The precocious Chinese mitten crab: Changes of gonad, survival rate, and life span in a freshwater lake

Changes of the gonad. survival rate, and life span of the precocious (i.e., sexually mature in their first October-November, at the age of 5 or 6 months) Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were studied in a small, shallow, macrophytic, freshwater lake along the middle reaches of the Changjiang River, China. The gonosomatic index (GSI) reached peak during the next March when the female GSI was 12.32 +/- 1.75 SD% and the male GSI A as 4.24 +/- 0.19%. The sexual glands degraded from then on. In the first ten-day period of the following July, there was no complete ovum in the ovary. and the sperm became thin and lost adhesion. The population declined sharply from November to July, and the last one (a female) died in the middle of July, which indicated that the life span of the precocious crab was about 12 months (from larval hatching in June to death in July of next year). The survival curve might be expressed as Y = 1.09exp(-0.018x) (Y survival rate; x: days) for the precocious crabs stocked in experimental cages.

长白山北坡针叶林下土壤淋洗液的化学性质及土壤特性

为了研究长白山北坡针叶林下土壤淋洗液的化学性质及土壤特性。我们于1987年6-9月，在红松云冷杉林。岳桦云冷杉林标准地，收集了大气降水，林内降水及土壤淋洗液，进行化学分析。结果表明：在红松云冷杉林标准地大气降水经过林冠后产生酸化作用。在红松云冷杉林和岳桦云冷杉林标准地，通过A_0层淋洗液进入土壤A_1层的养分元素（公斤/公顷）为：K 7.4-11.0, Ca 5.7-5.8, Mg 1.1-1.2，有机碳120.4-156.1，全氮1.9-3.4, SO_4-S 1.8-3.6��� A_0+A_1层养分元素的淋失量（公斤/公顷）为：K 1.2-1.6, Ca 2.2-4.6, Mg 0.5-0.9，有机碳35.4-43.9，全氮0.6-0.7, SO_4-S 1.2-2.7。A_0层淋洗液酸度大（pH5.2-5.6���。有机酸含量高（有机碳46-62mg/1）。Fe、Al、Si均从A_1层淋洗下来，并在其下的淀积层（B）淀积。因此，本区针叶林下土壤具有灰化过程的典型特征。土壤分析结果表明：长白山北坡暗针叶带土壤，具有灰化过程，其中杜香落叶松林下土壤具有明显的灰土淀积层，在分类上属灰土。

Protective effects of melatonin against low- and high-LET irradiation

To investigate the protective effects of melatonin against high-LET ionizing radiation, V79 Chinese hamster cells were irradiated with 100 keV/mu m carbon beam. Parallel experiments were performed with 200 kV X-rays. To avoid the impact from extra solvents, melatonin was dissolved directly in culture medium. Cells were cultured in melatonin medium for 1 hr before irradiation. Cell inactivation was measured with conventional colony forming assay, medium containing 6-thioguanine was used for the selection of mutants at hprt locus, and the cell cycle was monitored by flow cytometry. Both carbon beam and X-rays induced cell inactivation, hprt gene mutation and cell cycle G2 block dose-dependently. But carbon beam showed stronger effects as indicated by all three endpoints and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) was 3.5 for cell killing (at 10% survival level) and 2.9 for mutation induction (at 5 x 10(-5) mutants/ cell level). Melatonin showed protective effects against ionizing radiation in a dose-dependent manner. In terms of cell killing, melatonin only increased the survival level of those samples exposed to 8Gy or larger of X-rays or 6 Gy or larger of carbon beam. In the induction of hprt mutation and G2 block, melatonin reduced such effects induced by carbon beam but not by X-rays. The results suggest that melatonin reduces the direct interaction of particles with cells rather than an indirect interaction. Further studies are required to disclose the underlying mechanisms.

