Understanding thickness effects in thin film capacitors

Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) was used to make Au/(Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3/(La0.5Sr0.5) CoO3/MgO thin film capacitor structures. Functional properties were studied with changing BST thickness from similar to1265 nm to similar to63 nm. The dielectric constant was found to decrease, and migration of T-m (the temperature at which the dielectric constant is maximum) to lower temperatures occurred as thickness was reduced. Curie-Weiss plots of the as-obtained dielectric data, indicated that the Curie temperature was also systemmatically progressively depressed. Further, fitting to expressions previously used to describe diffuse phase transitions suggested increased diffuseness in transformation behaviour as film thickness decreased. This paper discusses the care needed in interpreting the observations given above. We make particular distinction between the apparent Curie-temperature derived from Curie-Weiss plots of as-measured data, and the inherent Curie temperature determined after correction for the interfacial capacitance. We demonstrate that while the apparent Curie temperature decreases as thickness decreases, the inherent Curie temperature is thickness independent. Thickness-invariant phase transition behaviour is confirmed from analysis of polarisation loops, and from examination of the temperature dependence of the loss-tangent. We particularly note that correction of data for interfacial capacitance does not alter the position of T-m. We must therefore conclude that the position of T-m is not related simply to phase transformation behaviour in BST thin films.

Temperature Dependence of the Primary Relaxation in 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide

We present results from complementary characterizations of the primary relaxation rate of a room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} imide, [C(6)mim][Tf2N], over a wide temperature range. This extensive data set is successfully merged with existing literature data for conductivity, viscosity, and NMR diffusion coefficients thus providing, for the case of RTILs, a unique description of the primary process relaxation map over more than 12 decades in relaxation rate and between 185 and 430 K. This unique data set allows a detailed characterization of the VTF parameters for the primary process, that are: B = 890 K, T-0 = 155.2 K, leading to a fragility index m = 71, corresponding to an intermediate fragility. For the first time neutron spin echo data from a fully deuteriated sample of RTIL at the two main interference peaks, Q = 0.76 and 1.4 angstrom(-1) are presented. At high temperature (T > 250 K), the collective structural relaxation rate follows the viscosity behavior; however at lower temperatures it deviates from the viscosity behavior, indicating the existence of a faster process.

Measurement of Polymer-to-Polymer Contact Friction in Thermoforming

Contact friction plays a critical role in all the major thermoforming processes for polymers. However, these effects are very difficult to measure in practice and, as a result, have received little scientific investigation. In this work, two independently developed test methods for the measurement of elevated temperature polymer-to-polymer contact friction are presented, and their results are compared in detail for the first time. One is based on a modified moving sled friction test, whereas the other uses a rotational rheometer. In each case, friction tests were conducted between two plug and two sheet materials. The results show that broadly similar coefficients of friction were obtained from the two test methods. The measured values were quite low (<0.3) at lower temperatures and typically were higher for polypropylene (PP) sheet than for polystyrene (PS). On approaching the glass transition temperature for PS (95°C) and the crystalline melting point for PP (165°C), the friction coefficients rose very sharply, and both test techniques became increasingly unreliable. It was concluded that despite their physical differences, both test techniques were able to capture the highly temperature sensitive nature of friction between polymer materials used in thermoforming.

Modelling the effect of water immersion thermal processing on polyacetylene levels and instrumental colour of carrot disks

C₁₇ polyacetylenes are a group of bioactive compounds present in carrots which have recently gained scientific attention due to their cytotoxicity against cancer cells. In common with many bioactive compounds, their levels may be influenced by thermal processes, such as boiling or water immersion. This study investigated the effect of a number of water immersion time/temperature combinations on concentrations of these compounds and attempted to model the changes. Carrot samples were thermally treated by heating in water at temperatures from 50–100 °C and holding times of 2–60 min. Following heating, levels of falcarinol (FaOH), falcarindiol (FaDOH), falcarindiol-3-acetate (FaDOAc) and Hunter colour parameters (L^*, a^*, b^*) were determined. FaOH, FaDOH, FaDOAc levels were significantly reduced at lower temperatures (50–60 °C). In contrast, samples heated at temperatures from 70–100 °C exhibited higher levels of polyacetylenes (p < 0.05) than did raw unprocessed samples. Regression modelling was used to model the effects of temperature and holding time on the levels of the variables measured. Temperature treatment and holding time were found to significantly affect the polyacetylene content of carrot disks. Predicted models were found to be significant (p < 0.05) with high coefficients of determination (R²).

