Evaluation of Recurrence Risks for Left-Sided Cardiac Lesions

It is widely accepted that hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), aortic valve stenosis with or without bicuspid aortic valve (AS/BAV) and coarctation of the aorta (CoA) occur in families more commonly with each other than with any other congenital heart defect (CHD). Genetic counseling for CHDs is currently based on empiric risk estimates derived from data collected on all types of CHDs between 1968 and 1990. Additionally, for the specific group of defects described above, termed left-sided lesions, estimates are available for sibling recurrence. Utilizing family history data from 757 probands recruited between 1997 and 2007 from The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, this study reassessed the pre/recurrence risks for LSLs specifically. Sibling pre/recurrence risks for HLHS (5.5%, 95% CI: 3.1%-8.9%), CoA (4.0%, 95% CI: 2.1%-6.7%), and AS/BAV (6.0%, 95% CI: 3.3%-9.8%) were higher than currently quoted risks based on sibling data for individual LSLs. Additionally, the prevalence of BAV in 202, apparently unaffected, parents of 134 probands was assessed by echocardiography. BAV, which occurs at a frequency of 1% in the general population, was found to occur in approximately 10% of parents of LSL probands. Lastly, among affected first-degree relative pairs (i.e. siblings, parent-offspring), the majority (65%-70%) were both affected with a LSL. Defect specific concordance rates were highest for AS/BAV. Together, these findings suggest that over the past 20 years with changing diagnostic capabilities and environmental/maternal conditions (e.g. folic acid fortification, increased maternal diabetes and obesity) recurrence risks may have increased, as compared to current LSL specific risk estimates. Based on these risk estimate increases and prior studies, a protocol for screening first-degree relatives of LSL probands should be devised.

Impact of Acquired Pellicle Modification on Adhesion of Early Colonizers

New preventive approaches against dental erosion caused by acidic drinks and beverages include fortification of beverages with natural polymers. We have shown that the mixture of casein and mucin significantly improved the erosion-inhibiting properties of the human pellicle layer. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pellicle modification by casein, mucin and a casein-mucin mixture on the adhesion of early bacterial colonizers. Test specimens of human tooth enamel were prepared, covered with saliva and coated with 0.5% aqueous (aq.) casein, 0.27% aq. mucin or with 0.5% aq. casein-0.27% aq. mucin, after which the adhesion of Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus oralis, and Actinomyces odontolyticus was measured after incubation for 30 min and 2 h. log10 colony-forming units were compared by nonparametric tests. All three bacterial strains adhered in higher number to pellicle-coated enamel than to native enamel. The protein modifications of pellicle all decreased the counts of adhering bacteria up to 0.34 log10/mm2, the most efficient being the casein-mucin mixture. In addition to the recently shown erosion-reducing effect by casein-mucin, modification of the pellicle may inhibit bacterial adherence compared to untreated human pellicle.

Association of maternal sphinganine:sphingosine ratio and folate levels with neural tube defects along the South Texas border

Neural tube defects (NTDs) remain elevated in Hispanic women along the South Texas Border, despite folate supplementation and folate fortification of cereal products. Missmer et al. examined the relationships between fumonisins, a class of corn mycotoxin, and NTDs in Hispanic women who ate corn tortillas and found increased odds ratios with increasing exposure, as measured by serum sphinganine:sphingosine (sa:so) ratios. This study examined the interactions between categorized maternal serum folate levels and stratified sa:so ratios and the resultant odds ratios of NTDs, stratified by type (anencephaly and spina bifida). The hypothesis was that the above normal folate category would have lower odds ratios of NTDs at given sa:so ratio categories and that there would be a difference in odds ratio patterns for anencephaly and spina bifida. Methods. Data for 406 Hispanic women were obtained from the Missmer case-control study. Sa:so ratios were calculated and subjects were stratified into “below normal,” “normal,” and above normal range for folate. A logistic regression model was applied, controlling for BMI, serum B12, lab batch, and conception date. Results. While OR’s of NTDs increased for increasing sa:so ratios, OR’s for “above normal” folate were not decreased at any sa:so ratio and there was no statistically significant difference between OR’s of anencephaly and spina bifida. Conclusion. Folate does not appear to be protective against the potential teratogenic effect of fumonisins and did not differ in effect on OR’s of NTD by type. More research is necessary to determine the extent of fumonisin exposure in Hispanic women along the South Texas Border.^