利用GIS和RS确定长白山自然保护区森林景观分布的环境范围

在对遥感数据进行景观分类和对环境因子进行空间表达基础上 ,在地理信息系统的支持下 ,确定长白山自然保护区森林景观分布的环境 (包括年均温、年降水量、坡度和坡向 )范围 .结果表明 ,从苔原、岳桦、云冷杉到阔叶红松林 ,最适海拔高度范围依次为 1780～ 2 2 12、170 5～ 195 6���10 4 2～ 16 2 5、82 3～ 1184m ;最适温度范围分别为 - 4 .75～ - 2 .4 0℃、- 3.4 2～ - 2 .0 7℃、- 1.4 9～ 1.39℃、0 .71～ 2 .37℃ ;最适降水范围分别为 10 34～ 1110、10 14～ 10 6 0、883～ 10 17、82 4～ 92 5mm ;长白山自然保护区的森林景观主要分布在平、缓坡地上 ,并与坡向关系密切 ,苔原在各个坡向上均有分布 ,且在各个坡向上分布面积的变化不大 ;岳桦、云冷杉林、阔叶红松林、山杨白桦林主要呈现北、西北向分布 ,其次为东北、西向分布 ;落叶松林主要为东北向分布 ,其次为东和北向分布 ;疏林主要为西向分布 ,其次为西南、西北和南向分布 ;风倒区主要为西、西南、西北向分布 .

New Organic Sensitizer for Stable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Solvent-Free Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

We report a high molar extinction coefficient metal-free sensitizer composed of a triarylamine donor in combination with the 2-(2,2'-bithiophen-5-yl)acrylonitrile conjugation unit and cyanoacrylic acid as an acceptor. In conjugation with a volatile acetonitrile-based electrolyte or a solvent-free ionic liquid electrolyte, we have fabricated efficient dye-sensitized solar cells showing a corresponding 7.5% or 6.1% efficiency measured under the air mass 1.5 global sunlight. The ionic liquid cell exhibits excellent stability during a 1000 h accelerated test under the light-soaking and thermal dual stress. Intensity-modulated photocurrent and photovolatge spectroscopies were employed along with the transient photoelectrical decay measurements to detail the electron transport in the mesoporous titania films filled with these two electrolytes.

Sulfonated polyimides bearing benzimidazole groups for proton exchange membranes

A series of sulfonated polymides containing benzimidazole groups were synthesized using 4,4'-binaphthyl-1,1',8,8'-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether-2,2'-disulfonic acid (ODADS) as the sulfonated diamine, and 2-(3',5-diaminophenyl)benzimidazole (a) or 6,4'-diamino-2-phenylbenzimidazole (b) as the nonsulfortated diamine. The electrolyte properties of the synthesized polyimides Ia-x, Ib-x, x refers to molar percentage of the sulfonated diamine) were investigated and compared with those of polyimides (Ic-x) from BTDA, ODADS, and m-phenylenediamine (c). All synthesized polyimides possessed high molecular weights revealed by their high viscosity, and formation of tough and flexible membranes. Polyintides with benzimidazole groups exhibited much better swelling capacity than those without benzimiclazole groups. This was attributed to the strong interchain interaction through basic benzimidazole functions and sulfonic acid groups. The sulfortated polyimides that are incorporated with 1, 1',8,8'-binaphthalimide exhibited better hydrolytic stability than that with 1,4,5,8-naphthalimide. Polyimide membranes with good water stability as well as high proton conductivity were developed. Polyimide membrane (Ia - 90), for example, did not lose mechanical properties after being soaked in boiling water for tOOO h, while its proton conductivity was still at a high level (compared to that of Nafion 117).

Self-assembly of cinnamic acid-capped gold nanoparticles

In this work, a new capping agent, cinnamic acid ( CA) was used to synthesize Au nanoparticles (NPs) under ambient conditions. The size of the NPs can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of reductant ( in our experiment sodium borohydride was used) or CA. The CA-stabilized Au NPs can self-assemble into 'nanowire-like' or 'pearl-necklace-like' nanostructures by adjusting the molar ratio of CA to HAuCl4 or by tuning the pH value of the Au colloidal solution. The process of Au NPs self-assembly was investigated by UV - vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results reveal that the induced dipole - dipole interaction is the driving force of Au NP linear assemblies.