In situ study of ozone and hybrid plasma Ag-Al catalysts for the oxidation of toluene: Evidence of the nature of the active sites

Silver colloids have been prepared by reducing AgNO3 in aqueous solution and embeded in alumina following a sol-gel procedure in the presence of Pluronic 84 ((EO)(19)(PO)(39)(EO)(19)), as surfactant. Plasma-catalytic experiments aimed at the mineralization of toluene showed that the selectivity to CO2 was significantly increased in the presence of Ag catalysts compared with results obtained using the plasma alone. In-situ studies of the ozone interaction with catalysts provide an insight into the nature of the active sites of supported silver colloids for mineralization reactions. It is noticeable that when ozone is chemisorbed on embedded Ag colloidal catalysts no change in the silver oxidation state or size is found. The population of the chemisorbed species is higher at lower temperatures, where the non-selective decomposition of ozone is smaller. The catalysts exhibit high stability, preserving the structural and textural properties after the catalytic tests, that is indeed very important in the presence of ozone. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optical and infrared observations of SN 2002dj: some possible common properties of fast-expanding Type Ia supernovae

As part of the European Supernova Collaboration, we obtained extensive photometry and spectroscopy of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2002dj covering epochs from 11 d before to nearly two years after maximum. Detailed optical and near-infrared observations show that this object belongs to the class of the high-velocity gradient events as indicated by Si, S and Ca lines. The light curve shape and velocity evolution of SN 2002dj appear to be nearly identical to SN 2002bo. The only significant difference is observed in the optical to near-infrared colours and a reduced spectral ernission beyond 6500 A. For high-velocity gradient SNe Ia, we tentatively identify a faster rise to maximum, a more pronounced inflection in the V and R light curves after maximum and a brighter, slower declining late-time B light curve as common photometric properties of this class of object. They also seem to be characterized by a different colour and colour evolution with respect to 'normal' SNe Ia. The usual light Curve shape parameters do not distinguish these events. Stronger, more blueshifted absorption features of intermediate-mass elements and lower temperatures are the most prominent spectroscopic features of SNe Ia displaying high-velocity gradients. It appears that these events burn more intermediate-mass elements in the outer layers. Possible connections to the metallicity of the progenitor star are explored.

Characterisation of protein stability in rod-insert vaginal rings

A major goal in vaccine development is elimination of the ‘cold chain’, the transport and storage system for maintenance and distribution of the vaccine product. This is particularly pertinent to liquid formulation of vaccines. We have previously described the rod-insert vaginal ring (RiR) device, comprising an elastomeric body into which are inserted lyophilised, rod-shaped, solid drug dosage forms, and having potential for sustained mucosal delivery of biomacromolecules, such as HIV envelope protein-based vaccine candidates. Given the solid, lyophilised nature of these insert dosage forms, we hypothesised that antigen stability may be significantly increased compared with more conventional solubilised vaginal gel format. In this study, we prepared and tested vaginal ring devices fitted with lyophilised rod inserts containing the model antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA). Both the RiRs and the gels that were freeze-dried to prepare the inserts were evaluated for BSA stability using PAGE, turbidimetry, microbial load, MALDI-TOF and qualitative precipitate solubility measurements. When stored at 4 oC, but not when stored at 40 oC / 75% RH, the RiR formulation offered protection against structural and conformational changes to BSA. The insert also retained matrix integrity and release characteristics. The results demonstrate that lypophilised gels can provide relative protection against degradation at lower temperatures compared to semi-solid gels. The major mechanism of degradation at 40 oC / 75% RH was shown to be protein aggregation. Finally, in a preliminary study, we found that addition of trehalose to the formulation significantly reduces the rate of BSA degradation as compared to the original formulation when stored at 40 oC /75% RH. Establishing the mechanism of degradation, and finding that degradation is decelerated in the presence of trehalose, will help inform further development of RiRs specifically and polymer based freeze-dried systems in general.

