimentada. Apesar de amplamente estudada na psicologia, no marketing pouco se sabe sobre os antecedentes da vergonha e seu efeito no comportamento do consumidor, em especial no consumo de produtos falsificados. O objetivo geral desse estudo é entender a relação entre vergonha e comportamentos de consumo de produtos falsificados. Dois procedimentos experimentais, numa amostra de 129 pessoas com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, foram realizados para analisar seis hipóteses apresentadas. O primeiro experimento verificou (a) se o risco social percebido alto aumenta a vergonha, (b) se a qualidade da falsificação (alta/baixa) modera a relação entre risco social percebido e vergonha, caso esta relação exista. Os resultados confirmaram o efeito esperado do risco social percebido na vergonha, mas não confirmaram a moderação da qualidade da falsificação nessa relação. Mostraram ainda um efeito inesperado do gênero na vergonha: homens sentem mais vergonha que mulheres no contexto de consumo de falsificados. O segundo experimento verificou (a) se a antecipação da vergonha reduz a intenção de compra de produtos falsificados, (b) se a antecipação de vergonha influencia a atitude (favorável/desfavorável) em relação a produtos falsificados, e (c) se estas duas últimas relações, caso existam, são moderadas pelo custo-benefício do produto. Os resultados não confirmaram a influência da antecipação da vergonha na atitude em relação a falsificados e na intenção de compra de falsificados, mas mostraram que quanto menor o custo-benefício, maior o efeito da antecipação da vergonha na redução da intenção de produtos falsificados. Os resultados mostraram ainda um efeito moderador inesperado da renda na relação entre antecipação da vergonha e intenção de compra de falsificados. A antecipação da vergonha reduz a intenção de compras em consumidores com renda mais alta.
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O varejo online vem apresentando volumes cada vez maiores em vendas. Esse volume de negócios em crescimento, transacionados em ambiente virtual, apresenta maior desafio à fidelização do seu consumo em relação aos apresentados nas transações realizadas em lojas físicas. No Brasil, os propulsores do crescimento do varejo online estão, principalmente, entre os consumidores pertencentes à baixa renda, mais conhecida como classe C, mas pouco se conhece a respeito desse segmento no varejo online. Essa pesquisa se propôs a avaliar o fenômeno de e-Lealdade, com consumidores brasileiros de ambos os estratos de renda (superior e inferior), em duas etapas: qualitativa exploratória e quantitativa. Na etapa exploratória da pesquisa foram entrevistados 16 consumidores e foi realizada análise de conteúdo. Na etapa quantitativa foram avaliados dados coletados de 1.020 consumidores, via websurvey, e analisados com o emprego de equações estruturais (estimador de máxima verossimilhança). A investigação foi norteada pela identificação, através de revisão de literatura, do que se denominou “modelo Clássico de e-Lealdade”. Nesse modelo, a e-Lealdade é construída pela relação entre as dimensões de e-Qualidade, e-Satisfação e e-Confiança. Essa pesquisa se propôs a avaliar essas relações, no mercado brasileiro, entre diferentes estratos de renda dos consumidores. Esse objetivo foi motivado pelo crescimento da participação de consumidores pertencentes à classe C no comércio on-line brasileiro, além de indícios de comportamento distinto entre os estratos. Entre os principais resultados, verificou-se que consumidores pertencentes a estratos superiores de renda valorizam mais a qualidade da informação do website, ao passo que consumidores de estratos de renda inferiores ressaltam a importância da garantia de entrega. Tanto para consumidores do estrato superior quanto para o inferior, a e-Satisfação tem peso muito maior do que a e-Confiança na determinação da e-Lealdade. Esse destaque da importância da e-Satisfação (em relação à e-Confiança) é ainda mais acentuado no segmento inferior de renda. Apesar do seu menor peso, a relevância da e-Confiança é maior no segmento superior do que no inferior. Tais diferenças atestaram a moderação da variável renda nas relações definidoras de e-Lealdade, esperando ter contribuído para o estudo do fenômeno.