Calculation of chemical bond parameters in La1-xCaxCrO3 (0.0 <= x <= 0.3)

The chemical bond parameters, that is, bond covalency, bond susceptibility, and macroscopic linear susceptibility of La1-xCaxCrO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) has been calculated using a semiempirical method. This method is the generalization of the dielectric description theory proposed by Phillips, Van Vechten, Levine, and Tanaka (PVLT). In the calculation of bond valence, two schemes were adopted. One is the bond valence sums (BVS) scheme, and the other is the equal-valence scheme. Both schemes suggest that for the title compounds bond covalency and bond susceptibility are mainly influenced by bond valence and are insensitive to the Ca doping level or structural change. Larger bond valences usually result in higher bond covalency and bond susceptibility. The macroscopic linear susceptibility increases (only slightly for BVS scheme) with the increasing Ca doping level. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Reaction of halfsandwich iridium polychalcogenide complexes with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. Molecular structure of Cp*Ir[S2C2(COOMe)(2)]

The pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iridium complexes Cp*Ir(PMe3)(E-n) (E = S, n = 4, 5 or 6; E = Se, n = 2 or 4 E = Te, n = 2) react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give Cp*Ir(PMe3)[E2C2(COOMe)(2)] compounds which tend to lose the trimethylphosphine ligand; the molecular structure of the dithiolene derivative, Cp*Ir[S2C2(COOMe)(2)], has been determined.

塞隆骨与虎骨中矿物质元素的比较

目的对比分析国家一类动物药塞隆骨和禁用传统中药材虎骨中的19种矿物质元素的含量.方法骨骼样品经灰化或消解处理后,采用原子吸收光谱法、氢化物原子荧光光谱法、催化极谱法等分析方法测定矿物质元素.结果两种动物骨骼中元素含量差异显著,塞隆骨11种元素高于虎骨,特别是Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Se等生命活动必需微量元素塞隆骨极为显著地高于虎骨,而组成骨骼的主要成分Ca���P则为虎骨高于塞隆骨.矿物质元素在头骨、脊梁骨和腿骨中分布非常不平衡,多数元素以头骨中分布最为丰富,而5种常量元素Ca,P,Na,Mg,K的含量为腿骨＞头骨＞脊梁骨.骨骼中主要成分Ca���P的存在形式主要为羟磷灰石Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.结论塞隆骨骨骼中的矿物质元素与虎骨有可比性,必需微量元素塞隆骨明显优于虎骨.

Effect of Tannic Acid on the Growth and Survival of Root Vles (Micortus oeconomus)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tannic acid on the gworth and survival of small mammalian berbirvores. Measurements were conducted with weaned root voles fed with 3% or 6% tannic acid and 10% or 20% protein in their diets. The results indicated that the effect of tannic acid on growth rate of weaned root voles was greater when given a lower protein diet than a higher protein diet. After 20 d, with 10% protein diets, mean growth rates of the weaned voles fed with 3% or 6% tannic acid were -0.135 g/d and -0.25 g/d, respectively. When given 20% protein diet, mean growth rates of weaned root voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid for 20 d were 0.134 g/d and -0.116 g/d, respectively. Food utilization efficiencies of the voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid diets were significantly lower than that of the control diet at the level of 10% protein. When given the 20% protein diet, food utilization efficiencies of weaned voles fed with 6% tannic acid were significantly lower than that of the voles fed with 3% tannic acid diet or the control diet with the 10% protein diets, the average survival days of the weaned voles fed with 3% and 6% tannic acid diets decreased 26.23% and 49.36% compared to controls at the end of trial period, respectively. With 20% protein diets, the average survival of weaned voles given 6% tannic acid diet decreased 39.41% compared to controls at the end of trial period, although weaned voles given 3% tannic acid had a slight decrease of average survival days. The results of study suggested that tannins could substanitially affect the individual performance of weaned root voles.