Construction of Drug–Polymer Thermodynamic Phase Diagrams Using Flory–Huggins Interaction Theory: Identifying the Relevance of Temperature and Drug Weight Fraction to Phase Separation within Solid Dispersions

Amorphous drug-polymer solid dispersions have the potential to enhance the dissolution performance and thus bioavailability of BCS class II drug compounds. The principle drawback of this approach is the limited physical stability of amorphous drug within the dispersion. Accurate determination of the solubility and miscibility of drug in the polymer matrix is the key to the successful design and development of such systems. In this paper, we propose a novel method, based on Flory-Huggins theory, to predict and compare the solubility and miscibility of drug in polymeric systems. The systems chosen for this study are (1) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate HF grade (HPMCAS-HF)-felodipine (FD) and (2) Soluplus (a graft copolymer of polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol)-FD. Samples containing different drug compositions were mixed, ball milled, and then analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The value of the drug-polymer interaction parameter ? was calculated from the crystalline drug melting depression data and extrapolated to lower temperatures. The interaction parameter ? was also calculated at 25 °C for both systems using the van Krevelen solubility parameter method. The rank order of interaction parameters of the two systems obtained at this temperature was comparable. Diagrams of drug-polymer temperature-composition and free energy of mixing (?G mix) were constructed for both systems. The maximum crystalline drug solubility and amorphous drug miscibility may be predicted based on the phase diagrams. Hyper-DSC was used to assess the validity of constructed phase diagrams by annealing solid dispersions at specific drug loadings. Three different samples for each polymer were selected to represent different regions within the phase diagram

Mapping stone surface temperature fluctuations: Implications for lichen distribution and biomodification on historic stone surfaces

The exposure of historic stone to processes of lichen-induced surface biomodification is determined, first and foremost, by the bioreceptivity of those surfaces to lichen colonization. As an important component of surface bioreceptivity, spatiotemporal variation in stone surface temperature plays a critical role in the spatial distribution of saxicolous lichen on historic stone structures, especially within seasonally hot environments. The ornate limestone and tufa stairwell of the Monastery of Cartuja (1516), Granada, Spain, exhibits significant aspect-related differences in lichen distribution. Lichen coverage and
diurnal fluctuations in stone surface temperature on the stairwell were monitored and mapped, under anticyclonic conditions in summer and winter, using an infrared thermometer and Geographical Information Systems approach. This research suggests that it is not extreme high surface temperatures that
determine the presence or absence of lichen coverage on stonework. Instead, average stone surface temperatures
over the course of the year seem to play a critical role in determining whether or not surfaces are receptive to lichen colonization and subsequent biomodification. It is inferred that lichen, capable of surviving extreme surface temperatures during the Mediterranean summer in an ametabolic state, require a respite period of lower temperatures within which they can metabolize, grow and reproduce.
The higher the average annual temperature a surface experiences, the shorter the respite period for any lichen potentially inhabiting that surface. A critical average temperature threshold of approximately 21 ?C has been identified on the stairwell, with average stone surface temperatures greater than this
generally inhibiting lichen colonization. A brief visual condition assessment between lichen-covered and lichen-free surfaces on the limestone sections of the stairwell suggests relative bioprotection induced by lichen coverage, with stonework quality and sharpness remaining more defined beneath lichen-covered surfaces. The methodology employed in this paper may have further applications in the monitoring and mapping of thermal stress fatigue on historic building materials.

Observation of an optical phonon band in situ in TiO electrochemistry:A possible indicator of strongly trapped intermediates in the O evolution reaction

This Letter reports in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic data on thermal TiO films fabricated by heating titanium plates in air at 475, 700 and 800 °C. The films were studied in the dark and under UV-irradiation in aqueous 0.1MNaClO in the presence and absence of 0.1 M Na(OOC) and at 10, 25 and 50 °C. The film fabricated at 800 °C showed a broad feature near 1580cm under UV-irradiation that was not observed in the dark, whilst the films fabricated at lower temperatures, 475 and 700 °C, showed no such feature. This feature appears to be associated with the accumulation of surface-mobile holes at the complex, porous film-electrolyte interface and the capacity of such holes to enhance the absorption cross-section of optical phonons characteristic of the rutile crystal form at and near the surface of the TiO/electrolyte interface. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Electrical conduction and rheological behaviour of composites of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) and MWCNTs