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The elaboration of this thesis aimed at getting to know the structure of the psychological well-being (PWB) at work and analysing the differences in the PWB levels among technical-administrative servants in public and private Institutions of Higher Education (IES) in the municipality of João Pessoa. Two hundred and thirty-three public and private IES male and female servants of João Pessoa participated in the research, replying to an instrument composed of questionnaires referring to the elaborated model. Factorial and regression analyses were accomplished in order to test the hypotheses in respect of the proposed model. The results showed that the PWB related with the work is composed of indicators such as affection, vitality, anxiety, depression, satisfaction at work and aspiration for accomplishment and reduction of the self-efficiency. The observed PWB predictors at work were the IES type, presence of children, age and the escape and back-out facing strategy. These predictors possess relationship of moderation among them in the explanation of PWB. On comparing the PWB experienced by the technical-administrative servants, it was observed that those linked to private IES showed higher PWB rates. Furthermore, there are differences among PWB predictors in accordance with the IES type. The applicability of the results of this thesis is wide as regards social interventions in the search of health improvement under a psycho-sociological perspective. Eventually, the thematic of this thesis intends to reinforce the studies on the worker s health, since by knowing what would lead him into a feeling of accomplishment and well-being will result in more chances of promoting him, while creating opportunities of a sounder life for these people in psychological terms
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The main aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between resilience and organizational socialization among newcomers from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), comparing the results obtained in a cross-cultural perspective. The sample (N=205) was composed of mentored (N=70) and non-mentored (N=72) professors and technical-administrative employees at UFRN, and their non-mentored counterparts at NTNU (N=63). The data collection instruments used were the Organizational Socialization Inventory (OSI), the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) and a sociodemographic form. Data analysis was preceded by a number of tests to verify possible distinct response styles among the respondents, as they came from different cultures. Descriptive analysis and t-tests were performed to identify and compare organizational socialization and resilience outcomes. Hierarchical regression analyses were carried out, the first ones involving all participants (N=205), to observe the predictive power of resilience factors in relation to organizational socialization factors, beyond the effects of nationality, occupation and mentoring experience. The other hierarchical regression analyses were conducted separately for the professors (N=109) and technical-administrative employees (N=96); and for the mentored (N=70) and non-mentored newcomers from UFRN (N=72), and nonmentored newcomers from NTNU (N=63), to compare the predictive power of resilience in relation to organizational socialization between newcomers from the two occupations, and also among the three groups of participants. The results of this study showed that socialization and resilience profiles differed according to demographic and cultural characteristics, and to the socialization strategies adopted in the institutions studied. Furthermore, it was observed that resilience added a significant incremental prediction to all socialization factors, beyond nationality, occupation, and mentoring experience. The predictive contribution from each of the resilience factors was also noteworthy, mainly those of Planned Future and Social Resources. With respect to nationality, occupation and mentoring experience, it was noted that they explained a significant part of the variance in almost all organizational socialization factors, in addition to playing a meaningful role in predicting the scores of such factors, with some evidence of moderation or mediation by the resilience factors. Considering these and the comparative results of the predictive power of resilience in relation to the organizational socialization, between the two occupations and among the three groups of participants, as a whole, the main findings of this study were as follows: resilience tends to contribute to organizational socialization outcomes; the resilience of some subjects may be a differential factor for success in those situations in which individuals face working conditions that are less favorable to promoting their adaptation; and, a formal mentoring program may contribute to improving newcomer resilience, producing better and more homogeneous organizational socialization outcomes. The practical implications, limitations and main contributions of the study are discussed, with a number of suggestions for future research
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA
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Includes bibliography
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Poesias (1888), Olavo Bilac’s first book, contains Via Láctea, a collection of sonnets of love that, in frank rupture with the romantic sentimentalism, is characterized by neoclassical moderation and contention. Universalizing treatment of the themes results in concealment of the particular circumstances in which the poems were composed. It is intended in these few pages to evidence the links between these texts and known episodes of the courtship of the poet and Amélia de Oliveira, the sister of Alberto de Oliveira, with the goal of providing an understanding of Via Láctea as a “love diary” in which the painful stations of a frustrated passion were registered.
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It is not unknown that the evolution of firm theories has been developed along a path paved by an increasing awareness of the organizational structure importance. From the early “neoclassical” conceptualizations that intended the firm as a rational actor whose aim is to produce that amount of output, given the inputs at its disposal and in accordance to technological or environmental constraints, which maximizes the revenue (see Boulding, 1942 for a past mid century state of the art discussion) to the knowledge based theory of the firm (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Nonaka & Toyama, 2005), which recognizes in the firm a knnowledge creating entity, with specific organizational capabilities (Teece, 1996; Teece & Pisano, 1998) that allow to sustaine competitive advantages. Tracing back a map of the theory of the firm evolution, taking into account the several perspectives adopted in the history of thought, would take the length of many books. Because of that a more fruitful strategy is circumscribing the focus of the description of the literature evolution to one flow connected to a crucial question about the nature of firm’s behaviour and about the determinants of competitive advantages. In so doing I adopt a perspective that allows me to consider the organizational structure of the firm as an element according to which the different theories can be discriminated. The approach adopted starts by considering the drawbacks of the standard neoclassical theory of the firm. Discussing the most influential theoretical approaches I end up with a close examination of the knowledge based perspective of the firm. Within this perspective the firm is considered as a knowledge creating entity that produce and mange knowledge (Nonaka, Toyama, & Nagata, 2000; Nonaka & Toyama, 2005). In a knowledge intensive organization, knowledge is clearly embedded for the most part in the human capital of the individuals that compose such an organization. In a knowledge based organization, the management, in order to cope with knowledge intensive productions, ought to develop and accumulate capabilities that shape the organizational forms in a way that relies on “cross-functional processes, extensive delayering and empowerment” (Foss 2005, p.12). This mechanism contributes to determine the absorptive capacity of the firm towards specific technologies and, in so doing, it also shape the technological trajectories along which the firm moves. After having recognized the growing importance of the firm’s organizational structure in the theoretical literature concerning the firm theory, the subsequent point of the analysis is that of providing an overview of the changes that have been occurred at micro level to the firm’s organization of production. The economic actors have to deal with challenges posed by processes of internationalisation and globalization, increased and increasing competitive pressure of less developed countries on low value added production activities, changes in technologies and increased environmental turbulence and volatility. As a consequence, it has been widely recognized that the main organizational models of production that fitted well in the 20th century are now partially inadequate and processes aiming to reorganize production activities have been widespread across several economies in recent years. Recently, the emergence of a “new” form of production organization has been proposed both by scholars, practitioners and institutions: the most prominent characteristic of such a model is its recognition of the importance of employees commitment and involvement. As a consequence it is characterized by a strong accent on the human resource management and on those practices that aim to widen the autonomy and responsibility of the workers as well as increasing their commitment to the organization (Osterman, 1994; 2000; Lynch, 2007). This “model” of production organization is by many defined as High Performance Work System (HPWS). Despite the increasing diffusion of workplace practices that may be inscribed within the concept of HPWS in western countries’ companies, it is an hazard, to some extent, to speak about the emergence of a “new organizational paradigm”. The discussion about organizational changes and the diffusion of HPWP the focus cannot abstract from a discussion about the industrial relations systems, with a particular accent on the employment relationships, because of their relevance, in the same way as production organization, in determining two major outcomes of the firm: innovation and economic performances. The argument is treated starting from the issue of the Social Dialogue at macro level, both in an European perspective and Italian perspective. The model of interaction between the social parties has repercussions, at micro level, on the employment relationships, that is to say on the relations between union delegates and management or workers and management. Finding economic and social policies capable of sustaining growth and employment within a knowledge based scenario is likely to constitute the major challenge for the next generation of social pacts, which are the main social dialogue outcomes. As Acocella and Leoni (2007) put forward the social pacts may constitute an instrument to trade wage moderation for high intensity