Evaluación de productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del acaro blanco (Poliphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) y otras plagas claves en el cultivo de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) y su efecto en los enemigos naturales en Tisma, Masaya

El ácaro blanco ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus , Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. En vista de este problema en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó un estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en chiltoma en el período comprendido entre los meses de Julio a Octubre del año 2009, donde se evaluaron algunos productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el Testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco , Incidencia y Severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, rendimiento (Kg/ha-1) y fluctuación poblacional de organismos plagas y benéficos asociados al cultivo de la chiltoma como: Mosca blanca ( Bemisia tabaci), Áfidos (Aphis gossypii ), Minador de la hoja ( Liriomyza sp ), Mariquitas ( Coccinella sp ), Hormigas ( Atta sp ) y Arañas. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indican que el tratamiento Oberón presento la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño de ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó el mayor rendimiento y obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem. Además en este estudio se muestrearon las fluctuaciones poblacionales de otros organismos plagas y benéficos relacionados al cultivo de la chiltoma, donde resultados de este estudio demuestran que los productos utilizados para el manejo del ácaro blanco no tienen ningún efecto en las poblaciones de estos insectos.

Plaguicidas botánicos y químicos para el control del ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Bank) (Acarina: Tarsonemidae) en chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.), Tisma, Masaya

El ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya.Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuye la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. Por esta razón, en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó este estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en el cultivo de chiltoma durante el período de julio a octubre del año 2009. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco, incidencia y severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, y rendimiento en kg ha-1. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el tratamiento Oberón presentó la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco, seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño causado por el ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó mayor rendimiento y beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem.

Manejo del complejo plagas raspadores chupadores ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) y trips (Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande.) en chiltoma (Capsicum annum L.) en campo abierto, Managua, Nicaragua 2014

El ácaro blanco ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank ) y Trips ( Frankliniella occidentalis , Pergande ) se han convertido en problemas fitosanitarios importantes en el cultivo de Chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.), e stas plagas han provocado importantes pérdidas e conómicas, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumentando los costos de producción. Se realizó un e studio entre los meses de octubre del 2014 y enero del 2015 en la finca el plantel de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, con el propósito de encontrar alternativas que den solución al problema. Se utilizó un diseño bifactorial en parcelas divididas con un arreglo en BCA. El factor cobertura plástica mulch con dos niveles (con y sin cobert ura) y el factor tipo de manejo con cuatro niveles (Químico sintético, Entomopatógenos , Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos y testigo) para un total de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el uso de plástico mulch en la parcela grande y el tipo de manejo en la parcela pequeña. El tipo de manejo Químico sintético (Spiromesifen, Imidacloprid, Spinosad, Muralla delt a y Abamectina), manejo Entomopatógenos ( Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae ) y un manejo con productos Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos . Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas en la interacción de los tratamientos para la variab le número de ácaros por planta . De acuerdo a la prueba de Tuckey aplicada para el factor manejo , los tratamientos evaluados se ubican en la misma categoría estadística a excepción del testigo . Los mismos factores y sus respectivos niveles evaluados , no t uvieron efecto sobre la variable número de Trips por planta. En el análisis de rendimiento mostró diferencias significativas en el factor cobertura ( α= 0.00013336 ) ; el uso de plástico mulch obtuvo mayor rendimiento con 7,405 kg/ha . Segú n la tasa de retorno marginal , el tratamiento más rentable fue con cobertura testigo ya que presentó una ta sa de retorno marginal de 743.82 %

Cruise Report: Summer 2008 Ecological Assessment of Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary NOAA Ship NANCY FOSTER NF-08-09-CCEHBR (June 14-June 21, 2008)

Summary: This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS), located between Cape Cod and Cape Ann at the mouth of Massachusetts Bay. The survey was conducted June 14 – June 21, 2008 on NOAA Ship NANCY FOSTER Cruise NF-08-09-CCEHBR. Multiple indicators of ecological condition and human dimensions were sampled synoptically at each of 30 stations throughout SBNMS using a random probabilistic sampling design. Samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants (metals, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) in sediments and target demersal biota; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as depth, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. In addition to the fish samples that were collected for analysis of chemical contaminants relative to human-health consumption limits, other human-dimension indicators were sampled as well including presence or absence of fishing gear, vessels, surface trash, marine mammals, and noxious sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout SBNMS, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. While sample analysis is still ongoing a few preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed. The results are anticipated to be of value in supporting goals of the SBNMS and National Marine Sanctuary Program aimed at the characterization, protection, and management of sanctuary resources (pursuant to the National Marine Sanctuary Reauthorization Act) as well as a new priority of NCCOS and NOAA to apply Ecosystem Based approaches to the Management of coastal resources (EBM) through Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) conducted in various coastal regions of the U.S. including the Northeast Atlantic continental shelf. This was a multi-disciplinary partnership effort made possible by scientists from the following organizations:  NOAA, National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR), Charleston, SC.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division (GED), Narragansett, RI.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Gulf Ecology Division (GED), Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Wetlands Research Center, Gulf Breeze Project Office, Gulf Breeze, FL.  NOAA, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO), NOAA ship Nancy Foster. (31pp) (PDF contains 58 pages)

A Biogeographic Assessment off North/Central California: To Support the Joint Management Plan Review for Cordell Bank, Gulf of the Farallones, and Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuaries: Phase I - Marine Fishes, Birds and Mammals.

