The role of the catalytic particle in the growth of carbon nanotubes by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes were synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using nickel as a metal catalyst. High resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis of the particle found at the tip of the tubes reveals the presence of a metastable carbide Ni3C. Since the carbide is found to decompose upon annealing at 600 degreesC, we suggest that Ni3C is formed after the growth is stopped due to the rapid cooling of the Ni-C interstitial solid solution. A detailed description of the tip growth mechanism is given, that accounts for the composite structure of the tube walls. The shape and size of the catalytic particle determine the concentration gradient that drives the diffusion of C atoms across and though the metal. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

A comparative study of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor gate dielectrics for solution-processed polymer thin-film transistor circuit integration

This paper considers plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) silicon nitride (SiNx) and silicon oxide (SiOx) as gate dielectrics for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs), with solution-processed poly[5, 5′ -bis(3-dodecyl-2-thienyl)-2, 2′ -bithiophene] (PQT-12) as the active semiconductor layer. We examine transistors with SiNx films of varying composition deposited at 300 °C as well as 150 °C for plastic compatibility. The transistors show over 100% (two times) improvement in field-effect mobility as the silicon content in SiNx increases, with mobility (μFE) up to 0.14 cm2 /V s and on/off current ratio (ION / IOFF) of 108. With PECVD SiOx gate dielectric, preliminary devices exhibit a μFE of 0.4 cm2 /V s and ION / IOFF of 108. PQT-12 OTFTs with PECVD SiNx and SiOx gate dielectrics on flexible plastic substrates are also presented. These results demonstrate the viability of using PECVD SiN x and SiOx as gate dielectrics for OTFT circuit integration, where the low temperature and large area deposition capabilities of PECVD films are highly amenable to integration of OTFT circuits targeted for flexible and lightweight applications. © 2008 American Institute of Physics.

Scanning transmission electron microscopy investigation of the Si(111)/AlN interface grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

The structure and chemistry of the interface between a Si(111) substrate and an AlN(0001) thin film grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy have been investigated at a subnanometer scale using high-angle annular dark field imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. 〈1120̄〉AlN ∥ 〈110〉Si and 〈0001〉AlN ∥ 〈111〉 Si epitaxial relations were observed and an Al-face polarity of the AlN thin film was determined. Despite the use of Al deposition on the Si surface prior to the growth, an amorphous interlayer of composition SiNx was identified at the interface. Mechanisms leading to its formation are discussed. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.

Linear Stability Analysis of Convection in Two-Layer System with an Evaporating Vapor-Liquid Interface

Classical theories have successfully provided an explanation for convection in a liquid layer heated from below without evaporation. However, these theories are inadequate to account for the convective instabilities in an evaporating liquid layer, especially in the case when it is cooled from below. In the present paper, we study the onset of Marangoni convection in a liquid layer being overlain by a vapor layer.A new two-sided model is put forward instead of the one-sided model in previous studies. Marangoni-Bénard instabilities in evaporating liquid thin layers are investigated with a linear instability analysis. We define a new evaporation Biot number, which is different from that in previous studies and discuss the influences of reference evaporating velocity and evaporation Biot number on the vapor-liquid system. At the end, we explain why the instability occurs even when an evaporating liquid layer is cooled from below.

Thickness And Component Distributions Of Yttrium-Titanium Alloy Films In Electron-Beam Physical Vapor Deposition

Thickness and component distributions of large-area thin films are an issue of international concern in the field of material processing. The present work employs experiments and direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to investigate three-dimensional low-density, non-equilibrium jets of yttrium and titanium vapor atoms in an electron-beams physical vapor deposition (EBPVD) system furnished with two or three electron-beams, and obtains their deposition thickness and component distributions onto 4-inch and 6-inch mono-crystal silicon wafers. The DSMC results are found in excellent agreement with our measurements, such as evaporation rates of yttrium and titanium measured in-situ by quartz crystal resonators, deposited film thickness distribution measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometer (RBS) and surface profilometer and deposited film molar ratio distribution measured by RBS and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). This can be taken as an indication that a combination of DSMC method with elaborate measurements may be satisfactory for predicting and designing accurately the transport process of EBPVD at the atomic level.

Transfaunación de líquido ruminal en terneros lactantes de la finca Jericó en el municipio de Boaco, Departamento de Boaco

El presente estudio se realizó con el fin de evaluar diferentes dosis de líquido ruminal en terneros lactantes para determinar su efecto en el estado fisico de los mismos para su posterior recomendación e inclusión en la dieta, fue desarrollado en la finca Jericó del municipio de Boaco, Departamento de Boaco. Se utilizó un Diseño Completamente Aleatorio con arreglo bifactorial en el que se evaluaron los factores sexo (2) y dosis de líquido ruminal (3) con tres obscnaciones por tratamiento. Los terneros fueron seleccionados homogéneamente, considerando la edad, el tamaño, la condición corporal y peso: fueron sometidos a un período de adaptación al consumo de líquido ruminal de 15 días. Posteriormenle se distribnuyeron aleatoriamente en cada uno de los tratamientos y todos se sometieron al mismo manejo zootécnico. Las variables evaluadas fueron Ganancia Media Diaria de peso y condición corporal. las mü;mas se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y estadística descriptiva respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos indican que hay diferencias altamente signíficatívas para el factor sexo y la interacción (Sexo * Dosis) al nivel de significación del 1 %. No asi para el factor Dosis que no presenta diferencias significativas, La prueba de rangos múltiples SNK proporciona evidencias para dejar al conjunto de tratamientos comparados en tres categorías estadísticas: la mejor ganancia de peso la presentan los temeros machos con 0.5 lítros de liquido rumínal (A). seguido de terneros hembras con 05 litros de liquido ruminal (AB): y por último los terneros machos y hembras con 0 y 1 litro de líquido ruminal (B). Los pertenecientes a la categoría A no presentan diferencias significativas con los pertenecientes a la categoría AB, pero si con la categoría B.