The relationship between supermarket nutrient movements and the mortality rates from fat-associated and non-fat-associated cardiovascular disease: Development of an ecologic method for determining community food patterns

Supermarket nutrient movement, a community food consumption measure, aggregated 1,023 high-fat foods, representing 100% of visible fats and approximately 44% of hidden fats in the food supply (FAO, 1980). Fatty acid and cholesterol content of foods shipped from the warehouse to 47 supermarkets located in the Houston area were calculated over a 6 month period. These stores were located in census tracts with over 50% of a given ethnicity: Hispanic, black non-Hispanic, or white non-Hispanic. Categorizing the supermarket census tracts by predominant ethnicity, significant differences were found by ANOVA in the proportion of specific fatty acids and cholesterol content of the foods examined. Using ecological regression, ethnicity, income, and median age predicted supermarket lipid movements while residential stability did not. No associations were found between lipid movements and cardiovascular disease mortality, making further validation necessary for epidemiological application of this method. However, it has been shown to be a non-reactive and cost-effective method appropriate for tracking target foods in populations of groups, and for assessing the impact of mass media nutrition education, legislation, and fortification on community food and nutrient purchase patterns. ^

Policy analysis of iron micronutrient programs at USAID: The FANTA program in East Africa and the micronutrient initiative in Bihar region of India, using comparative cost effective and cost benefit analysis

It is the aim of this paper to examine iron supplementation programs which receive funding from United States Agency for International Development (USAID) but approach combating iron deficiency anemia in two vastly different ways. A brief literature review and background information on iron deficiencies and the differences between supplementation programs and micronutrient fortification were reviewed. Two non-governmental organizations (NGO's) were examined for this paper: the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance II (FANTA) and the MicroNutrient Initiative. The FANTA program included an educational component to their supplementation program while the MicroNutrient Initiative solely used supplementation of micronutrients to their population. Methods used were cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis to determine the overall effectiveness of each program in reducing iron deficiency anemia in each population, if the added costs of the incentives in the FANTA program changed the cost-effectiveness of the program compared to the MicroNutrient Initiative program and to determine which program imparted the greatest benefit to each population by reducing the disease burden in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY). Results showed that the unit cost of the FANTA program per person was higher than the MicroNutrient Initiative program due to the educational component. The FANTA program reduced iron deficiency anemia less overall but cost less for each percentage point of anemia decreased in their respective populations. The MicroNutrient Initiative program had a better benefit cost ratio for the populations it served. The MicroNutrient Initiative's large scale program imparted many advantages by reducing unit cost per person and decreasing iron deficiency anemia. The FANTA program was more effective at decreasing iron deficiency anemia with less money: $5,660 per 1% decrease in iron deficiency anemia versus $18,450 per 1% decrease in iron deficiency anemia for the MicroNutrient Initiative program. ^ In conclusion, economic analysis cannot measure all of the benefits associated with programs that contain an educational component or large scale supplementation. More information needs to be gathered by NGOs and reported to USAID, such as detailed prevalence rates of iron deficiency anemia among the populations served. Further research is needed to determine the effects an educational supplementation program has on compliance rates of participants and motivation to participate in supplementation programs whose aim is to decrease iron deficiency anemia in a targeted population.^

Process of Expropriation of Buildings for the Construction of the New Dock of the Port of Cartagena (Spain) in the 18th Century

The need of the Bourbon monarchy to build a Naval Base in the Bay of Cartagena (Spain) during the eighteenth century, implied performing various actions on the environment which allowed the construction of the new dock. One of the priority actions was the transformation of the watershed of the streams that flowed into Mandaraches´s sea. For this reason, a dike was designed and constructed in the northern part of the city. The design of this great work, which was designed as a fortification of the city, was subject to considerable uncertainties. Its proximity to the city involved the demolition of several buildings in the San Roque´s neighborhood. The greater or lesser number of affected buildings and the value of the just indemnification for the expropriation of them, become decisive factors to determine if the work was viable for the Royal Estate or not.

La catedral de Ávila : evolución constructiva y análisis estructural

Esta tesis se enmarca en el ámbito de la Historia de la Construcción, se estudia la Catedral de Ávila desde un punto de vista técnico, necesario para completar la visión que de esta catedral se tenía. La interpretación de la documentación de archivo, que se encontraba dispersa e inconexa, ha permitido realizar una cronología revisada y completa de las campañas constructivas para el conjunto de la Catedral, desde el siglo XI al XXI. Mediante el análisis de los Contratos de Obra e Informes, se ha puesto de relieve conocimientos de técnicas constructivas medievales. Se plantean dos hipótesis para el orden en el proceso constructivo. En la zona del Cimorro, en relación con la supresión de la tribuna, colocación de los arbotantes y construcción de la fortificación y triple almenado. En el cuerpo de las naves, referida a la posible existencia de una tribuna, colocación del sistema de contrarresto que vemos actualmente y misión del arco entibo del coro. Se ha analizado la estabilidad estructural de la Catedral bajo el marco teórico del Análisis Límite para Estructuras de Fábrica, utilizando la restitución gráfica procedente del levantamiento topográfico realizado. Estos análisis han servido como comprobación de las hipótesis planteadas, por realizarse tanto para la situación actual como para las diferentes campañas constructivas propuestas. Se ha comprobado la validez de las reglas geométricas tradicionales para el análisis de la estructuras de fábrica en los elementos principales de la estructura gótica. Esta tesis incrementa el conocimiento de la historia mecánica del edificio interpretando el funcionamiento mecánico de sus arbotantes, proyectados de forma atípica, y la colocación de los arcos entibo y codales para conseguir la estabilidad del conjunto. La tesis cuenta con un anexo que recopila una extensa documentación gráfica: planimetría, iconografía y fotografía histórica; la trascripción inédita del Contrato de obra para la Capilla de San Segundo y un anexo de cálculo de la zona del Cimorro y del Cuerpo de Naves. This thesis aims to the field of Construction History. The Cathedral of Ávila is studied from a technical point of view, which was necessary to complete the existing knowledge about this Cathedral. The interpretation of archive documentation, which was disperse and unconnected before this work, has allowed the proposal of a revised and complete chronology of the diverse building stages of the Cathedral, dating from the XI century to the XXI century. The analysis of work contracts and of reports has revealed knowledge of medieval construction techniques. Two hypotheses are presented about the order in the construction process. The first hypothesis concerning the destruction of the tribune, the placing of the flying buttress and the building of the fortification and triple system of battlement in the area of the “Cimorro”. The second hypothesis regarding the naves: the possible existence of a tribune, the placing of the system of counterthrust, which can currently be seen, and the function of the “entibo” arch in the choir. The Structural Stability of the Cathedral has been analysed within the theoretical Framework of Limit Analysis to Masonry Structure, by using of the drawing proceeding from our lifting topographical. These analyses have proven the presented hypotheses, since they have been applied to the current situation as well as to the several building stage proposed in the chronology. The validity of the traditional geometric rules for the analysis of the masonry structure in the core elements of Gothic structures has been verified. This thesis increases the knowledge of the mechanical history of the building by interpreting the mechanical working of the flying buttress in an atypical arrangement and the placing of the “entibo” arch and “codal” arch in order to obtain the stability of the monument. The thesis incorporates supplementary material which can be categorized in three groups: 1) extensive graphic documentation (planning, iconography and history photography); 2) the hitherto unknown transcription of the “CONTRATO DE OBRA PARA LA CAPILLA DE SAN SEGUNDO”; 3) an appendix of Analysis of Calculation for the “Cimorro” and the naves.

Fundamentos constructivos de las fortificaciones fronterizas entre las coronas de Castilla y Aragón de los siglos XII al XV en la actual provincia de Soria

