A humidity-resistant highly sensitive holographic photopolymerizable dry film

A new humidity-resistant highly sensitive acrylamide-based photopolymeric holographic recording material has been developed. The photopolymer is resistant to the humidity of environment. Diffraction efficiencies near 50% are obtained with exposure energy of 60 mJ/cm(2) in materials of 150 mu m. thickness. Diphenyl iodonium chloride is added to the material and can increase the exposure sensitivity by a factor of more than 4 (to about 28 mJ/cm(2)). An image has been successfully stored in the material with a small distortion. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analytical method development for the uptake study of different organic pollutants by crops cultivated in compost-amended soils

256 p.

Estabelecimento de culturas de raízes e avaliação fitoquímica e da atividade antioxidante de Passiflora pohlii Mast

Passiflora pohlii Mast., conhecida como maracujá-do-campo ou maracujazinho, é uma espécie nativa do Brasil que apresenta características de interesse agronômico, principalmente em relação à tolerância a patógenos do solo pertencentes ao gênero Phytophtora sp, que provocam grandes prejuízos à cultura de maracujá. Embora ainda existam poucos trabalhos sobreesta espécie, estudos recentes com espécies do gênero descreveram atividades biológicas e farmacológicas em extratos de diferentes órgãos, incluindo folhas e raízes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o estabelecimento de culturas de raízes adventícias a partir de segmentos caulinares e radiculares excisados de plantas in vitro de P. pohlii e a avaliação do perfil fitoquímico e do potencial antioxidante dos extratos obtidos a partir de diferentes materiais obtidos in vitro, em comparação com plantas mantidas in vivo. Foram testados diferentes sistemas de cultura, além de tipos e concentrações de auxinas para a indução de raízes adventícias in vitro a partir de segmentos caulinares e radiculares. As culturas foram mantidas à temperatura de 252C, na presença ou ausência de luz. As respostas obtidas variaram de acordo com o tipo de explante utilizado. Segmentos internodais apresentaram a melhor taxa de indução de rizogênese em meio solidificado com ágar e suplementado com ANA a 2,7 μM, na ausência de luz, enquanto que segmentos radiculares tiveram maior taxa de proliferação em meio líquido sob agitação, suplementado com AIA a 2,85 μM, na ausência de luz. Os materiais botânicos produzidos in vitro, incluindo plantas completas e raízes adventícias obtidas a partir de segmentos internodais e radiculares, assim como plantas obtidas in vivo, foram utilizados para a produção de extratos etanólicos para a avaliação do perfil fitoquímico e da atividade antioxidante. As análises por CCD e CLAE-UV indicaram a presença de flavonoides e saponinas nos extratos de folhas de plantas mantidas in vivo e obtidas in vitro, enquanto que os extratos de raízes apresentaram apenas saponinas. Os extratos de folhas foram ainda submetidos à análise por CLAE-UV-IES-EM visando à identificação da massa molecular das substâncias encontradas. Foram identificados dois flavonoides, possivelmente isômeros, com massas moleculares de 607,2, nos extratos de folhas de plantas mantidas in vivo e obtidas in vitro. O potencial antioxidante dos diferentes materiais foi determinado pelos ensaios de 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila e CCD-DPPH. As maiores atividades antioxidantes foram observadas nos extratos de raízes primárias e secundárias excisadas de plantas mantidas in vivo. As estratégias de cultura de raízes in vitro descritas neste trabalho foram aplicadas com sucesso para P. pohlii. Além disso, a caracterização do perfil fitoquímico do material obtido in vitro e de plantas mantidas in vivo, assim como do seu potencial farmacológico, foi realizada pela primeira vez para a espécie

Avaliação do potencial fotoprotetor de extratos de musgos e investigação de seus riscos toxicológicos