In the spring of 2001, NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), in consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), launched a 24-month effort to define and assess biogeographic patterns of selected marine species found within and adjacent to the boundaries of three west coast National Marine Sanctuaries. These sanctuaries, Monterey Bay, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank are conducting a joint review process to update sanctuary management plans. The management plans for these sanctuaries have not been updated for over ten years and the status of the natural resources and their management issues in and around the sanctuaries may have changed. In addition, significant accomplishments in research and resource assessments have been made within the region. Thus, it is important to incorporate new and expanding knowledge into the revised management plans for these Sanctuaries.

Aspects of the oyster season in Maryland: Involving labor conflicts detrimental to both seafood and cannery industries, with special reference to the latter

For fully three decades there has been an almost steady decline in Maryland's oyster production... are alarmed for its future. Reasons for decline, data supplied,importance of brood oysters and clutch replenishment. Problems of warm weather and bacterial activity as well as tongs grinding the bottom. Conflicts in canning of early season oysters and late season crops like tomatoes. (PDF contains 16 pages)

The Fishes of Maryland

Fish, from both a commercial and a sporting standpoint. Based on fishes collected in Maryland only. A general treatise on fishes, setting forth the species, describing them and telling of their distribution, habits and other pertinent facts such as adaptations and coloring. Includes marine, freshwater littoral fishes. (PDF contains 120 pages)

USGS/NOAA Workshop on Mycobacteriosis in Striped Bass, May 7-10, 2006, Annapolis, Maryland

As a Federal trust species, the well-being of the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population along the Eastern Seaboard is of major concern to resource users. Striped bass are an extremely valuable commercial and recreational resource. As a principal piscivore in Chesapeake Bay, striped bass directly or indirectly interact with multiple trophic levels within the ecosystem and are therefore very sensitive to biotic and abiotic ecosystem changes. For reasons that have yet to be defined, the species has a high intrinsic susceptibility to mycobacteriosis. This disease has been impacting Chesapeake Bay striped bass since at least the 1980s as indicated by archived tissue samples. However, it was not until heightened incidences of fish with skin lesions in the Pocomoke River and other tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay were reported in the summer and fall of 1996 and 1997 that a great deal of public and scientific interest was stimulated about concerns for fish disease in the Bay. (PDF contains 50 pages)

Developing alternatives for optimal representation of seafloor habitats and associated communities in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary

The implementation of various types of marine protected areas is one of several management tools available for conserving representative examples of the biological diversity within marine ecosystems in general and National Marine Sanctuaries in particular. However, deciding where and how many sites to establish within a given area is frequently hampered by incomplete knowledge of the distribution of organisms and an understanding of the potential tradeoffs that would allow planners to address frequently competing interests in an objective manner. Fortunately, this is beginning to change. Recent studies on the continental shelf of the northeastern United States suggest that substrate and water mass characteristics are highly correlated with the composition of benthic communities and may therefore, serve as proxies for the distribution of biological biodiversity. A detailed geo-referenced interpretative map of major sediment types within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) has recently been developed, and computer-aided decision support tools have reached new levels of sophistication. We demonstrate the use of simulated annealing, a type of mathematical optimization, to identify suites of potential conservation sites within SBNMS that equally represent 1) all major sediment types and 2) derived habitat types based on both sediment and depth in the smallest amount of space. The Sanctuary was divided into 3610 0.5 min2 sampling units. Simulations incorporated constraints on the physical dispersion of sampling units to varying degrees such that solutions included between one and four site clusters. Target representation goals were set at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 percent of each sediment type, and 10 and 20 percent of each habitat type. Simulations consisted of 100 runs, from which we identified the best solution (i.e., smallest total area) and four nearoptimal alternates. We also plotted total instances in which each sampling unit occurred in solution sets of the 100 runs as a means of gauging the variety of spatial configurations available under each scenario. Results suggested that the total combined area needed to represent each of the sediment types in equal proportions was equal to the percent representation level sought. Slightly larger areas were required to represent all habitat types at the same representation levels. Total boundary length increased in direct proportion to the number of sites at all levels of representation for simulations involving sediment and habitat classes, but increased more rapidly with number of sites at higher representation levels. There were a large number of alternate spatial configurations at all representation levels, although generally fewer among one and two versus three- and four-site solutions. These differences were less pronounced among simulations targeting habitat representation, suggesting that a similar degree of flexibility is inherent in the spatial arrangement of potential protected area systems containing one versus several sites for similar levels of habitat representation. We attribute these results to the distribution of sediment and depth zones within the Sanctuary, and to the fact that even levels of representation were sought in each scenario. (PDF contains 33 pages.)

