Characterization of heat tolerance in wheat cultivars and effects on production components

Abstract: There is a need for heat tolerant wheat cultivars adapted to the expansion of cultivation areas in warmer regions due to the high demand of this cereal for human consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of high temperatures on grain yield and yield components of wheat and characterize heat tolerant wheat genotypes at different development stages. The genotypes were evaluated in the field with and without heat stress. High temperatures reduced the number of spikelets per spike (21%), number of grains per spike (39%), number of grains per spikelet (23%), 1000-grain weight (27%) and grain yield (79%). Cultivars MGS 1 Aliança, Embrapa 42, IAC 24-Tucuruí and IAC 364-Tucuruí III are the most tolerant to heat stress between the stages double ridge and terminal spikelet; MGS 1 Aliança, BRS 264, IAC 24-Tucuruí, IAC 364-Tucuruí III and VI 98053, between meiosis and anthesis; and BRS 254, IAC-24-Tucuruí, IAC-364-Tucuruí III and VI 98053, between anthesis and physiological maturity. High temperatures reduce grain yield and yield components. The number of grains per spike is the most reduced component under heat stress. The genotypes differed in tolerance to heat stress in different developmental stages.

Phenotypic correlations and path analysis for plant architecture traits and grain production in three generations of cowpea

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the phenotypic correlation and path analysis of traits related to plant architecture, earliness and grain yield in F2, BC1 and BC2 generations, from crosses between cowpea cultivars BRS Carijó and BR14 Mulato. Most phenotypic correlations of the examined traits were concordant in statistical significance, with approximate values ​​among the examined generations. For the trait seed weight, significant and positive phenotypic correlations were observed in the three generations only for the trait number of secondary branches. The values ​​of the direct effects were in agreement with the values ​​of the phenotypic correlations, which indicate true association by the phenotypic correlation among the traits of grain yield examined. Path analysis indicated that the selection of productive plants will result in early plants and an increased number of secondary branches. In F2, plants with shorter length of the main branch and shorter length of secondary branches can be obtained. The causal model explained 15 to 30% of the total variation in grain weight in relation to the traits examined. The analyses indicated the possibility of selecting plants with a higher and early grain yield, shorter length of primary branches and lower number of nodes, which are important variables for mechanical or semi-mechanical harvesting.

A novel application of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from brewer’s spent grain with HPLC-DAD-MS analysis

This paper reports a novel application of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of polyphenols from brewer’s spent grains (BSG). A 24 orthogonal composite design was used to obtain the optimal conditions of MAE. The influence of the MAE operational parameters (extraction time, temperature, solvent volume and stirring speed) on the extraction yield of ferulic acid was investigated through response surface methodology. The results showed that the optimal conditions were 15 min extraction time, 100 °C extraction temperature, 20 mL of solvent, and maximum stirring speed. Under these conditions, the yield of ferulic acid was 1.31±0.04% (w/w), which was fivefold higher than that obtained with conventional solid–liquid extraction techniques. The developed new extraction method considerably reduces extraction time, energy and solvent consumption, while generating fewer wastes. HPLC-DADMS analysis indicated that other hydroxycinnamic acids and several ferulic acid dehydrodimers, as well as one dehydrotrimer were also present, confirming that BSG is a valuable source of antioxidant compounds.

Influencing factors on bread-derived exposure to ochratoxin A: type, origin and composition

The nearly ubiquitous consumption of cereals all over the world renders them an important position in international nutrition, but concurrently allocates exposure to possible contained contaminants. Mycotoxins are natural food contaminants, difficult to predict, evade, and reduce, so it is important to establish the real contribution of each contaminated food product, with the aim to evaluate mycotoxin exposure. This was the key objective of this survey and analysis for ochratoxin A content on 274 samples of commercialized bread in the Portuguese market, during the winter 2007. Different bread products were analyzed through an HPLC-FD method, including traditional types, novel segments, and different grain based bread products. A wide-ranging low level contamination was observed in all regions and types of bread products analyzed, especially in the Porto and Coimbra regions, and in the maize and whole-grain or fiber-enriched bread. Nevertheless, the exposure through contaminated wheat bread continues to be the most significant, given its high consumption and dominance in relation to the other types of bread.