La tesis doctoral desarrolla una investigación original, dentro del marco disciplinario de la historia de la construcción, sobre los fundamentos constructivos de las fortificaciones bajomedievales fronterizas entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón en la actual provincia de Soria. En el título de la tesis ya queda expresado el objeto fundamental y fundacional, así como el ámbito temporal —desde la reconquista del oriente soriano por parte de Alfonso I el Batallador a principios del siglo XII hasta la unificación de las coronas hispánicas en el siglo XV bajo el común mandato de los Reyes Católicos— y la extensión territorial que delimita la investigación: aquéllas comarcas castellanas lindantes con Aragón pertenecientes a la actual provincia de Soria. Durante este período bajomedieval se produjeron una serie de enfrentamientos fronterizos que obligó a fortificar la frontera y las vías de comunicación entre ambas coronas. La falta de estudios de conjunto de estas fortificaciones entendiéndolas como participantes en un sistema fortificado ha constituido la justificación de la investigación, que se realiza en varios niveles de análisis: territorial, histórico, arquitectónico, poliorcético y constructivo. Así mismo, se ha detectado cierta falta de rigor acompañada de inexactitudes en las consideraciones constructivas publicadas sobre algunas de las fortificaciones del ámbito de estudio, lo que ha provocado errores en su datación al no más haber elementos de corte artístico o estilístico que marquen indudablemente la pertenencia a una época. En la tesis se ponen en duda las dataciones tradicionalmente aceptadas planteando la hipótesis que da pie a la investigación: ante la falta de elementos artísticos o estilísticos en unos sobrios edificios eminentemente funcionales es posible establecer con suficiente aproximación la fecha de construcción en base a criterios constructivos una vez formada una clasificación cronotipológica de cada técnica constructiva. La hipótesis, por lo tanto, plantea un objetivo principal —el estudio de la razón constructiva del sistema fortificado fronterizo— desarrollado en una serie de objetivos específicos cuya consecución programa los sucesivos niveles de análisis: - Conocer y detallar los elementos históricos que originaron los enfrentamientos entre las Coronas de Castilla y Aragón y su desarrollo mediante herramientas historiográficas y analizar las características naturales del territorio en litigio mediante instrumentos cartográficos. - Conocer y analizar los tipos arquitectónicos y las tradiciones constructivas empleadas en las construcciones castrenses en el ámbito temporal en que se enmarca la investigación. - Localizar, documentar y seleccionar para su análisis las fortalezas y construcciones militares erigidas durante dichas luchas fronterizas en la actual provincia de Soria a través del trabajo de campo y métodos cartográficos y bibliográficos. - Realizar un estudio general sobre el sistema fortificado a escala territorial - Investigar la tipología arquitectónica, poliorcética y constructiva del conjunto de estas fortificaciones bajomedievales fronterizas. - Analizar los fundamentos constructivos de los casos de estudio seleccionados entre estas construcciones y caracterizarlas en cuanto al material, elementos, sistemas y procesos constructivos. - Ordenar la información histórica dispersa y corregir errores para hacer una base sobre la que establecer un discurso histórico de cada caso de estudio. - Comparar y relacionar las técnicas constructivas empleadas en estas fortalezas con los utilizados en el mismo ámbito temporal. - Difundir para su debate los resultados de la investigación por los foros científicos habituales. El método empleado combina los trabajos de gabinete con una intensa labor de campo, en la que se han documentado cincuenta fortificaciones y se han redactado sus correspondientes fichas de toma de datos. La recopilación de datos se ha incluido en una base de datos que incluye aspectos generales, tipológicos, constructivos y bibliográficos básicos del conjunto, a modo de inventario, de fortificaciones de la provincia. Las fortificaciones seleccionadas se agrupan según una clasificación tipológica y constructiva que marca las líneas de estudio posteriores. Se desarrolla un capítulo de antecedentes en el que se estudia la historia de la construcción fortificada medieval tanto en Europa como en España analizando la evolución de los tipos arquitectónicos y las múltiples influencias culturales que surcaron el Mediterráneo desde el Oriente cruzado e islámico al Poniente donde se desarrollaba la empresa reconquistadora que mantuvo en estado de guerra continuo a la Península Ibérica durante ochocientos años. El análisis del territorio como contenedor del hecho fortificado revela que hay una relación íntima entre la ubicación de las fortificaciones y las formas naturales que definen las vías de comunicación entre los valles del Duero, del Ebro y del Tajo. En efecto, el ámbito de estudio ha supuesto desde la Antigüedad un territorio de paso fundamental en la articulación de las comunicaciones en la Península Ibérica. Este carácter de paso más que de frontera explica las inquietudes y la preocupación por su control tanto por Roma como por el califato cordobés como por los reinos cristianos medievales. El análisis de los elementos históricos se complementa con el estudio detallado de los enfrentamientos fronterizos entre Castilla y Aragón así como los aspectos sociales y políticos que provocaron la fortificación como sistema de definición de la frontera y de organización espacial, jurisdiccional, social y administrativa del territorio. La arquitectura fortificada es esencialmente funcional: su cometido es la defensa. En este sentido, tras un estudio morfológico de los castillos seleccionados se realiza un extenso análisis poliorcético de sus elementos, investigando su origen y aplicación para servir también de parámetros de datación. Siendo el objeto inaugural de la tesis el estudio de los fundamentos constructivos, se explican los distintos materiales de construcción empleados y se agrupan las fábricas de las fortificaciones seleccionadas en dos grandes grupos constructivos: las fábricas aparejadas y las fábricas encofradas. Se han destacado y estudiado la evolución histórica y la tipología y mensiología constructiva de tres técnicas destacadas: el uso del ladrillo, la tapia de cal y canto o mampostería encofrada y la tapia de tierra. Para el estudio de la componente histórica y de la dimensión constructiva de cada técnica ha sido necesario documentar numerosos casos tanto en el ámbito de estudio como en la Península Ibérica con el fin de establecer grupos cronotipológicos constructivos entre los que poder ubicar las fábricas de estas técnicas presentes en el ámbito de estudio. Se ha observado una evolución dimensional de las fábricas de tapia que es más evidente en las hispanomusulmanas al modularse en codos pero que también se advierte significativamente en las cristianas bajomedievales. De cada una de las técnicas analizadas se ha seleccionado un caso de estudio singular y representativo. El castillo de Arcos de Jalón es un ejemplo significativo del empleo de la fábrica mixta de mampostería con verdugadas de ladrillo, así como las murallas de la ciudad fortificada de Peñalcázar lo es de la fábrica de mampostería encofrada y el castillo de Serón de Nágima constituye un caso característico y principal de la utilización de la tapia de tierra en la arquitectura militar bajomedieval. Cada uno de estos tres casos de estudios se examina bajo los mismos cuatro niveles anteriormente mencionados: territorial, histórico, arquitectónico y defensivo y constructivo. El sistemático método de estudio ha facilitado el orden en la investigación y la obtención de unos resultados y conclusiones que verifican la hipótesis y cumplen los objetivos marcados al comienzo. Se ha revisado la datación en la construcción de las fortificaciones analizadas mediante el estudio cronotipológico