A radiação ultravioleta (UV) induz diversos efeitos nocivos nos organismos e a quantidade desta radiação que atinge a biosfera é afetada pela concentração de ozônio, latitude, altitude, clima e reflexão especular. As respostas de briófitas em relação aos efeitos da radiação UV e a presença de compostos que absorvem esta radiação têm sido estudadas. Sanionia uncinata, Holomitriopsis laevifolia e Leucobryum laevifolium são espécies de musgos encontrados em locais expostos a alta incidência de radiação UV e com habitats distintos. Considerando que as respostas de musgos contra os efeitos da radiação UV e seus mecanismos de proteção ainda são pouco caracterizados, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o potencial fotoprotetor e possíveis riscos toxicológicos associados aos extratos dos musgos S. uncinata, proveniente da Antártica e H. laevifolia e L. laevifolium, proveniente do Amazonas. Seus extratos metanólico (EM), aquoso (EA), hidroalcoólico (EH) e etanólico (EE) foram estudados com a caracterização química por absorção ao UV e visível e pela cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência; quantificação do índice total de compostos fenólicos; determinação da capacidade captadora do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila a fim de avaliar as atividades antioxidantes; avaliação do potencial de fotoproteção cutânea pela determinação do fator de proteção solar; avaliações do potencial mutagênico e citototóxico, através do ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma, utilizando as cepas TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 e TA104; do potencial fotomutagênico através do ensaio de fotomutagenicidade, usando as cepas TA102 e TA104; e investigação dos efeitos genotóxicos e fotogenotóxicos, pelo ensaio de micronúcleo e fotomicronúcleo, respectivamente, usando diferentes linhagens celulares estabelecidas. Foram encontradas atividades fotoprotetoras e antioxidantes e observou-se que os extratos se apresentaram singulares devido a sua composição química. Os resultados fotoprotetores, além dos mutagênicos/fotomutagênicos, genotóxicos/fotogenotóxicos e suas respectivas avaliações citotóxicas também permitiram selecionar extratos e suas concentrações, como promissores candidatos em fotoproteção Assim, os EA e EH de H. laevifolia e L. laevifolium apresentam, no geral, os resultados mais significativos, tornando-se potenciais para avaliações refinadas em fotoproteção e na separação de componentes que possam levar a futuras aplicações como antioxidantes e protetores solares ou como adjuvantes.

Support for integrated ecosystem assessments of NOAA’s National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS): assessment of ecological condition and stressor impacts in subtidal waters of the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve

A study was conducted in June 2009 to assess the current status of ecological condition and potential human-health risks throughout subtidal estuarine waters of the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR) along the coast of Georgia. Samples were collected for multiple indicators of ecosystem condition, including water quality (dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, pH, nutrients and chlorophyll, suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria and coliphages), sediment quality (granulometry, organic matter content, chemical contaminant concentrations), biological condition (diversity and abundance of benthic fauna, fish tissue contaminant levels and pathologies), and human dimensions (fish-tissue contaminant levels relative to human-health consumption limits, various aesthetic properties). Use of a probabilistic sampling design facilitated the calculation of statistics to estimate the spatial extent of the Reserve classified according to various categories (i.e., Good, Fair, Poor) of ecological condition relative to established thresholds of these indicators, where available. Overall, the majority of subtidal habitat in the SINERR appeared to be healthy, with over half (56.7 %) of the Reserve area having water quality, sediment quality, and benthic biological condition indicators rated in the healthy to intermediate range of corresponding guideline thresholds. None of the stations sampled had one or more indicators in all three categories rated as poor/degraded. While these results are encouraging, it should be noted that one or more indicators were rated as poor/degraded in at least one of the three categories over 40% of the Reserve study area, represented by 12 of the 30 stations sampled. Although measures of fish tissue chemical contamination were not included in any of the above estimates, a number of trace metals, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found at low yet detectable levels in some fish at stations where fish were caught. Levels of mercury and total PCBs in some fish specimens fell within EPA guideline values considered safe, given a consumption rate of no more than four fish meals per month. Moreover, PCB congener profiles in sediments and fish in the SINERR exhibit a relative abundance of higher-chlorinated homologs which are uniquely characteristic of Aroclor 1268. It has been well-documented that sediments and fish in the creeks and marshes near the LCP Chemicals Superfund site, near Brunswick, Georgia, also display this congener pattern associated with Aroclor 1268, a highly chlorinated mixture of PCBs used extensively at a chlor-alkali plant that was in operation at the LCP site from 1955-1994. This report provides results suggesting that the protected habitats lying within the boundaries of the SINERR may be experiencing the effects of a legacy of chemical contamination at a site over 40km away. These effects, as well as other potential stressors associated with increased development of nearby coastal areas, underscore the importance of establishing baseline ecological conditions that can be used to track potential changes in the future and to guide management and stewardship of the otherwise relatively unspoiled ecosystems of the SINERR.