Reforma tributária : competitividade, equidade e equilíbrio federativo

A publicação "é produto do ciclo de conferências, realizado pela Comissão de Finanças e Tributação (CFT) da Câmara dos Deputados, em maio de 2011, para debater temas componentes das agendas referentes ao aperfeiçoamento institucional do sistema tributário brasileiro, em especial aos aspectos relacionados à competitividade empresarial, à equidade social e ao equilíbrio federativo vertical e horizontal."

Fundo de Participação dos Estados : equilíbrio social e econômico

O Estado brasileiro é federal. O governo é repartido entre a União, Estados e os Municípios. A Constituição prevê que são dotados de autonomia, com responsabilidades sobre bens e serviços públicos e competências para arrecadação de tributos para o seu custeio. Há predominância da União, com necessidade de coordenação entre todos os governos em relação a certos assuntos. As decisões adotadas por cada ente federado podem beneficiar ou prejudicar os demais. Há fundamentos teóricos sobre a forma como são definidas aquelas responsabilidades e competências. Um exame dos tributos sobre o consumo, à renda e o patrimônio mostra que poucos deles são apropriados para serem cobrados pelos Estados e Municípios eficientemente, surgindo a necessidade de outros instrumentos para a obtenção de recursos. O Fundo de Participação dos Estados chama a atenção como relevante instrumento de transferência fiscal, e em razão de decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), que, em 24-02-2010, declarou a inconstitucionalidade das suas regras de rateio previsto na Lei Complementar 62/1989, mantendo sua vigência até 31-12-2012. Consoante a decisão do STF, exigem-se novos critérios de rateio do fundo, de caráter móvel, relacionados às diferenças sociais e econômicas dos Estados, que impeçam a cristalização das cotas dele resultantes, e atendam o art. 161, II, Constituição. Os projetos de lei complementar da Câmara sobre o assunto contêm valiosos elementos para o estabelecimento de um novo modelo, destacando-se o território, a população, a renda per capita e a receita tributária como possíveis critérios a serem adotados.

Growth of Silicon Carbide Bulk Crystals by Physical Vapor Transport Method and Modeling Efforts in the Process Optimization

Silicon carbide bulk crystals were grown in an induction-heating furnace using the physical vapor transport method. Crystal growth modeling was performed to obtain the required inert gas pressure and temperatures for sufficiently large growth rates. The SiC crystals were expanded by designing a growth chamber having a positive temperature gradient along the growth interface. The obtained 6H-SiC crystals were cut into wafers and characterized by Raman scattering spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the results showed that most parts of the crystals had good crystallographic structures.

Lateral motion and departure of vapor bubbles in nucleate pool boiling on thin wires in microgravity

A space experiment on bubble behavior and heat transfer in subcooled pool boiling phenomenon has been performed utilizing the temperature-controlled pool boiling (TCPB) device both in normal gravity in the laboratory and in microgravity aboard the 22(nd) Chinese recoverable satellite. The fluid is R113 at 0.1 MPa and subcooled by 26 degrees C nominally. A thin platinum wire of 60 mu m in diameter and 30mm in length is simultaneously used as heater and thermometer. Only the lateral motion and the departure of discrete vapor bubbles in nucleate pool boiling are reported and analyzed in the present paper. A scale analysis on the Marangoni convection surrounding a bubble in the process of subcooled nucleate pool boiling leads to formulas of the characteristic velocity of the lateral motion and its observability. The predictions consist with the experimental observations. Considering the Marangoni effect, a new qualitative model is proposed to reveal the mechanism underlying the bubble departure processes and a quantitative agreement can also be acquired.

La práctica de actividad física y deportiva (PAFYD) de la población adulta de Gipuzkoa como hábito líquido

440 p.

Caracterización de las vías atmosféricas y mecanismos de exportación de contaminantes y vapor de agua desde la cuenca mediterránea occidental en la época estival

pag. var.

The Convective Instabilities in a Liquid-Vapor System with a Non-equilibrium Evaporation Interface

Rayleigh-Marangoni-B,nard instability in a system consisting of a horizontal liquid layer and its own vapor has been investigated. The two layers are separated by a deformable evaporation interface. A linear stability analysis is carried out to study the convective instability during evaporation. In previous works, the interface is assumed to be under equilibrium state. In contrast with previous works, we give up the equilibrium assumption and use Hertz-Knudsen's relation to describe the phase change under non-equilibrium state. The influence of Marangoni effect, gravitational effect, degree of non-equilibrium and the dynamics of the vapor on the instability are discussed.