de sus fábricas, pudiendo trasladarse el método a otros sistemas fortificados. La tesis abre, finalmente, dos vías principales de investigación encaminadas a completar el estudio del sistema fortificado fronterizo bajomedieval en la raya oriental soriana de Castilla: la caracterización y datación por métodos físico-químicos de las muestras de piezas de madera de construcción que se conservan embebidas en las fábricas y la búsqueda documental y archivística que pueda revelar nuevos datos respecto a la fundación, reparación, venta o cualquier aspecto económico, legislativo, organizativo o administrativo relativo a las fortificaciones en documentos coetáneos. ABSTRACT The doctoral thesis develops an original research, held in the field of the Construction History, about the constructive reason of the frontier fortifications in the Late Middle Age between the Crowns of Castile and Aragón in the actual province of Soria, Spain. In the title is expressed the main objective, and also the temporal scope —from the reconquest in the 12th Century by Alfonso the First of Aragón to the unification under the common kingdom of the Catholic Kings— and the territorial extension that the research delimits: those Castilian regions in the border with Aragón in the actual province of Soria. During this period, a series of border wars were been, and this is the reason for the fortification of the border line and the main roads between both Crowns. The lack of studies of these fortifications as participants in a fortified system is the justification of the research. There is several analysis levels: territorial, historical, architectonic, defensive and constructive. Likewise, there is a lack of strictness and inaccuracy in the constructive items in the publications about several fortifications of this study field. This aspect has caused mistakes in the dating because there is neither artistic nor stylistic elements which determines a epoch. The traditionally accepted datings are challenged. An hypothesis is formulated: in the absence of artistic or stylistic elements in a sober and functional buildings is possible to date the time of construction with sufficiently approximation based on construction criteria once formed a cronotypologic classification of each building technique. The hypothesis, therefore, propose a main aim: the study of the constructive reason of the fortified border system. This aim is developed in a series of specifically targets whose achievement programs the analysis levels: - To know and to detail the historical elements which started the wars between Castile and Aragon and its development using historiographical tools, and to analyze the natural characteristic of the territory through cartographical tools. - To understand and to analyze the different architectural types and the building traditions employed in the military buildings in the time researched. - To locate, to document, and to select for their analysis the fortresses and military constructions erected during these border wars in the actual province of Soria through fieldwork and bibliographical and cartographical methods. - To conduct a general study on the fortified system in territorial scale. - To research the architectural, constructive and defensive typology of the system of these border late medieval fortifications. - To analyze the construction logic of the selected case studies and to characterize in the items of material, elements, systems and construction processes. - To sort scattered historical information and to correct mistakes to make a base by which to establish a historic speech of each case study. - To compare and to relate the construction techniques employed in these fortresses with those used in the same time range . - To spread for discussion the research results in the usual scientists forums. The method combines the destock work with an intense fieldwork. Fifty fortifications have been documented and it has written their corresponding data collection card. Data collection has been included in a database that includes general aspects, typological, constructive and basic bibliographical data, as an inventory of fortifications in the province. The selected fortifications are grouped according to a typological and constructive classification which lead the lines of the later study. There is a chapter for the antecedents in which the history of the medieval fortified construction in Europe and in Spain is studied by analyzing the evolution of architectural types and the many cultural influences along the opposite seasides of the Mediterranean Sea, from the Islamic and Crusader East to the Iberian Peninsula in where there were a long and continuous war during eight hundred years. The territory is analyzed as a container of fortifications. This analysis reveals that there is an intimate relationship between the location of the fortifications and the natural forms that define the communication roads between the Duero, Ebro and Tajo valleys. Indeed, the study area has been a cross-territory from ancient times more than a frontierterritory. This communication character explains the concerns about its control both by Rome and by the Muslims of Córdoba as medieval Christian kingdoms. The analysis of historical elements is supplemented by detailed study of border war between Castile and Aragon and the social and political issues that led to the fortification as border definition system and spatial, jurisdictional, social and administrative planning. The fortified architecture is essentially functional: it is responsible for defense. In this sense, after a morphological study of selected castles is performed an extensive analysis of its defensive elements, investigating its origin and application. This analisis serves for the definition of parameters for dating. The purpose of the thesis is the study of the constructive logic. First, various building materials are explained. Then, masonry is grouped into two major constructive groups: rigged masonry and formwork masonry. The historical evolution and the constructive typology and mensiology are studied for each one of the three main techniques: the use of brickwork, the mortar wall and rammed-earth. Many case studies have been documented along the Iberian Peninsula and also in the study area. As conclusion, there is a dimensional evolution of the rammed-earth walls. This evolution is more evident into the Muslim masonry than in the late medieval walls: the reason is the use of the cubit as module. From each of the techniques discussed, a singular and representative case of study has been selected. The castle of Arcos de Jalon is a significant example of mix masonry of stone and brick rows. The walled city of Peñalcázar is built with masonry formwork. Serón de Nágima castle, at last, is a typical and main case of the use of the rammedearth wall of late medieval military architecture. Each of these three case studies were examined under the same four analysis levels above mentioned: territorial, historical, architectural and defensive and constructive. The systematic method of study has facilitated the order in the research and the obtaining of results and conclusions that verify the hypotheses and achieve the research objectives. Dating of the fortifications construction has been revised by studying the cronotypological issues of its masonry. The method can be transferred to the study of other fortified systems. Finally, the thesis describes two main research new ways aimed at completing the study of the late medieval fortified border of Castile in the actual province of Soria. The first of them is the characterization and datig by physicochemical methods the sample pieces of wood construction preserved embedded in the masonry. The second research way is the investigation of the documents in archives that may reveal new information about the foundation, repair, sale or any aspect to economic, legal, organizational or administrative concerning fortifications in contemporary documents.

