La economía del cambio climático en el Perú

Prólogo de Alicia Bárcena

Financiamiento para el cambio climático en América Latina en 2013

Entre 1992 y 2015, se ha producido un lento pero constante aumento en la importancia del problema del calentamiento global en la agenda internacional. Surge como un tema adicional en la agenda de desarrollo la respuesta en términos de los medios de implementación para enfrentarlo ha sido adicional. Por tanto, el financiamiento climático, como para otros temas ambientales, ha sido una respuesta de nicho, generando fondos e instituciones para la atención del tema específico del calentamiento global. Gobiernos e instituciones financieras han creado así sistemas paralelos al sistema convencional. El problema, empero, no es de nicho. Y al paso de las décadas lo que se evidencia es que es el propio sistema financiero, en sentido amplio, el que debe ser reformulado para incorporar en la institucionalidad económica el costo de seguir trayectorias no sostenibles de desarrollo. Pero el financiamiento de nicho aún no logra modernizar el enfoque, basado en lista de actividades, en lugar de operar con base en la huella de carbono convertida a valor económico. Internalizar las externalidades en el costo de la reproducción económica. Lo que tenemos hoy es un gradual fortalecimiento del financiamiento climático que a pesar de ello parece insuficiente para el cambio estructural que requiere en América Latina y el Caribe y el mundo. A fin de ayudar a situar la discusión, la CEPAL pone a disposición el ejercicio de cuantificación del financiamiento climático actual y posible en el mediano plazo.

Análise da cinética de remoção de lactato em atletas de canoagem slalom

The aim of this study was to verify the kinetics of lactate production and removal in slalom kayak athletes, K1 category, during official competition. Eight male athletes (22,6 ± 4,3 years) participated of the study. For the analysis of lactate, 25µL of capillary blood were collected. The kinetics of lactate removal was performed before the warm-up (Pre), just after the competitors exit from the river (Post 0'), 5 (Post 5'), and 20 (Post 20') minutes. The results demonstrated a significant increase in lactate concentrations (9.8 mmol/l, 9.4 mmol/l and 6.6 mmol/l) at 0', 5' and 20' post respectively, with values of P<0.01. The findings indicate that after 20 minutes the values of lactate reduced significantly (P<0.05) compared to Pre exercise, suggesting that the athletes would indicate good metabolic conditions for the second turn of the race.

Aquecimento e Desaquecimento Vocal em Estudantes de Pedagogia

Introduction: the voice is one of the main features of interaction between teacher and student. As teachers, future teachers are also risk population for the development of dysphonia and may be subject to protective intervention. Purpose: to evaluate the effect of a vocal warm-up and cool-down procedure at Pedagogy students. Method: A quasi-experimental study, pre-posttest without a control group, with fourteen Pedagogy students at a public university, participants of a short course. The analysis was performed by a self-assessment visual analogue scale of 10 cm, considering aspects related to the body and voice. The protocol was implemented in three steps: pre-test, post warm-up and post cool-down, and it was calculated the averages of the variables of discomfort and compared the measurements before and after performing each procedure. It was used the the Wilcoxon signed-rank statiscal test, adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: there was less discomfort with statistical significance after the vocal warm-up (p=0.002) and cool-down (p=0.001), with greater magnitude in both aspects related to voice. Conclusions: The vocal warm-up and cool-down have positive effects on the perception of students and should be taught to future teachers in order to prevent vocal disorders. The vocal cool-down, poorly researched, should not be passed over vocal health practices since its purpose showed obvious improvement in the investigated group.

As distintas manifestações fonoaudiológicas e psicológicas na disfonia espasmódica: estudo de caso

A disfonia espasmódica é um distúrbio vocal grave, caracterizada por espasmos musculares laríngeos durante a fonação, produzindo voz tensa e estrangulada. Atualmente, acredita-se que tenha origem neurológica, mas há evidências que associam suas causas com alterações psicogênicas. O presente estudo visa descrever dois casos diagnosticados como disfonia espasmódica, com manifestações fonoaudiológicas e psicológicas distintas. O estudo descritivo foi realizado por meio de análise dos prontuários, incluindo avaliação otorrinolaringológica, neurológica, avaliação vocal perceptivo-auditiva, análise acústica e Protocolo de Qualidade de Vida e Voz (QVV). Caso 1: sexo feminino, 65 anos, discreta coaptação de bandas ventriculares, fenda fusiforme e intenso tremor laríngeo. Apresentou quadro de alucinação, diagnosticada, posteriormente, como Esquizofrenia. Faz uso de Risperidona e Pondera. Apresentou loudness rebaixado, pitch agravado, rouquidão, hipernasalidade leve, tempo máximo de fonação reduzido, incoordenação pneumofonoarticulátoria e G², R², Bº, Aº, S³. Caso 2: sexo feminino, 68 anos, alteração das pregas vocais e intenso estrangulamento de bandas ventriculares. Sofreu três acidentes vasculares encefálicos (AVE) e, após o primeiro, iniciou-se a rouquidão. