Investigation of dead-layer thickness in SrRuO3/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3/Au thin-film capacitors

Thin-film capacitors, with barium strontium titanate (BST) dielectric layers between 7.5 and 950 nm in thickness, were fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition. Both crystallography and cation chemistry were consistent with successful growth of the BST perovskite. At room temperature, all capacitors displayed frequency dispersion such that epsilon (100 kHz)/epsilon (100 Hz) was greater than 0.75. The dielectric constant as a function of thickness was fitted, using the series capacitor model, for BST thicknesses greater than 70 nm. This yielded a large interfacial d(i)/epsilon (i) ratio of 0.40 +/-0.05 nm, implying a highly visible parasitic dead layer within the capacitor structure. Modeled consideration of the dielectric behavior for BST films, whose total thickness was below that of the dead layer, predicted anomalies in the plots of d/epsilon against d at the dead-layer thickness. In the capacitors studied here, no anomaly was observed. Hence, either (i) 7.5 nm is an upper limit for the total dead-layer thickness in the SRO/BST/Au system, or (ii) dielectric collapse is not associated with a distinct interfacial dead layer, and is instead due to a through-film effect. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Exploring grain size as a cause for dead-layer effects in thin film capacitors

Pulsed laser deposition was used to make a series of Au/Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST)/SrRuO3/MgO thin film capacitors with dielectric thickness ranging from similar to15 nm to similar to1 mum. Surface grain size of the dielectric was monitored as a function of thickness using both atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Grain size data were considered in conjunction with low field dielectric constant measurements. It was observed that the grain size decreased with decreasing thickness in a manner similar to the dielectric constant. Simple models were developed in which a functionally inferior layer at the grain boundary was considered as responsible for the observed dielectric behavior. If a purely columnar microstructure was assumed, then constant thickness grain-boundary dead layers could indeed reproduce the series capacitor dielectric response observed, even though such layers would contribute electrically in parallel with unaffected bulk- like BST. Best fits indicated that the dead layers would have a relative dielectric constant similar to40, and thickness of the order of tens of nanometers. For microstructures that were not purely columnar, models did not reproduce the observed dielectric behavior well. However, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicated columnar microstructure, suggesting that grain boundary dead layers should be considered seriously in the overall dead-layer debate. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Settling the ‘‘Dead Layer’’ Debate in Nanoscale Capacitors

Permittivity peaks in single crystal thin film capacitors are strongly suppressed compared to bulk in the case of Pt/SrTiO(3)/Pt, but are relatively unaffected in Pt/BaTiO(3)/Pt structures. This is consistent with the recent suggestion that subtle variations in interfacial bonding between the dielectric and electrode are critical in determining the presence or absence of inherent dielectric "dead layers".

Understanding Corporate Governance Reform in South Africa: Anglo-American Divergence, the King Reports and Hybridization

This article investigates corporate governance reform in South Africa in the context of the country’s international links with Anglo-American corporate governance and domestic pursuit of socioeconomic development. Two key questions are evaluated. (a) How has divergence within the Anglo-American model influenced corporate governance reform in South Africa? (b) Can South Africa’s historical closeness to the Anglo-American model be combined with increasing attention to stakeholder issues to produce a hybrid “African model” of corporate governance? Evaluating these questions, the following issues are explored in turn: the contrast between shareholder and stakeholder models, divergence between U.S. and U.K. approaches to corporate governance as exemplified by Sarbanes-Oxley, locating a South African approach in context of the Anglo-American model, the King reports and an emerging “African” model of corporate governance, and the role of international and domestic factors in shaping South Africa’s ongoing reform process.