氟、氯对热液钨、铜成矿的制约-以江西德兴铜矿、大吉山钨矿为例

矿化剂在热液矿床成矿过程中的重要作用一直为人们所关注，矿化剂地球化学行为直接影响成矿元素的富集成矿，不同的矿化剂元素可能对金属成矿具有一定的专属性。本文以著名的江西德兴铜厂超大型斑岩铜矿床和大吉山钨矿床作为研究对象，研究F、Cl与W、Cu成矿的关系。主要的认识如下：（1）F在花岗质岩浆中，可以降低岩浆的粘度、密度、固液相线温度、改变熔体结构，而Cl对熔体结构没有多大的影响。F在流体一花岗质熔体相间，绝大多数配分系数小于1.0，趋向于熔体相中配分，DF随体系中F浓度的升高而增加。Cl在流体一花岗质熔体相间的配分系数均大于1.0，且Dc1 随体系中Cl浓度的升高而增大·Cl强烈地趋向富集于流体相中。（2）Cu在流体一花岗质熔体作用过程中，铜总趋向于流体相中分布（DCu都大于1）。特别是在富Cl流体中Cu浓度较高，说明在富含Cl的热液流体能够从共存的熔体中活化迁移出大量的 Cu，S的加入DCu有降低的趋势。钨趋向于熔体相中富集，其配分系数大多小于1.0。（3）德兴铜厂花岗闪长斑岩属钙碱性系列岩石属I型花岗岩类，具有埃达克岩的特征。岩浆来源于深部，在结晶演化过程中发生了围岩物质的混染，这种高铜含量围岩的混染使成矿物质在岩浆中得到富集，有利于铜的活化、迁移。在铜厂岩体不同的蚀变带中，SiO2、K2O、Cu、Mo等从新鲜斑岩甚至弱蚀变带中带出，而在强蚀变带强烈富集，Cl同样有在强蚀变岩石中富集的趋势；而Na2O、Fe从斑岩体中带出，进入流体相中，流体中大量Fe的存在，有利于铜的沉淀、富集成矿。（4）德兴铜厂斑岩体微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征表明，该岩体发生了流体一熔体作用，分异出来的流体是一种相对富氯的流体，同时成矿流体的流向是从岩体中心向接触带方向流动。（5）大吉山花岗岩具有高SiO2、A/CNK值，显示过铝质特点。黑云母花岗岩是壳源花岗岩但又受到慢源岩浆或慢源流体的影响。随着花岗岩的演化（从I→II→III）SiO2、K2O＋Na2O逐渐增加，ΣFe、Al2O3、CaO、F含量降低，为成矿提供了大量的矿化剂（F）和沉淀剂（Fe、Ca���。Eu负异常从I至III阶段花岗岩逐渐加强，表明该岩浆经历了高度的分异演化。（6���大吉山花岗岩类稀土元素具有“四重效应”配分的特点以及微量元素对玲Rb、Y/Ho、Zr/Hf以及Nb／Ta发生明显分异，暗示在花岗岩岩浆的演化过程中，经历了充分的流体一熔体作用，同时分异出大量富含F、W等矿化剂元素和成矿元素的热液流体，致使钨矿的形成。大吉山石英脉型钨矿的成矿年龄大约在155 Ma。（7）通过对成矿流体和花岗质岩石黑云母、白云母中卤素相对逸度的研究（log(H2O/fHCl）fluid、log（fHF/fHCl）fluid）发现，铜厂斑岩型铜矿床的成矿体系是相对富氯体系，而大吉山石英脉型钨矿床成矿体系相对富氟，同时氟可能主要迁移W、Sn、Nb、Ta等金属元素。（8）结合斑岩型铜矿床成矿流体特征，铜主要以C1的络合物形式存在和迁移，迁移形式主要是CuCl0、CuCl2等。石英脉型钨矿床中，钨主要以钨酸、钨酸盐及其离解形式存在和迁移，如WO42-、HWO4-、NaHWO4、Naw伍．等；在高度富氟的成矿流体中，钨的氟氧络合物（如WO3F-，WO2F42-等）对钨迁移也具有重要的作用。因此，不同矿化剂类型具有一定的成矿专属性，热液铜矿床主要与Cl、S有 关，而热液钨矿床大多与F有关。