Two mechanisms of conduction were identified from temperature dependent (120 K-340 K) DC electrical resistivity measurements of composites of poly(c-caprolactone) (PCL) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Activation of variable range hopping (VRH) occurred at lower temperatures than that for temperature fluctuation induced tunneling (TFIT). Experimental data was in good agreement with the VRH model in contrast to the TFIT model, where broadening of tunnel junctions and increasing electrical resistivity at T > T-g is a consequence of a large difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of PCL and MWCNTs. A numerical model was developed to explain this behavior accounting for a thermal expansion effect by supposing the large increase in electrical resistivity corresponds to the larger relative deformation due to thermal expansion associated with disintegration of the conductive MWCNT network. MWCNTs had a significant nucleating effect on PCL resulting in increased PCL crystallinity and an electrically insulating layer between MWCNTs. The onset of rheological percolation at similar to 0.18 vol% MWCNTs was clearly evident as storage modulus, G' and complex viscosity, vertical bar eta*vertical bar increased by several orders of magnitude. From Cole-Cole and Van Gurp-Palmen plots, and extraction of crossover points (G(c)) from overlaying plots of G' and G '' as a function of frequency, the onset of rheological percolation at 0.18 vol% MWCNTs was confirmed, a similar MWCNT loading to that determined for electrical percolation. 

Aza-annulation of enaminones with crotonyl chloride - Formal reversal of regioselectivity.

The regiochemistry of aza-annulation of enaminones with alpha,beta-unsaturated acid chlorides bearing hydrogen atoms on the gamma-carbon is reversed when triethylamine is used as mediator. When the reaction was carried out at lower temperatures as 3-acyl beta,gamma-unsaturated compound could be isolated which cyclised to the desired product under thermal or basic conditions. The nature of this intermediate strongly suggests that a vinyl ketene is the active acylating agent. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Evolution of Hot Loops in an Active Region Core Observed with the SDO Atmospheric Image Assembly

Evidence has accumulated of high temperature (> 4 MK) coronal emission in active region cores that corresponds to structures in equilibrium. Other studies have found evidence of evolving loops. We investigate the EUV intensity and temperature variations of short coronal loops observed in the core of NOAA Active Region 11250 on 13 July 2011. The loops, which run directly between the AR opposite polarities, are first detectable in the 94Å band of Fe XVIII, implying an effective temperature ~ 7 MK. The low temperature component of the 94 Å signal is modeled in terms of a linear superposition of the 193 Å and 171 Å signals in order to separate the hot component. After identifying the loops we have used contemporaneous HMI observations to identify the corresponding inter-moss regions, and we have investigated their time evolution in six AIA EUV channels. The results can be separated into two classes. Group 1 (94Å, 335Å, 211Å) is characterized by hotter temperatures (~2-7 MK), and Group 2 (193Å, 171Å, 131Å) by cooler temperatures (0.4 - 1.6 MK). For Group 1 the intensity peaks in the 94Å channel are followed by maxima in the 335 Å channel with a time lag of ~8 min, suggestive of a cooling pattern with an exponential decay. While the 211Å maxima follow those in the 335 Å channel, there is no systematic relation which would indicate a progressive cooling process through the lower temperatures, as has been observed in other investigations. In Group 2 the signals in the 171 and 131Å channels track each other closely, and lag behind the 193Å. In the inter-moss region of the loop the peak temperature and peak emission measure have opposite trends. The hot 94Å brightenings occur in the central part of the loops with maximum temperatures ~7 MK. Subsequently the loops appear to fill with plasma with an emission measure compatible with the 193 Å signal and temperature in the range ~ 1.5-2 MK. Although the exact details of the time evolution are still under investigation, these non static loops show high levels of intermittency in the 94Å signal (please see poster "Intermittent and Scale-Invariant Intensity Fluctuations in Hot Coronal Loops," by Lawrence et al. in this session).

Probing The effects of Experimental Conditions on the Character of Drug-Polymer Phase Diagrams Constructed Using Flory-Huggins Theory

Purpose: Amorphous drug-polymer solid dispersions have been found to result in improved drug dissolution rates when compared to their crystalline counterparts. However, when the drug exists in the amorphous form it will possess a higher Gibb’s free energy than its associated crystalline state and can recrystallize. Drug-polymer phase diagrams constructed through the application of the Flory Huggins (F-H) theory contain a wealth of information regarding thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the amorphous drug-polymer system. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of various experimental conditions on the solubility and miscibility detections of drug-polymer binary system. Methods: Felodipine (FD)-Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K15 (PVPK15) and FD-Polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP/VA64) were the selected systems for this research. Physical mixtures with different drug loadings were mixed and ball milled. These samples were then processed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and measurements of melting point (Tend) and glass transition (Tg) were detected using heating rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0°C/min. Results: The melting point depression data was then used to calculate the F-H interaction parameter (χ) and extrapolated to lower temperatures to complete the liquid–solid transition curves. The theoretical binodal and spinodal curves were also constructed which were used to identify regions within the phase diagram. The effects of polymer selection, DSC heating rate, time above parent polymer Tg and polymer molecular weight were investigated by identifying amorphous drug miscibility limits at pharmaceutically relevant temperatures. Conclusion: The potential implications of these findings when applied to a non-ambient processing method such as Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) are also discussed.