Brewer's spent grain from different types of malt: Evaluation of the antioxidant activity and identification of the major phenolic compounds

The antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of brewer's spent grain (BSG) extracts obtained by microwave-assisted extraction from twomalt types (light and darkmalts) were investigated. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity among the light BSG extracts (pilsen, melano, melano 80 and carared)were significantly different (p b 0.05) compared to dark extracts (chocolate and black types), with the pilsen BSG showing higher TPC (20 ± 1 mgGAE/g dry BSG). In addition, the antioxidant activity assessed by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and deoxyribose assays decreased as a result of increasing kilning temperatures in the following order: pilsen N melano N melano 80 N carared N chocolate N black. HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of phenolic acids, such as ferulic, p-coumaric and syringic acids, as well as several isomeric ferulate dehydrodimers and one dehydrotrimer. Chocolate and black extracts, obtained frommalts submitted to the highest kilning temperatures, showed the lowest levels of ferulic and p-coumaric acids. These results suggested that BSG extracts from pilsen malt might be used as an inexpensive and good natural source of antioxidants with potential interest for the food, pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic industries after purification.

Composição nutricional e elaboração do biscoito e da barra de cereal do fruto de Tucamã (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.)

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

Mathematical modelling of shallow flows: closure models drawn from grain-scale mechanics of sediment transport and flow hydrodynamics

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36(10) 1605–16

DU GRAIN À LA MUSIQUE : MANIPULATIONS EN TEMPS RÉEL

Dans cet article, nous présenterons une étude comparative de quelques techniques de manipulation du signal comme la Transformée de Fourier à Court Terme, la Synthèse Granulaire Asynchrone et PSOLA, notamment dans le cadre de leur utilisation en temps réel. Nous présenterons succinctement le fonctionnement de ces trois méthodes dans l’environnement Max / MSP avec l’utilisation de la librairie GABOR. La manipulation des paramètres propres à chaque méthode a des conséquences sur les variables musicales, et l’utilisation de ces méthodes implique des corrélations entre les paramètres techniques du traitement du signal et des attributs musicaux spécifiques. Ainsi, nous essayerons d’explorer les espaces des paramètres et de la perception musicales entre le temps, la période et le spectre (les rythmes, les fréquences et les timbres) en comparant les différentes méthodes en vue de leur croisement dans un système de traitement commun.

Influence of grain size of aggregate in freeze/thaw cycles of lime mortars

XII DBMC – 12th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, Vol.2, Porto, 2011, p.737-744

Characterization tests for insulation boards made from corn cob and natural glues

In recent years there has been a growing interest in developing news solutions for more ecologic and efficient construction, including natural, renewable and local materials, thus contributing in the search for more efficient, economic and environmentally friendly construction. Several authors have assessed the possibility of using various agricultural sub products or wastes, as part of the effort of the scientific community to find alternative and more ecologic construction materials. Corn cob is an agricultural waste from a very important worldwide crop. Natural glues are made from natural materials, non-mineral, that can be used as such or after some modifications to achieve the behaviour and performance required. Two examples of these natural glues are casein and wheat flour-based glues that were used in the present study. Boards with different compositions were manufactured, having as variables the type of glue, the dimension of the corn cob particles and the features of the pressing process. The tests boards were characterized with physical and mechanical tests, such as thermal conductivity (λ) with a ISOMET 2104 and 60 mm diameter contact probe, density (ρ) based on EN 1602:2013, surface hardness (SH) with a PCE Shore A durometer, surface resistance (SR) with a PROCEQ PT pendular sclerometer, bending behaviour (σ) based on EN 12089:2013, compression behaviour (σ10) based on EN 826:2013 and resilience (R) based on EN 1094-1:2008, with a Zwick Rowell bending equipment with 2 kN and 50 kN load cells (Fig. 1), dynamic modulus of elasticity (Ed) with a Zeus Resonance Meter equipment (Fig. 5) based on NP EN 14146:2006 and water vapour permeability (δ) based on EN 12086:2013. The various boards produced were characterized according to the tests and the ones with the best results were C8_c8 (casein glue, grain size 2,38-4,76 mm, cold pressing for 8 hours), C8_c4 (casein glue, grain size 2,38-4,76 mm, cold pressing for 4 hours), F8_h0.5 (wheat flour glue, grain size 2,38-4,76 mm, hot pressing for 0,5 hours), FEV8_h0.5 (wheat flour, egg white and vinegar glue, grain size 2,38-4,76 mm, hot pressing for 0,5 hours) and FEVH68_c4 (wheat flour, egg white, vinegar and 6 g of sodium hydroxide glue, grain size 2,38-4,76 mm, cold pressing for 4 hours). Taking into account the various boards produced and respective test results the type of glue and the pressure and pressing time are very important factors which strongly influence the final product. The results obtained confirmed the initial hypotheses that these boards have potential as a thermal and, eventually, acoustic insulation material, to use as coating or intermediate layer on walls, floors or false ceilings. This type of board has a high mechanical resistance when compared with traditional insulating materials.The integrity of these boards seems to be maintained even in higher humidity environments. However, due to biological susceptibility and sensitivity to water, they would be more adequate for application in dry interior conditions.