Complying with the NIH Public Access Policy - Copyright Considerations and Options

On January 11, 2008, the National Institutes of Health ('NIH') adopted a revised Public Access Policy for peer-reviewed journal articles reporting research supported in whole or in part by NIH funds. Under the revised policy, the grantee shall ensure that a copy of the author's final manuscript, including any revisions made during the peer review process, be electronically submitted to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central ('PMC') archive and that the person submitting the manuscript will designate a time not later than 12 months after publication at which NIH may make the full text of the manuscript publicly accessible in PMC. NIH adopted this policy to implement a new statutory requirement under which: The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law. This White Paper is written primarily for policymaking staff in universities and other institutional recipients of NIH support responsible for ensuring compliance with the Public Access Policy. The January 11, 2008, Public Access Policy imposes two new compliance mandates. First, the grantee must ensure proper manuscript submission. The version of the article to be submitted is the final version over which the author has control, which must include all revisions made after peer review. The statutory command directs that the manuscript be submitted to PMC 'upon acceptance for publication.' That is, the author's final manuscript should be submitted to PMC at the same time that it is sent to the publisher for final formatting and copy editing. Proper submission is a two-stage process. The electronic manuscript must first be submitted through a process that requires input of additional information concerning the article, the author(s), and the nature of NIH support for the research reported. NIH then formats the manuscript into a uniform, XML-based format used for PMC versions of articles. In the second stage of the submission process, NIH sends a notice to the Principal Investigator requesting that the PMC-formatted version be reviewed and approved. Only after such approval has grantee's manuscript submission obligation been satisfied. Second, the grantee also has a distinct obligation to grant NIH copyright permission to make the manuscript publicly accessible through PMC not later than 12 months after the date of publication. This obligation is connected to manuscript submission because the author, or the person submitting the manuscript on the author's behalf, must have the necessary rights under copyright at the time of submission to give NIH the copyright permission it requires. This White Paper explains and analyzes only the scope of the grantee's copyright-related obligations under the revised Public Access Policy and suggests six options for compliance with that aspect of the grantee's obligation. Time is of the essence for NIH grantees. As a practical matter, the grantee should have a compliance process in place no later than April 7, 2008. More specifically, the new Public Access Policy applies to any article accepted for publication on or after April 7, 2008 if the article arose under (1) an NIH Grant or Cooperative Agreement active in Fiscal Year 2008, (2) direct funding from an NIH Contract signed after April 7, 2008, (3) direct funding from the NIH Intramural Program, or (4) from an NIH employee. In addition, effective May 25, 2008, anyone submitting an application, proposal or progress report to the NIH must include the PMC reference number when citing articles arising from their NIH funded research. (This includes applications submitted to the NIH for the May 25, 2008 and subsequent due dates.) Conceptually, the compliance challenge that the Public Access Policy poses for grantees is easily described. The grantee must depend to some extent upon the author(s) to take the necessary actions to ensure that the grantee is in compliance with the Public Access Policy because the electronic manuscripts and the copyrights in those manuscripts are initially under the control of the author(s). As a result, any compliance option will require an explicit understanding between the author(s) and the grantee about how the manuscript and the copyright in the manuscript are managed. It is useful to conceptually keep separate the grantee's manuscript submission obligation from its copyright permission obligation because the compliance personnel concerned with manuscript management may differ from those responsible for overseeing the author's copyright management. With respect to copyright management, the grantee has the following six options: (1) rely on authors to manage copyright but also to request or to require that these authors take responsibility for amending publication agreements that call for transfer of too many rights to enable the author to grant NIH permission to make the manuscript publicly accessible ('the Public Access License'); (2) take a more active role in assisting authors in negotiating the scope of any copyright transfer to a publisher by (a) providing advice to authors concerning their negotiations or (b) by acting as the author's agent in such negotiations; (3) enter into a side agreement with NIH-funded authors that grants a non-exclusive copyright license to the grantee sufficient to grant NIH the Public Access License; (4) enter into a side agreement with NIH-funded authors that grants a non-exclusive copyright license to the grantee sufficient to grant NIH the Public Access License and also grants a license to the grantee to make certain uses of the article, including posting a copy in the grantee's publicly accessible digital archive or repository and authorizing the article to be used in connection with teaching by university faculty; (5) negotiate a more systematic and comprehensive agreement with the biomedical publishers to ensure either that the publisher has a binding obligation to submit the manuscript and to grant NIH permission to make the manuscript publicly accessible or that the author retains sufficient rights to do so; or (6) instruct NIH-funded authors to submit manuscripts only to journals with binding deposit agreements with NIH or to journals whose copyright agreements permit authors to retain sufficient rights to authorize NIH to make manuscripts publicly accessible.