in ICT, organizational and human capital investments. Empirical evidence, especially focused on the micro level, about the positive relation between economic growth and new organizational designs coupled with ICT adoption and non adversarial industrial relations is growing. Partnership among social parties may become an instrument to enhance firm competitiveness. The outcome of the discussion is the integration of organizational changes and industrial relations elements within a unified framework: the HPWS. Such a choice may help in disentangling the potential existence of complementarities between these two aspects of the firm internal structure on economic and innovative performance. With the third chapter starts the more original part of the thesis. The data utilized in order to disentangle the relations between HPWS practices, innovation and economic performance refer to the manufacturing firms of the Reggio Emilia province with more than 50 employees. The data have been collected through face to face interviews both to management (199 respondents) and to union representatives (181 respondents). Coupled with the cross section datasets a further data source is constituted by longitudinal balance sheets (1994-2004). Collecting reliable data that in turn provide reliable results needs always a great effort to which are connected uncertain results. Data at micro level are often subjected to a trade off: the wider is the geographical context to which the population surveyed belong the lesser is the amount of information usually collected (low level of resolution); the narrower is the focus on specific geographical context, the higher is the amount of information usually collected (high level of resolution). For the Italian case the evidence about the diffusion of HPWP and their effects on firm performances is still scanty and usually limited to local level studies (Cristini, et al., 2003). The thesis is also devoted to the deepening of an argument of particular interest: the existence of complementarities between the HPWS practices. It has been widely shown by empirical evidence that when HPWP are adopted in bundles they are more likely to impact on firm’s performances than when adopted in isolation (Ichniowski, Prennushi, Shaw, 1997). Is it true also for the local production system of Reggio Emilia? The empirical analysis has the precise aim of providing evidence on the relations between the HPWS dimensions and the innovative and economic performances of the firm. As far as the first line of analysis is concerned it must to be stressed the fundamental role that innovation plays in the economy (Geroski & Machin, 1993; Stoneman & Kwoon 1994, 1996; OECD, 2005; EC, 2002). On this point the evidence goes from the traditional innovations, usually approximated by R&D investment expenditure or number of patents, to the introduction and adoption of ICT, in the recent years (Brynjolfsson & Hitt, 2000). If innovation is important then it is critical to analyse its determinants. In this work it is hypothesised that organizational changes and firm level industrial relations/employment relations aspects that can be put under the heading of HPWS, influence the propensity to innovate in product, process and quality of the firm. The general argument may goes as follow: changes in production management and work organization reconfigure the absorptive capacity of the firm towards specific technologies and, in so doing, they shape the technological trajectories along which the firm moves; cooperative industrial relations may lead to smother adoption of innovations, because not contrasted by unions. From the first empirical chapter emerges that the different types of innovations seem to respond in different ways to the HPWS variables. The underlying processes of product, process and quality innovations are likely to answer to different firm’s strategies and needs. Nevertheless, it is possible to extract some general results in terms of the most influencing HPWS factors on innovative performance. The main three aspects are training coverage, employees involvement and the diffusion of bonuses. These variables show persistent and significant relations with all the three innovation types. The same do the components having such variables at their inside. In sum the aspects of the HPWS influence the propensity to innovate of the firm. At the same time, emerges a quite neat (although not always strong) evidence of complementarities presence between HPWS practices. In terns of the complementarity issue it can be said that some specific complementarities exist. Training activities, when adopted and managed in bundles, are related to the propensity to innovate. Having a sound skill base may be an element that enhances the firm’s capacity to innovate. It may enhance both the capacity to absorbe exogenous innovation and the capacity to endogenously develop innovations. The presence and diffusion of bonuses and the employees involvement also spur innovative propensity. The former because of their incentive nature and the latter because direct workers participation may increase workers commitment to the organizationa and thus their willingness to support and suggest inovations. The other line of analysis provides results on the relation between HPWS and economic performances of the firm. There have been a bulk of international