Study of salt stress tolerance in spelt

World population is increasing at an alarming rate while food productivity is decreasing due to the effect of various abiotic stresses. Soil salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress and a limiting factor for worldwide plant production. In addition to its important effects on yield, salt stress affects numerous cellular activities, including cell wall composition, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, ions and organic solutes. Up to 20% of the irrigated arable land in arid and semiarid regions is already salt affected and is still expanding. Improving salt tolerant varieties is of major importance, and efforts should be focused on finding adaptive mechanisms which are involved in salinity tolerance. In this study, several spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Spelta) genotypes and one cultivar of modern bread wheat were used to screen them for salt tolerance. Spelt is an old-European cereal crop currently attracting renewed interest as a food grain because it is said to be harder than wheat and requires less fertilizer. Spelt wheat is also becoming very attractive genetic source by plant breeders due to its wide adaptation ability to various stressful conditions such as soil salinity. In this study morphological parameters (e.g., leaf appearance; shoot elongation), dry matter production, mineral nutrients (especially Na and K), and activity of antioxidative enzymes were measured to select superior genotypes of spelt for salt tolerance. The results showed that Spelt genotype Sp41 is a salt sensitive genotype and genotypes Sp69, Sp96 and Sp912 are good candidates for salt tolerant genotypes.

Evaluación de aspectos agronómicos, químicos-nutricionales y tecnológicos de lupinos y quínoas. Agronomic, chemical-nutritional and technological evaluation of lupin and quinoa grain crops.

Este proyecto desarrolla estudios multidisciplinarios para contribuir con información avalada por métodos científicos, a propuestas de desarrollos regionales agronómicos y de tecnología de alimentos en la provincia de Córdoba. Se propone realizar evaluaciones de factibilidad de cultivo de variedades de lupinos y quínoas en parcelas experimentales y huertas, verificar las características químico-nutricionales de los granos y establecer mecanismos tecnológicos, para poder presentar productos alimenticios viables de comercialización. Estos granos, poco conocidos en los hábitos nutricionales actuales, fueron considerados desde la antigüedad por distintas civilizaciones, como importantes fuentes de alimento vegetal. En la actualidad la necesidad de contar con nuevas fuentes de alimentos provenientes de sistemas auto-sustentables y manufacturación artesanal, ha llevado investigar alternativas de nuevos cultivos y a revalorizar aquellos que han sucumbido a las tecnologías modernas. Tanto los granos de quínoa como la de los lupinos han cobrado interés a nivel internacional por su alto valor nutricional, farmacológico y por sus cualidades de plantas rústicas a los manejos de cultivo. Es por esas razones, que se propone desarrollar un proyecto de investigación con transferencia de tecnología, para contar con experiencias que permitan establecer los lineamientos agronómicos y de tecnología de alimentos necesarios para promover los granos de lupinos y quínoas dentro de los planes nutricionales de nuestra sociedad. La importancia de este proyecto se fundamenta en la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas de cultivos que se adapten a los recursos de clima y suelo en áreas rurales de las sierras de Córdoba y promover nuevos emprendimientos relacionados con los sectores agrícolas y de la alimentación. Para su mejor desarrollo el proyecto está diagramado en tres módulos que cubren las siguientes áreas: Módulo 1, ensayos de cultivo en parcelas experimentales y huertas comunales; Módulo 2, análisis químicos-nutricionales; Módulo 3, diseño y adaptación de equipamiento para la manufacturación de alimentos. La metodología de investigación está ampliamente respaldada por la experiencia que cuenta el equipo de trabajo en los módulos propuestos y que puede ser verificada en la producción científica plasmada en trabajos publicados en revistas con referato nacionales e internacionales, presentaciones a congresos y direcciones de tesis.