Why do Nigerian manufacturing firms take action on AIDS?

Objective: To identify differences between manufacturing firms in Nigeria that have undertaken HIV/AIDS prevention activities and those that have not as a step toward improving the targeting of HIV policies and interventions. Methods: A survey of a representative sample of registered manufacturing firms in Nigeria, stratified by location, workforce size, and industrial sector. The survey was administered to managers of 232 firms representing most major industrial areas and sectors in March-April 2001. Results: 45.3 percent of the firms’ managers received information about HIV/AIDS from a source outside the firm in 2000; 7.7 percent knew of an employee who was HIV-positive at the time of the survey; and 13.6 percent knew of an employee who had left the firm and/or died in service due to AIDS. Only 31.7 percent of firms took any action to prevent HIV among employees in 2000, and 23.9 percent had discussed the epidemic as a potential business concern. The best correlates of having taken action on HIV were knowledge of an HIV-positive employee or having lost an employee to AIDS (odds ratio [OR] 6.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.30, 17.57) and receiving information about the disease from an outside source (OR 7.83, 95% CI: 3.46, 17.69). Conclusions: Despite a nationwide HIV seroprevalence of 5.8 percent, as of 2001 most Nigerian manufacturing firm managers did not regard HIV/AIDS as a serious problem and had neither taken any action on it nor discussed it as a business issue. Providing managers with accurate, relevant information about the epidemic and practical prevention interventions might strengthen the business response to AIDS in countries like Nigeria.

Evaluation of tumor response, disease control, progression-free survival, and time to progression as potential surrogate end points in metastatic breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Overall survival (OS) can be observed only after prolonged follow-up, and any potential effect of first-line therapies on OS may be confounded by the effects of subsequent therapy. We investigated whether tumor response, disease control, progression-free survival (PFS), or time to progression (TTP) could be considered a valid surrogate for OS to assess the benefits of first-line therapies for patients with metastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Individual patient data were collected on 3,953 patients in 11 randomized trials that compared an anthracycline (alone or in combination) with a taxane (alone or in combination with an anthracycline). Surrogacy was assessed through the correlation between the end points as well as through the correlation between the treatment effects on the end points. RESULTS: Tumor response (survival odds ratio [OR], 6.2; 95% CI, 5.3 to 7.0) and disease control (survival OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 4.8 to 6.3) were strongly associated with OS. PFS (rank correlation coefficient, 0.688; 95% CI, 0.686 to 0.690) and TTP (rank correlation coefficient, 0.682; 95% CI, 0.680 to 0.684) were moderately associated with OS. Response log ORs were strongly correlated with PFS log hazard ratios (linear coefficient [rho], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.19). Response and disease control log ORs and PFS and TTP log hazard ratios were poorly correlated with log hazard ratios for OS, but the confidence limits of rho were too wide to be informative. CONCLUSION: No end point could be demonstrated as a good surrogate for OS in these trials. Tumor response may be an acceptable surrogate for PFS.