Tres iglesias sajonas fortificadas en Transilvania, Rumanía: Hosman, Pelişor y Moşna

Saxon colonization in Transylvania occurred from 12th Century with the establishment of the populations with certain degree of freedom and autonomy. External threats over this territory obliged to the fortification of their churches, mainly between 15th and 16th Centuries with the advance of Turkish Empire. The fortification of the churches consists on the building of walls with gates and flanking towers, and also with the incorporation of several defensive elements over the apses. Most outstanding characteristics of this fortified system are the homogeneity in typology, construction and polyorcetic, without detracting of the singularity of each one of the more of 150 conserved churches. The article presents an actual state of the art. Also, it develops the main historical elements and it explains the architectonic typology and the constructive characteristics. At last, defensive elements are analyzed from the comparative and deep study through three proper examples: the churches of Hosman, Pelisor and Mosna. La colonización sajona de Transilvania se produjo a partir del siglo XII con el asentamiento de poblaciones con cierto grado de libertad y autonomía. Las amenazas externas sobre este territorio obligaron a la fortificación de sus iglesias, principalmente entre los siglos XV y XVI ante el avance del imperio turco. La fortificación de las iglesias consta de la construcción de murallas con puertas y torres de flanqueo, además de la incorporación de diversos elementos poliorcéticos sobre las cabeceras de las iglesias. Las características más relevantes de este sistema fortificado es la homogeneidad tipológica, constructiva y poliorcética sin menoscabo de la singularidad de cada una de las más de 150 iglesias conservadas. El artículo presenta un estado de la cuestión actualizado, además de desarrollar los elementos históricos más relevantes, explicar la tipología arquitectónica y las característica constructivas y analizar los elementos poliorcéticos desde el estudio comparado y profundo de tres ejemplos característicos: las iglesias de Hosman, Pelisor y Mosna.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de métodos de extração e separação cromatográfica em colunas monolíticas e superficialmente porosas para determinação de herbicidas triazínicos em solos e águas