empirical studies on the relation between organizational changes and economic performance (Black & Lynch 2001; Zwick 2004; Janod & Saint-Martin 2004; Huselid 1995; Huselid & Becker 1996; Cappelli & Neumark 2001), while the works aiming to capture the relations between economic performance and unions or industrial relations aspects are quite scant (Addison & Belfield, 2001; Pencavel, 2003; Machin & Stewart, 1990; Addison, 2005). In the empirical analysis the integration of the two main areas of the HPWS represent a scarcely exploited approach in the panorama of both national and international empirical studies. As remarked by Addison “although most analysis of workers representation and employee involvement/high performance work practices have been conducted in isolation – while sometimes including the other as controls – research is beginning to consider their interactions” (Addison, 2005, p.407). The analysis conducted exploiting temporal lags between dependent and covariates, possibility given by the merger of cross section and panel data, provides evidence in favour of the existence of HPWS practices impact on firm’s economic performance, differently measured. Although it does not seem to emerge robust evidence on the existence of complementarities among HPWS aspects on performances there is evidence of a general positive influence of the single practices. The results are quite sensible to the time lags, inducing to hypothesize that time varying heterogeneity is an important factor in determining the impact of organizational changes on economic performance. The implications of the analysis can be of help both to management and local level policy makers. Although the results are not simply extendible to other local production systems it may be argued that for contexts similar to the Reggio Emilia province, characterized by the presence of small and medium enterprises organized in districts and by a deep rooted unionism, with strong supporting institutions, the results and the implications here obtained can also fit well. However, a hope for future researches on the subject treated in the present work is that of collecting good quality information over wider geographical areas, possibly at national level, and repeated in time. Only in this way it is possible to solve the Gordian knot about the linkages between innovation, performance, high performance work practices and industrial relations.
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In this work, I argue that administrative discretional decision-making, achieving a public interest to protect, is an evaluation process that occurs through the reasonable and proportional comparison of several private (secondary) interests conflicting with a single public (primary) interest. I suggest that the dynamics of weighing competing interests are similar to the procedure for balancing constitutional rights. Thus, drawing on Robert Alexy's constitutional balancing model, I propose a model that is applicable to discretionary administrative decisions, in which the outcome of the proportional weighing of secondary interests works as a "moderation factor" for the primary interest. In my model, the outcomes of the discretional process can be converted into numerical values, simplifying decision consistency so as to make it simple, complete and reasonable at the same time.
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La presente ricerca si fonda su un’attenta ed approfondita analisi della normativa vigente in Italia in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita (P.M.A.), con particolare riferimento al divieto assoluto di P.M.A. eterologa, di cui all’art. 4, comma 3, L. 19 febbraio 2004, n. 40, consentita invece – sia pure con la previsione di limitazioni differenti – nella quasi totalità dei paesi europei. Dopo aver esaminato la “questione etica” del ricorso alle tecniche di fecondazione assistita e le normative vigenti in Europa in materia di P.M.A. eterologa, il presente lavoro analizza i profili civilistici della L. n. 40/2004 ed i conseguenti dubbi interpretativi che la normativa italiana pone in materia di fecondazione eterologa, con specifico riguardo al consenso prestato dai coniugi o conviventi, al divieto di disconoscimento di paternità e di anonimato della madre ed, infine, al diritto del nato da fecondazione eterologa di conoscere le proprie origini biologiche. Ne consegue che, in una materia che coinvolge la sfera più intima e personale della vita privata e familiare, quale quella della P.M.A., il legislatore avrebbe dovuto intervenire con misura, individuando soluzioni ragionevoli ed equilibrate nel rispetto della pluralità di etiche contrapposte ed interessi in conflitto. Attraverso una capillare analisi della recente giurisprudenza nazionale ed europea, la presente ricerca mira, dunque, a valutare possibili prospettive di superamento del divieto assoluto di P.M.A. eterologa previsto dalla L. n. 40/2004. I risultati a cui la presente indagine ha consentito di pervenire dimostrano quanto sia opportuna l’adozione in Italia di un “modello liberale”, in cui sia lecita anche la fecondazione eterologa (con la previsione di limiti e condizioni volti a tutelare primariamente il superiore interesse del nascituro), onde consentire l’adeguamento al nuovo concetto di “genitorialità” ormai prevalente e l’arresto del cd. “turismo procreativo”.