莱州湾区域表层沉积物中多氯化萘、多溴联苯醚和氯化石蜡的研究

本研究建立了沉积物中氯化石蜡（CPs）的分析方法，对莱州湾和该区域主要河流的表层沉积物中多氯萘（PCNs），多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）和CPs进行了分析，获得了他们在研究区域的含量水平、空间分布和单体分布模式，并初步探讨了它们在环境中的来源和迁移规律，估算了这三类污染物在莱州湾表层沉积物中的储量，初步评估了莱州湾沿岸的工业排放与人类活动对海洋生态环境的影响。 莱州湾海洋和河流沉积物PCNs的含量分别为65-470 pg/g dw，52-5100 pg/g dw，平均值分别为260 pg/g dw，1100 pg/g dw。莱州湾沉积物中PCNs的含量较低，与发达国家的背景值相当，主要河流沉积物与其他地区的近海、海湾、湖泊沉积物的含量相当。该区域的PCNs主要以5-Cl和6-Cl为主，为工业来源，主要受化工行业的影响。石化工厂热过程产生的低氯组分可能也是该区域PCNs的一个重要来源。莱州湾的PCNs主要来自水体颗粒的输入，而大气沉降来源的贡献不明显。 河流沉积物ΣPBDEs（不包括BDE-209）的含量分别为0.01- 53 ng/g dw，BDE-209的含量为0.74- 280 ng/g dw，平均值分别为4.4 ng/g dw，51 ng/g dw。在组成上，BDE-209占绝对优势，比低溴代BDEs高1-2个数量级，这是由于我国市场上十溴联苯醚是最主要的溴代阻燃剂。ΣPBDEs与亚洲一些地区含量相当，比北美和欧洲一些地区要低；BDE-209含量含量高出北美和欧洲一些地区，处于较高的水平。河流沉积物中BDE-47与-99，BDE-183与-153、-154具有很好的相关性，而且这几种单体质量分数相当，说明莱州湾区域存在五溴和八溴两种工业BDE阻燃剂来源。海洋沉积物中ΣPBDEs的含量为nd- 0.66 ng/g dw，平均值为0.32 ng/g dw，处于较低水平，BDE-209的含量为0.66- 12 ng/g dw，平均值为5.1 ng/g dw，与欧美一些地区相当，主要来自水体颗粒的输入。 本研究用电子捕获低分辨质谱（ECNI-LRMS）建立了沉积物中CPs的分析方法。该方法基于ECNI质谱对SCCP的响应与其氯含量在一定范围内呈线性关系的特性，建立SCCP的总响应因子与氯含量的工作曲线，从而建立定量方法。重点改进了传统方法中由于SCCP标准品和样品中氯含量不同所造成的响应因子的差别，不再要求标准品的含氯量与样品一致，从而提高了SCCP的分析效率与方法准确性。实验发现，当SCCP的实际氯含量在51%-63%之间时，二者线性关系良好（r2>0.96）。用不同氯含量的标准参考品测试，误差为8%-43%。仪器检测限和方法检测限分别为25-400 μg/L，20 ng/g。类似地，建立了中链氯化石蜡（MCCP）的分析方法，工作曲线的实际氯含量范围为44-57%，仪器检测限40-600 μg/L，方法检测限为6 ng/g。通过对比样品与标准品的峰形特征，严格控制保留时间来辨别SCCP与MCCP，实验证明由于二者叠加导致的误差：SCCP为8%，MCCP为14%，总体来说，用该方法得到的CPs数据是可靠的。本文所使用的净化方法能实现CPs与大部分有机氯化合物的分离。 用该方法对莱州湾的沉积物的CPs进行定量，除了两个河流样品MCCP的计算含氯量低于工作曲线以外，其他样品的SCCP和MCCP的计算氯含量都在工作曲线的范围之内。河流沉积物中SCCP和MCCP的含量分别为1-1200 ng/g dw，1-3300 ng/g dw，MCCP/SCCP均值为1.2；含量分布变化较大，一些河段受到工业排放的影响，CPs浓度高出均值1-2个数量级，MCCP/SCCP值也显著高出平均值。莱州湾区域大部分河流的CPs含量与欧洲、北美和日本一些地区相当，而一些受到点源污染的河段则处于较高的水平。河流中SCCP的质量分布在不同的站位不一样，在受到点源影响的样品中，C13的质量分数明显增大，占优势地位，可能是由MCCP携带的SCCP组分所致。MCCP的质量分布在河流和海洋中没有区别，都是C14占绝对优势。从氯取代的组分来讲，所有样品都是以6-8氯取代为主。海洋沉积物中SCCP和MCCP的含量分别为3-18 ng/g dw，1-13 ng/g dw， MCCP/SCCP均值为0.68，显著低于河流沉积物；SCCP的质量分布较为一致，都是以C10和C11为主。研究发现莱州湾区域SCCP与MCCP来源相似，但迁移规律有的不同。海洋环境中的MCCP可能主要来自水体颗粒的输入，而溶解态输入也是海洋环境中SCCP的重要来源。 对这三类污染物在莱州湾表层沉积物中的储量估算得到PCNs、ΣPBDEs、BDE-209、SCCP和MCCP在莱州湾表层0-10 cm沉积物中的储量分别为0.20t，0.25t，3.95t，6.52t，4.30t。拥有10%的渤海海域面积的莱州湾ΣPBDEs和BDE-209的储量分别占渤海海区总量的18-23%，18-32%，远远超过渤海的平均值。

Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Methanol Extracts of Two Kinds of Formicary

对两种不同的蚂蚁窝进行甲醇提取,并对提取物进行了急性毒性、抗自由基,酚含量、还原能力和抗菌活性的检测。二苯基三硝基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基的清除能力的检测表明:两种蚂蚁窝甲醇提取物都具有显著的自由基清除能力,并呈现出剂量依赖性,而且,在高浓度时(5~10mg·mL-1),它们的自由基清除能力甚至显著地高于二丁基羟基甲苯(butylated hydroxyl toluene,BHT)。酚的含量和还原能力分别用福林酚试剂和铁氰化钾还原反应来测定,统计分析显示两种蚂蚁窝的抗氧化能力和其酚含量、还原能力都存在着正相关。两种蚂蚁窝甲醇提取物都具有抗革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性菌的活性,但它们却对真菌没有作用。

钠通道在昆虫拟除虫菊酯抗药性中的重要作用

电压门控的钠通道是拟除虫菊酯(Pyrethroid)和滴滴涕(dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane)的共同靶变点,是它们产生交互抗性(击倒抗性,Knockdownresistance)的基础。由于拟除虫菊酯具有对昆虫和其他无脊椎动物呈高毒性,而对哺乳动物呈低毒性等特点,研究拟除虫菊酯的杀虫和抗药性机理,无论对人畜中毒的防治,还是对农业害虫的治理都有极为重大的意义。

An improved microtiter assay for evaluating anti-HIV-I neutralizing antibodies from sera or plasma

Background: The anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody assay is widely used in AIDS vaccine research and other experimental and clinical studies. The vital dye staining method applied in the detection of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody has been used in many laboratories. However, the unknown factor(s) in sera or plasma affected cell growth and caused protection when the tested sera or plasma was continuously maintained in cell culture. In addition, the poor solubility of neutral red in medium (such as RPMI-1640) also limited the use of this assay. Methods: In this study, human T cell line C8166 was used as host cells, and 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)- 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) instead of neutral red was used as vital dye. In order to avoid the effect of the unknown factor( s), the tested sera or plasma was removed by a washout procedure after initial 3 - 6 h culture in the assay. Result: This new assay eliminated the effect of the tested sera or plasma on cell growth, improved the reliability of detection of anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody, and showed excellent agreement with the p24 antigen method. Conclusion: The results suggest that the improved assay is relatively simple, highly duplicable, cost-effective, and well reliable for evaluating anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies from sera or plasma.