O uso de pesticidas levou ao aumento da produtividade e qualidade dos produtos agrícolas, porém o seu uso acarreta na intoxicação dos seres vivos pela ingestão gradativa de seus resíduos que contaminam o solo, a água e os alimentos. Dessa forma, há a necessidade do monitoramento constante de suas concentrações nos compartimentos ambientais. Para isto, busca-se o desenvolvimento de métodos de extração e enriquecimento de forma rápida, com baixo custo, gerando um baixo volume de resíduos, contribuindo com a química verde. Dentre estes métodos destacam-se a extração por banho de ultrassom e a extração por ponto nuvem. Após o procedimento de extração, o extrato obtido pode ser analisado por técnicas de Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência (HPLC) e a Cromatografia por Injeção Sequencial (SIC), empregando fases estacionárias modernas, tais como as monolíticas e as partículas superficialmente porosas. O emprego de SIC com coluna monolítica (C18, 50 x 4,6 mm) e empacotada com partículas superficialmente porosas (C18, 30 x 4,6 mm, tamanho de partícula 2,7 µm) foi estudado para separação de simazina (SIM) e atrazina (ATR), e seus metabólitos, desetilatrazina (DEA), desisopropilatrazina (DIA) e hidroxiatrazina (HAT). A separação foi obtida por eluição passo-a-passo, com fases móveis compostas de acetonitrila (ACN) e tampão Acetato de Amônio/Ácido acético (NH4Ac/HAc) 2,5 mM pH 4,2. A separação na coluna monolítica foi realizada com duas fases móveis: MP1= 15:85 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc e MP2= 35:65 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc a uma vazão de 35 µL s-1. A separação na coluna com partículas superficialmente porosas foi efetivada com as fases móveis MP1= 13:87 (v v-1) ACN: NH4Ac/HAc e MP2= 35:65 (v v-1) ACN:NH4Ac/HAc à vazão de 8 µL s-1. A extração por banho de ultrassom em solo fortificado com os herbicidas (100 e 1000 µg kg-1) resultou em recuperações entre 42 e 160%. A separação de DEA, DIA, HAT, SIM e ATR empregando HPLC foi obtida por um gradiente linear de 13 a 35% para a coluna monolítica e de 10 a 35% ACN na coluna com partículas superficialmente porosas, sendo a fase aquosa constituída por tampão NH4Ac/HAc 2,5 mM pH 4,2. Em ambas as colunas a vazão foi de 1,5 mL min-1 e o tempo de análise 15 min. A extração por banho de ultrassom das amostras de solo com presença de ATR, fortificadas com concentrações de 250 a 1000 µg kg-1, proporcionou recuperações entre 40 e 86%. A presença de ATR foi confirmada por espectrometria de massas. Foram realizados estudos de fortificação com ATR e SIM em amostras de água empregando a extração por ponto nuvem com o surfactante Triton-X114. A separação empregando HPLC foi obtida por um gradiente linear de 13 a 90% de ACN para a coluna monolítica e de 10 a 90% de ACN para a coluna empacotada, sempre em tampão NH4Ac/HAc 2,5 mM pH 4,2. Em ambas as colunas a vazão foi de 1,5 mL min-1 e o tempo de análise 16 min. Fortificações entre 1 e 50 µg L-1 resultaram em recuperações entre 65 e 132%.

Performed acculturation at Fort Marion : a case study of Zotom's drawings

This study examines how Native American warriors imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, Florida, between 1875 and 1878, used their drawings to perform acculturation. I use the Kiowa warrior Paul Caryl Zotom’s drawings as a case study to demonstrate how the prisoners became methodical and formulaic in their subject matter and artistic style. Euro-American visitors to Fort Marion appreciated particular drawings over others, thereby directing subject matter. Prisoners adopted European artistic standards, thus, connected with their White audience further. Zotom’s embrace of both the subject matter and artistic style that the Euro-American audience appreciated most indicates his desire to demonstrate how successful he and his fellow prisoners were at adopting the white man’s road. I argue that much of the apparent change displayed visually in Zotom’s drawings was performed rather than true acculturation.