Comportamento pós-colheita da ameixa 'Raínha Cláudia Verde' Prunus domestica L. : efeitos do cálcio na maturação

`Rainha Cláudia Verde' é uma antiga variedade da ameixeira europeia Prunus domestica L. que se encontra bem adaptada a uma zona restrita do Alto Alentejo. Esta variedade é utilizada para o consumo em fresco e na doçaria regional, onde se emprega na confecção das famosas 'Ameixas D'Elvas'. A confitagem é a técnica utilizada na confecção deste produto com denomicação de origem protegida, e que faz parte de um saber tradicional muito divulgado na região. As informações que resultam de evidências práticas mostram que nem todos os frutos reagem da mesma forma à fase da cozedura. Existem zonas específicas que produzem frutos que não se adequara processo da confitagem, apresentando uma textura imprópria após a cozedura. Recentemente, e com o aumento das áreas produtoras, verificou-se que os frutos destas regiões específicas para além de inadequados para a cozedura, também apresentavam uma menor capacidade de conservação em fresco. Assim durante a conservação estes frutos, quando comparados com os das outras regiões, apresentavam uma perda de firmeza mais rápida tornando-se mais difíceis de comercializar. Entre os factores culturais que contribuem para a qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos, o teor de cálcio presente no solo e nos frutos apresenta-se corno um dos mais importantes. O cálcio é um dos nutrientes que mais frequentemente é associado à manutenção da estrutura das paredes celulares das plantas, estando envolvido directamente na redução das perdas de textura dos frutos. Tendo em consideração os aspectos anteriormente referidos, foi delineado um trabalho que teve início com a selecção de dois pomares geograficamente distantes, e que tradicionalmente produziam frutos com diferentes comportamentos quer durante a conservação quer durante a confitagem. Associada ao conhecimento empírico, a prévia indicação de que estes pomares apresentavam concentrações cle cálcio foliar significativamente diferentes, contribuiu também para a sua selecção. O objectivo geral desta tese foi o de investigar o comportamento pós-colheita da `Rainha Cláudia Verde' particularmente a influência do cálcio na textura dos frutos. Definiram-se os seguintes objectivos específicos: (1) determinar a influência do porta-enxerto e do solo na concentração de cálcio dos frutos e as respectivas consequências, no seu comportamento pós-colheita; (2) seleccionar um método que permitisse avaliar a produção de etileno dos frutos e consequentemente a atribuição da designação de fruto climatérico ou não climatérico a esta variedade; (3) avaliar os e Feitos durante a conservação, de diferentes níveis de cálcio nos frutos; (4) quantificar nos frutos os níveis de cálcio da parede celular e avaliar a sua influência na firmeza dos frutos; (5) seleccionar as melhores temperaturas de conservação para os frutos desta variedade. Os resultados apresentados nesta tese indicam que a variedade 'Rainha Cláudia Verde' é uma variedade de frutos climatéricos que apresentam uma acentuada perda de textura após a colheita. Durante a conservação frigorífica os frutos apresentaram comportamentos diferentes, de acordo com a sua origem. Os frutos com origem no pomar que tradicionalmente não produz frutos aptos a serem confitados, apresentam simultaneamente uma mais rápida perda de firmeza quando comparados com os frutos dos outros pomares. Sendo que o menor teor de cálcio nos frutos leva a que a diminuição da firmeza da polpa ocorra mais rapidamente. No entanto à colheita não se observaram diferenças significativas da firmeza da polpa dos frutos. Esta informação parece indicar que outros factores, além do nível de cálcio dos frutos, poderão estar implicados na firmeza revelada à colheita. Por outro lado os frutos com epiderme revelaram diferenças de firmeza nos testes efectuados à colheita. O efeito da epiderme na firmeza dos frutos à colheita parece indicar que outros factores tais como o estado de hidratação dos frutos poderão contribuir para o aumento desta característica dos frutos. Apesar do teor de cálcio dos frutos melhorar o seu comportamento durante a conservação, a sua influência na emissão de etileno não foi evidente. O aumento do teor de cálcio nos frutos pode conseguir-se através de uma selecção adequada do porta-enxerto. Os porta-enxertos estudados induziram quantidades diferentes de cálcio nos frutos, aparentemente contribuindo o vigor do porta-enxerto para um efeito de diluição do cálcio na árvore. O estudo da influência do solo no teor do cálcio dos frutos revelou que os frutos com menor capacidade de conservação provinham de solos com maiores teores de cálcio, e que na sua constituição apresentavam uma menor concentração de cálcio na polpa. Apresenta-se ainda a hipótese de que o excesso de potássio presente nestes solos possa ter contribuído para um menor teor de cálcio nos frutos. De facto os frutos com uma razão Ca/K superior