Cytotoxicity evaluation of three pairs of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) enantiomers on Hep G2 cell

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are additive brominated flame retardants mainly used in plastics and textiles. At the present time, these compounds are found in almost all environmental and human samples. In order to evaluate the environmental safety and health risk of HBCDs, the enantiomerically pure alpha-, beta-, and gamma-HBCD were prepared using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a PM-P-CD column and the cytotoxicities of their enantiomers were evaluated in Hep G2 cells. Results from the 3-(4,5-dimethylthioazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), resazurin reduction and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays showed a good agreement that the order of cytotoxicity was gamma-HBCD >= beta-HBCD > alpha-HBCD, and that significantly lower cell viability and higher LDH release were observed in all (+)-enantiomers ((+) alpha-, (+) beta- and (+) gamma-HBCD) than the corresponding (-)-forms ((-) alpha-, (-) beta- and (-) gamma-HBCD). Additionally, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by these HBCD enantiomers were detected. The positive correlation between the LDH release and ROS formation demonstrated that the toxic mechanism might be mediated by oxidative damage. These results suggest that environmental and human health risks of HBCDs must be evaluated at the level of individual enantiomers. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

DE-71-induced apoptosis involving intracellular calcium and the Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway in human neuroblastoma cells In vitro

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used extensively as flame-retardants and are ubiquitous in the environment and in wildlife and human tissue. Recent studies have shown that PBDEs induce neurotoxic effects in vivo and apoptosis in vitro. However, the signaling mechanisms responsible for these events are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the action of a commercial mixture of PBDEs (pentabrominated diphenyl ether, DE-71) on a human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH. A cell viability test showed a dose-dependent increase in lactate dehydrogenase leakage and 3-(4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide reduction. Cell apoptosis was observed through morphological examination, and DNA degradation in the cell cycle and cell apoptosis were demonstrated using flow cytometry and DNA laddering. The formation of reactive oxygen species was not observed, but DE-71 was found to significantly induce caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity, which suggests that apoptosis is not induced by oxidative stress but via a caspase-dependent pathway. We further investigated the intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) levels using flow cytometry and observed an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration with a time-dependent trend. We also found that the N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK801 (3 mu M) significantly reduced DE-71-induced cell apoptosis. The results of a Western blotting test demonstrated that DE-71 treatment increases the level of Bax translocation to the mitochondria in a dose-dependent fashion and stimulates the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Overall, our results indicate that DE-71 induces the apoptosis of ([Ca2+](i)) in SK-N-SH cells via Bax insertion, Cyt c release in the mitochondria, and the caspase activation pathway.

Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China

This study is one of the very few investigating the dioxin body burden of a group of child-bearing-aged women at an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site (Taizhou, Zhejiang Province) (24 +/- 2.83 years of age, 40% were primiparae) and a reference site (Lin'an city, Zhejiang Province, about 245 km away from Taizhou) (24 +/- 2.35 years of age, 100% were primiparae) in China. Five sets of samples (each set consisted of human milk, placenta, and hair) were collected from each site. Body burdens of people from the e-waste processing site (human milk, 21.02 +/- 13.81 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat (World Health Organization toxic equivalency 1998); placenta, 31.15 +/- 15.67 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat; hair, 33.82 +/- 17.74 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) dry wt) showed significantly higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurnas (PCDD/Fs) than those from the reference site (human milk, 9.35 +/- 7.39 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat, placenta, 11.91 +/- 7.05 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) fat; hair, 5.59 +/- 4.36 pg WHO-TEQ(1998/g) dry wt) and were comparatively higher than other studies. The difference between the two sites was due to e-waste recycling operations, for example, open burning, which led to high background levels. Moreover, mothers from the e-waste recycling site consumed more foods of animal origin. The estimated daily intake of PCDD/Fs within 6 months by breast-fed infants from the e-waste processing site was 2 times higher than that from the reference site. Both values exceeded the WHO tolerable daily intake for adults by at least 25 and 11 times, respectively. Our results implicated that e-waste recycling operations cause prominent PCDD/F levels in the environment and in humans. The elevated body burden may have health implications for the next generation.

