Does ecotourism contribute to sea turtle conservation? Is the flagship status of turtles advantageous?

There is little doubt that marine turtles are a flagship species for wildlife tourism. In some cases, this has turned out to be liability for sea turtle conservation, but in other cases, where for example turtle-based ecotourism has been developed, it has made a positive contribution to turtle conservation. Examples of both cases are given. Particular attention is given to the development of turtle-based ecotourism at Mon Repos Beach near Bundaberg, Australia. This development is set in its historical context and its contribution to conservation is discussed. Headstart projects for sea turtles in Sri Lanka are a tourist attraction. While they are promoted as having positive conservation consequences and a survey indicates that visitors are on the whole convinced of this, their effects on turtle conservation is uncertain. The farming of sea turtles provides a basis for tourism and can contribute to turtle conservation in ways outlined. It is argued that insufficient attention has been given to legends, culture and history associated with sea turtles in the promotion of turtle-based tourism. This is supported by Australian evidence. Insufficient use has been made of the connections of indigenous Australians with sea turtles in turtle-based tourism. Beneficial scope exist for developing connections between man and turtles further than at present in promoting turtle-based tourism. This could add further to the role of turtle-based tourism in promoting turtle conservation.

Economic Incentives to Conserve Wildlife on Private Lands: Analysis and Policy

Some believe that provision of private property rights in wildlife on private land can provide a powerful economic incentive for nature conservation because it enables property owners to market such wildlife or its attributes. If such marketing is profitable, private landholders will conserve the wildlife concerned and its required habitat. But land is not always most profitably used for exploitation of wildlife, and many economic values of wildlife (such as non-use economic values) cannot be marketed. The mobility of some wildlife (their fugitive nature) adds to the limitations of the private property approach. While some species may be conserved by this approach, it is suboptimal as a single policy approach to nature conservation. Nevertheless, it is being experimented with in the Northern Territory of Australia where landholders have the possibility of harvesting on their properties a quota of eggs and chicks of red-tailed black cockatoos for commercial sale. This scheme is expected to provide an incentive to private landholders to retain hollow trees essential for the nesting of these birds. Aspects of this approach are analysed using this case, and related ones, from Northern Australia. It is noted that the private property rights approach adopted in southern Africa is unlikely to be equally successful everywhere. The long-term survival of some species depends on their ability to use private lands without severe harassment, either for their migration or to supplement their available resources, for example, the Asian elephant in Sri Lanka. Nature conservation on private land is often a useful, if not essential, supplement to conservation on public lands. Community and public incentives for such conservation are outlined.

Assessing alternative models of individualism and collectivism: A confirmatory factor analysis

Six alternative structural models of individualism-collectivism are reviewed and empirically compared in a confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaire data from an Australian student sample (N=340). Central to the debate about the structure of this broad social attitude are the issues of (I) polarity (are individualism and collectivism bipolar opposites, or orthogonal factors?) and (2) dimensionality (are individualism and collectivism themselves higher-order constructs subsuming several more specific factors and, if so, what are they?). The data from this Australian sample support a model that represents individualism and collectivism as a higher-order bipolar factor hierarchically subsuming several bipolar reference-group-specific individualisms and collectivisms. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

City profile - Colombo

Rooted in a history that dates back 1500 years, the concentration of economic activity and infrastructure in Colombo represents an extreme case of urban primacy within the national context of Sri Lanka. Located on the West Coast of the country, the Colombo metropolitan area accommodates a quarter of the country's 18.6 million population, and is the economic and political core of the country. However, Colombo is a city of extremes. Its modem and well-serviced core stands in stark contrast to the circumstances of more than half of its population, who live in poorly serviced shack and shanty settlements. The proportion of the population living in these areas continues to expand, notwithstanding a history of innovative and participatory approaches to development planning and management. Complicating these development challenges, the potential of the city is undermined by a civil war that has been under way since the early 1980s, taking an immense toll in loss of life, political polarization, and economic opportunity costs. This paper traces Colombo's historical development, provides a description of contemporary characteristics and challenges faced by the city, and examines the evolution of plans and programmes designed to improve the conditions of low-income settlements in the city. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vector competence of Australian mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) for Japanese encephalitis virus

Australian mosquitoes were evaluated for their ability to become infected with and transmit a Torres Strait strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. Mosquitoes, which were obtained from either laboratory colonies and collected using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light traps baited with CO2 and octenol or reared from larvae, were infected by feeding on a blood/sucrose solution containing 10(4.5+/-0.1) porcine stable-equine kidney (PS-EK) tissue culture infectious dose(50)/ mosquito of the TS3306 virus strain. After 14 d, infection and transmission rates of 100% and 81%, respectively, were obtained for a southeast Queensland strain of Culex annulirostris Skuse, and 93% and 61%, respectively, for a far north Queensland strain. After 13 or more days, infection and transmission rates of > 90% and greater than or equal to 50%, respectively, were obtained for southeast Queensland strains of Culex sitiens Wiedemann and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and a far north Queensland strain of Culex gelidus Theobald. Although infection rates were > 55%, only 17% of Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse) and no Cx. quinquefasciatus, collected from far north Queensland, transmitted virus. North Queensland strains of Aedes aegypti L., Ochlerotatus kochi (Donitz), and Verrallina funerea (Theobald) were relatively refractory to infection. Vertical transmission was not detected among 673 F, progeny of Oc. vigilax. Results of the current vector competence study, coupled with high field isolation rates, host feeding patterns and widespread distribution, confirm the status of Cx. annulirostris as the major vector of Japanese encephalitis virus in northern Australia. The relative roles of other species in potential Japanese encephalitis virus transmission cycles in northern Australia are discussed.