apresentaram também uma firmeza superior./ ABSTRACT - `Raínha Claudia Verde' is an old variety of Prunus domestica which is well adapted to a restrict zone of Alto Alentejo in the south region of Portugal. This variety is much appreciated either as a fresh fruit or as a sweet candy. The candying process is a widespread technique in this region with much empirical knowledge. There are practical evidences which indicate that fruits origin may influence the boiling process. Some fruits produced in specific areas in this region had an inadequate behaviour during boiling, becoming to soft and improper to use in canding. More recently it has been also observed that these specific areas produced fruits with a poor postharvest behaviour. During storage these fruits loose texture very quickly and became improper to commercialize. Many pre and postharvest factors may contribute to differences in fruit quality. calcium is one of most important nutrients which have a major effect on cell wall structure and membrane integrity. Studies on the role of calcium in fruits indicate its involvement in delaying changes associated with softening. Two orchards were selected because of their history of producing fruits with different characteristics either as a fresh or as a processed fruit, and because induced different calcium levels in the leaves. The main focus of this research work was to study the influence of the production region in fruit postharvest behaviour, specially the influence of calcium in fruit texture. The aims were: (1) to compare the rootstock and the soil influence on calcium fruit content, (2) to select a method- to measure the production of ethylene in fruits of 'Raínha Claudia Verde' (3) to evaluate the effects of different calcium fruit content in the postharvest behaviour of fruits (4) to evaluate the cell wall calcium content and its influence in fruit firmness, (5) and to select the best cold storage temperatures to this variety. It was found that 'Raínha Claudia Verde' is a climacteric variety and the studies on fruit firmness revealed a significant loss of fruit texture during ripening on or off the tree. During storage, fruits had a different behaviour depending on fruits origin. Usually fruits, which traditionally do not resist to boiling process, also exhibited an early softening, when compared to other fruits produced in adequate regions. The excessive fruit softening after harvest occurred in fruits with lower calcium content. However, at harvest, fruits from both orchards exhibited a similar firmness which may indicate that other factors besides calcium should be implicated in fruit firmness at harvest. In spite of a better postharvest behaviour of fruits with higher calcium content, it was not evident the calcium influence in the climacteric rise. The increase of calcium fruit content can be achieved with a proper rootstock selection. The rootstocks investigated in this study, induced different calcium fruit content, apparently vigorous rootstocks contributed to the dilution of calcium fruit level. The soil with higher calcium content induced a lower calcium fruit content, which may be due to the excess of potassium in this soil; in fact fruits with higher Ca/K ratio reached higher firmness values. It is also proposed a method to evaluate the calcium content in the fruit independently of fruit mass. The calcium fruit content is usually expressed as a percentage of dry mass, however during the course of fruit development there are a huge increment of fruit weight because of water and sugar mobilization into the fruit. Most of the total calcium in the plants is associated with the cell wall which means that calcium fruit content expressed as a percentage of cell wall fraction is a much more reliable method. Orchards with an excess of potassium in the soil produced fruits with a significant lower calcium fruit content. However it was not possible to prove the gradually firmness decrease during the harvest period as a consequence of calcium fruit loss. In fact, it was not evident a gradual decrease of calcium fruit content during the harvest dates thus it was impossible to find at harvest, a good correlation between fruit firmness and calcium fruit content. The analysis of cell wall polysaccharides evaluated during ripening in the tree showed a slight increase of more branched polysaccharides as ripening went. The small changes in pectic polysaccharides during the harvest season are in accordance with the small decrease in tissue firmness during this period. In this variety the usual storage period is about of 3-4weeks with a temperature of 1-2°C and 90% of relative humidity. However upon rewarming fruits held at 7°C, during 14 days, produced more ethylene at 20°C and exhibited also a higher firmness than fruits held at PC. The reduction of ethylene production and fruit firmness upon rewarming, after fruits being held at lower temperatures, may suggest some chilling injury in this variety.