Evaluación de la interacción virus-hospedante-vector- endosimbiontes y su influencia en la transmisión del Mal de Río Cuarto en infecciones simples y mixtas con el Cereal Rhabdovirus.

El “Mal de Río Cuarto” es la enfermedad más importante del maíz en la Argentina. El agente causal es un fijivirus denominado Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV). Se transmite únicamente a través de delfácidos (Hemiptera-Delphacidae) de forma persistente propagativa. Se han descripto diversas especies con demostrada capacidad vectora, entre ellos Delphacodes kuscheli Fennah y Toya propinqua Fieber. La primera es de gran importancia tanto por su abundancia en las zonas maiceras de nuestro país como por su eficiencia de transmisión mientras que T. propinqua es una especie cosmopolita que se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en toda el área productiva. Ambas especies poseen una demostrada capacidad de transmisión a cereales de grano fino, importantes epidemiológicamente por su rol como reservorios del virus y el vector en época invernal. Un aspecto que requiere especial atención es la aparición de una nueva virosis, un Cytorhabdovirus, en infecciones mixtas con MRCV en cereales de invierno en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba (región endémica del Mal de Río Cuarto). Al igual que este último el rhabdovirus se transmite por insectos delfácidos, por lo que sería relevante estudiar las posibles interacciones entre la coinfección por ambos patógenos y sus consecuencias en la transmisión del MRCV. La capacidad vectora puede estar afectada por diversos aspectos biológicos, entre los que se pueden mencionar el estadío del insecto al momento de la adquisición del virus, los niveles de concentración viral alcanzados en el organismo del vector, la existencia de barreras morfofisiológicas (como las membranas basales del intestino medio y glándulas salivales, y mecanismos de inmunidad innata) y la presencia de endosimbiontes. Se conoce que existen diferencias en la transmisión según el MRCV se adquiera como ninfa de primer o tercer estadío, por lo que se propone realizar estudios comparativos entre ambos grupos. Se plantea además evaluar el efecto de diferencias de concentración del MRCV en el organismo del insecto en la transmisión mediante RT-qPCR, en infecciones simples y mixtas. Se analizará la posible existencia de barreras morfofisiológicas observando el tropismo de las partículas virales en los tejidos del vector a través de inmunomicroscopía confocal y la activación diferencial de genes de inmunidad innata con RT-qPCR. Dado que existen antecedentes de la presencia de endosimbiontes, como Wolbachia pipientis en este grupo de insectos, se propone además estudiar la prevalencia de esta bacteria y analizar las cepas existentes en poblaciones de delfácidos del área maicera. Este objetivo es importante por dos razones. En primer lugar, W pipientis es ampliamente estudiada como potencial biocontrolador de vectores debido al fenómeno de incompatibilidad citoplasmática que expresa en sus hospedantes. En segundo lugar, esta bacteria influye en la eficiencia de transmisión de enfermedades ya que se conoce que los endosimbiontes producen proteínas denominadas simbioninas que protegen las partículas virales de la degradación enzimática durante su circulación por la hemolinfa. De este modo, la presencia de Wolbachia podría condicionar la replicación, estabilidad y persistencia de las partículas virales en insectos vectores, fenómenos comprobados para otros patosistemas. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo final profundizar los conocimientos acerca del fenómeno de la transmisión viral y establecer bases para el manejo integrado del vector y la enfermedad.