Free radical scavenging and antioxidant enzymes activation of polysaccharide extract from Nostoc sphaeroides

Nostoc sphaeroides Kuetzing has been used as a traditional medicine in China to treat a variety of ailments. This research identified the antioxidant activities of polysaccharide extract from Nostoc sphaeroides. The extract, which contains 46.2% carbohydrates, exhibited an effective scavenging capability on superoxide radical, hydroxyl radicals in non site-specific as well as site-specific assays, and also performed lipid peroxidation inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Polysaccharide extract had no 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging potential at all test concentrations. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in human embryo kidney 293 cells were increased effectively when Nostoc sphaeroides extract was applied. These results suggested that the use of N. sphaeroides in treating ailments may be based on the antioxidant capacities of polysaccharide composition.

Applicability of the MTT assay for measuring viability of cyanobacteria and algae, specifically for Microcystis aeruginosa (Chroococcales, Cyanobacteria)

Several assay methods were screened for viability assessment in cyanobacteria using Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB 905. Compared with fluorescent diacetate (FDA), Evan's Blue and autofluorescence, the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which was based on the ability of viable cells to reduce MTT to formazan, was found to be reliable and was selected for further study. MTT concentration, incubation time and temperature were optimized for M. aeruginosa. Improvements to the sensitivity and reproducibility of the MTT assay included performing it in the dark to reduce the effects of formazan light sensitivity when extracted in DMSO. Another improvement involved collecting viability data by cell by counting rather than colourimetrically, which was concluded from the fact that oxidoreductase activity, responsible for MTT reduction, would elevate or decrease under stress conditions. Half-life of oxidoreductase in dead cell was calculated to be 3 h. The MTT assay was also found to be applicable to other cyanobacteria and diatoms, including field samples, but not for algae belonging to Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta or Chrysophyta. Based on the above results, we proposed an optimized procedure for the MTT method on Microcystis strains. The use of this assay may be of importance to better understand the dynamics of bloom and the fate of Microcystis under natural or disturbed conditions.

Primary cultured cells as sensitive in vitro model for assessment of toxicants-comparison to hepatocytes and gill epithelia

In an effort to develop cultured cell models for toxicity screening and environmental biomonitoring, we compared primary cultured gill epithelia and hepatocytes from freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to assess their sensitivity to AhR agonist toxicants. Epithelia were cultured on permeable supports (terephthalate membranes, "filters") and bathed on the apical with waterborne toxicants (pseudo in vivo asymmetrical culture conditions). Hepatocytes were cultured in multi-well plates and exposed to toxicants in culture medium. Cytochrome P4501A (measured as 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, EROD) was selected as a biomarker. For cultured gill epithelia, the integrity of the epithelia remained unchanged on exposure to model toxicants, such as 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), benzo(a)pyrene B[a]P, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture (Aroclor 1254), and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture (DE71). A good concentration-dependent response of EROD activity was clearly observed in both cultured gill epithelia and hepatocytes. The time-course response of EROD was measured as early as 3 h, and was maximal after 6 h of exposure to TCDD, B [alp and Aroclor 1254. The estimated 6 h EC50 for TCDD, B [a]P, and Aroclor 1254 was 1.2x10(-9), 5.7x10(-8) and 6.6x10(-6) M. For the cultured hepatocytes, time-course study showed that a significant induction of EROD took place at 18 h, and the maximal induction of EROD was observed at 24 h after exposure. The estimated 24 It EC50 for TCDD, B[a]P, and Aroclor 1254 was 1.4x10(-9), 8.1x10(-8) and 7.3x10(-6) M. There was no induction or inhibition of EROD in DE71 exposure to both gill epithelia and hepatocytes. The results show that cultured gill epithelia more rapidly induce EROD and are slightly more sensitive than cultured hepatocytes, and could be used as a rapid and sensitive tool for screening chemicals and monitoring environmental AhR agonist toxicants. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.