Gest??o de pessoas na administra????o p??blica japonesa

Este ensaio ?? resultado da participa????o da autora do Seminar on Public Personnel Administration For Middle Level Officials (Semin??rio sobre Administra????o de pessoal no servi??o p??blico para servidores ocupantes de cargos equivalentes a dire????o e assessoramento) promovido pela National Personnel Authority do Governo Japon??s (NPA) e pela Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). A NPA ?? a ag??ncia central para administra????o de pessoal civil do governo japon??s. Entre suas principais fun????es est??o o planejamento e a implementa????o dos concursos p??blicos, as recomenda????es para a melhoria das condi????es de trabalho, incluindo quest??es como remunera????o e limites de horas de trabalho, e a defini????o de diretrizes para capacita????o e gest??o por desempenho. A JICA, por sua vez, ?? a ag??ncia de coopera????o japonesa respons??vel por promover os programas de treinamento para pa??ses em desenvolvimento com o intuito de apoiar os esfor??os de auto-aprimoramento para gera????o de progresso econ??mico e melhoria na vida dos cidad??os desses pa??ses. A JICA seleciona anualmente cerca de 8 mil participantes de 150 pa??ses e ??reas do mundo. Os tipos de atividades desenvolvidas s??o programas de treinamento em grupo, de longo prazo (ex.: mestrados e doutorados) e programas focados na realidade de um pa??s ou regi??o. O semin??rio em quest??o classifica-se na primeira modalidade de treinamento em grupo e contou com a participa????o de 11 servidores com atua????o na ??rea de gest??o de pessoas do Brasil, Gana, Kosovo, L??bano, Nepal, Ruanda, Ilhas Salom??o, Sri Lanka, Tail??ndia, Trinidade e Tobago.

Portuguese impact on Goa: Lusotopic, Lusophonic, Lusophilic?

Não é muito dificil identificar e analisar o impacto linguístico (lusofónico) ou não-linguístico (lusotópico) em Goa, mas torna-se difícil e melindrosa qualquer tentativa de analisar o impacto lusofílico. Recentemente, na correspondência que tive com um delegado da Fundação Oriente em Goa, ele escrevia: “É um assunto complicado, quando se tenta compreender as atitudes dos grupos pró- e contra os Portugueses. É difícil encontrar em Goa alguém que se manifeste abertamente como goês pró-Portugal ou como luso-goês. É muito diferente em Sri Lanka, Malaca ou noutras regiões. Não duvido que a lusofilia está presente, mas escondida e encoberta. Manifesta-se de vez em quando por motivos de conveniência." São estas impressões de um cidadão português em Goa que tentamos compreender neste ensaio com base nas experiências históricas dos goeses.

Factors associated to breastfeeding in the first hour of life: systematic review

OBJECTIVE To identify independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life.METHODS A systematic review of Medline, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases, till August 30, 2013, was performed without restrictions on language or date of publishing. Studies that used regression models and provided adjusted measures of association were included. Studies in which the regression model was not specified or those based on specific populations regarding age or the presence of morbidities were excluded.RESULTS The search resulted in 155 articles, from which 18 met the inclusion criteria. These were conducted in Asia (9), Africa (5), and South America (4), between 1999 and 2013. The prevalence of breastfeeding within the first hour of life ranged from 11.4%, in a province of Saudi Arabia, to 83.3% in Sri Lanka. Cesarean delivery was the most consistent risk factor for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. “Low family income”, “maternal age less than 25 years”, “low maternal education”, “no prenatal visit”, “home delivery”, “no prenatal guidance on breastfeeding” and “preterm birth” were reported as risk factors in at least two studies.CONCLUSIONS Besides the hospital routines, indicators for low socioeconomic status and poor access to health services were also identified as independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. Policies to promote breastfeeding, appropriate to each context, should aim to reduce inequalities in health.

Freshwater sponges, hydroids & Polyzoa. By N. Annandale.

Freshwater Sponges, Hydroids & Polyzoa

Reptilia and Batrachia / by George A. Boulenger.

Reptilia and Batrachia

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.3 (1905)

Report to the government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries of the gulf of Manaar, by W.A. Herdman ... With supplementary reports upon the marine biology of Ceylon, by other naturalists. Pub. at the request of the colonial government by the Royal society.

pt.4 (1905)