La frontera marítima fortificada: de la vigilancia a la señalización (XVI-XIX)

During the 16th century an ambitious political programme for building towers and forts bordering the Spanish Empire’s littoral, to protect it, is materialised. This sighting network over the sea horizon had the essential mission of detecting the presence of vessels that supposed a threat. The network was organised through the strategic arrangement of watchtowers taking profit of the geographical features in the topography so that they could communicate among them with a system of visual signs. The virtual union of the stated settlements defined the fortified maritime borderline. At the same time, this network of sentinels was reinforced (in certain settlements) by the construction of fortifications that acted like centres of data reception and supplied the necessary personnel for detection and transmission. So, this mesh was established by observation points (watchtowers) and information and defense centres (fortifications) to make the news arrive to the decision centres. The present communication aims to demonstrate this military strategy providing the inventory of all defensive architectures that marked this limit between the Segura river mouth until the Huertas cape and that these are spotted from the ‘Flat’ island (later Nueva Tabarca). A riverside geography of approxi-mately 30 km long where 3 fortifications and 7 towers of diverse typologies successively took place. Among the most relevant documents of this research, we could mention the plans of the fortifycations in Guardamar and Santa Pola from the 16th century (drawn in the 18th). For this research, drawings of towers made by the Ministry of Public Works at the end of the 19th century are also important; these documents show the new military tactics, neither for attack neither for defense. At most, they replaced for maritime lighthouses for signage and help for navigation while the others towers were abandoned.

Summary of the evolution of the fortifications of Santa Barbara Castle in Alicante from its origins to the beginning of the eighteenth century

Since ancient times, Alicante has been considered a strategic location on the east coast of Spain. Situated close to the sea, it is protected to the southeast by the Cape of Huerta and to the southwest by the Cape of Santa Pola. The city lies at the foot of Mount Benacantil, a high outcrop which has been the site of defensive buildings since time immemorial due to its naturally strong position: it was undoubtedly one of the strongest natural sites in the Levant. Its summit, lying 160 metres above the sea, is topped by a series of fortified enclosures now known as Santa Barbara Castle. This paper briefly describes the alterations made to the castle fortifications from its origins through the Renaissance, including the Muslim and Christian periods until the late fifteenth century and subsequent alterations to adapt new bastioned fortification techniques, and depicts the status of the fortress in each period. This paper is the result of doctoral research carried out at different national and international archives and leading to a thesis presented in 2011.

Tiburzio Spannocchi’s project for the fortifications of Fuenterrabía in 1580

Fuenterrabía (Hondarribia) is a town located on the Franco-Spanish border. Between the 16th and 19th centuries it was considered to be one of the most outstanding strongholds in the Basque Country due to its strategic position. The bastion system of fortification was extremely prevalent in this stronghold. It was one of the first Spanish towns to adopt the incipient Renaissance designs of the bastion. The military engineers subsequently carried out continuous fortification projects that enabled the structure to withstand the advances being made in artillery and siege tactics. After the construction of the citadel of Pamplona had begun in 1571, following the design of the prestigious military engineer, Jacobo Palear Fratín and being revised by Viceroy Vespasiano Gonzaga, the aforementioned engineer undertook an ambitious project commissioned by Felipe II to modernise the fortifications of Fuenterrabía. Neither the plans nor the report of this project have been conserved, but in the year 2000, César Fernández Antuña published the report written by Spannocchi on the state of the fortifications of Fuenterrabía when he arrived to the Spanish peninsula, discovered in the Archivo Histórico Provincial de Zaragoza. This document conducts an in-depth analysis of Spannocchi’s project and how it was related to Fratín’s previous project. It concludes that this project encountered problems in updating the new bastions at the end of the 16th century, and identifies the factors which prevented the stronghold from being extended as was the case in Pamplona after Fratín’s project.

Southern Vietnam, 1883 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: La Cochinchine française en 1883. It was published by Challamel ainé in 1884. Scale [ca. 1:1,000,000]. Covers Southern Vietnam and portions of Cambodia. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Asia North Lambert Conformal Conic coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, roads, railroads, territorial and administrative boundaries, fortification, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.