Recent Oyster researches on Chesapeake Bay in Maryland

At one time Maryland produced more oysters annually than the rest of the world combined, including all species used for food. This document shows the decline in production to one sixth of the 1884 yield in 1929-1930. Observations over the course of the last decade have indicated two major factors responsible for the decline in oyster production. Reduction of brood stock stands first, while failing to provide clutch (shells) for the setting purposes has been a close second. (PDF contains 29 pages)

The Oyster and the Oyster Industry of Maryland

Information n the life-history and management of the Oyster and Oyster Industry. Dr. Truitt has traveled and researched almost every important oyster producing Area in America. Includes semidiagramatic sketches of anatomy, information on food and feeding, respiration and circulation,valves, reproduction. Oyster production - natural beds or rocks, oyster farming, tongs and tonging, dredge. Marketing - canned, raw, shell stock. Includes bibliography. (PDF contains 47 pages)

Noise levels and sources in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the St. Lawrence River Estuary

Although ambient (background) noise in the ocean is a topic that has been widely studied since pre-World War II, the effects of noise on marine organisms has only been a focus of concern for the last 25 years. The main point of concern has been the potential of noise to affect the health and behavior of marine mammals. The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) is a site where the degradation of habitat due to increasing noise levels is a concern because it is a feeding ground and summer haven for numerous species of marine mammals. Ambient noise in the ocean is defined as “the part of the total noise background observed with an omnidirectional hydrophone.” It is an inherent characteristic of the medium having no specific point source. Ambient noise is comprised of a number of components that contribute to the “noise level” in varying degrees depending on where the noise is being measured. This report describes the current understanding of ambient noise and existing levels in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. (PDF contains 32 pages.)

Effects of the Maryland hydraulic clam dredge on populations of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria: final contract report

Final report on a three year study designed to investigate the effects of the Maryland hydraulic escalator clam dredge on populations and recruitment of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. Experimental plots were established in the Potomac river, Maryland, and were dredged ina commerical manner by removing only legal size clams. quarterly samples were taken in the experimental and control plots by means of a van Veen grab for juvenile clams and the hydraulic dredge for older, deeper burrowing clams. Sediment samples were taken at selected periods for organic carbon and grain size analysis. Clams were separated into two size-groups. (PDF contains 38 pages)

Scientific fisheries work in Maryland

Presentation to elected officials [and American Fisheries Society] on the wealth of research to be done in the Chesapeake Bay. Citing drop in oyster production from a high of 17,000,000 bushels in 1885 to 2,000,000 bushels in 1925 or one-eighth of its one-time abundance. Citing water studies through the late 1880's-90's. Report of experiments with the Japanese Oyster O. gigas. Also addresses Crab, Callinectes sapidus and classes held. (PDF contains 7 pages)

Feeding Ecology of Humpback Whales in Continental Shelf Waters near Cordell Bank, California

Daytime feeding behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Gulf of the Farallones, California, and adjacent waters was observed during autumn of 1988 to 1990. Bodega Canyon, Cordell Bank, and the Farallon Islands were the primary sites of feeding activity. Fecal samples of whales and zooplankton tows contained euphausiids exclusively, dominated by Thysanoessa spinifera (79%), with lesser amounts of Euphausia pacifica (14%), Nyctiphanes simplex (4%), and Nematoscelis difficilis (3%). In 1988 and 1990, whales also were infrequently observed feeding on small schooling fish, presumably Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Feeding was the most common behavior observed (52%), and less frequently traveling (23%), milling (21 %), and resting (4%). Whales used different methods to consume euphausiid prey at the surface (0-10 m), in shallow water (11-60 m), and deep water (61-140 m). Humpback whales fed at the surface 56% of time in 1988 and 32% of time in 1990, using primarily lateral lunges to capture swarms of euphausiids. In 1989, no surface feeding was observed; however, deep, long-duration dives were followed by extended surface intervals with many respirations. These 1989 observations coincided with increased prey depth as indicated by depth sounder records of diving whales and prey scattering layers. In 1989, increased prey depth and associated feeding behaviors were strongly associated with unusually high surface temperatures, calm seas, and changes in water circulation. Environmental conditions in 1989 triggered the most intense and wide-spread occurrence of red tide in this region since 1980. Red tide samples collected throughout this period contained Alexandrium (=Gonyaulax) catenella and Noctiluca scintillans. Surface feeding was observed only in 1988 and 1990, when surface prey were available and red tides were very limited in extent, duration, and intensity. Annual variations in humpback whale feeding behavior were related to prey availability which is affected by corresponding environmental conditions. (PDF contains 94 pages)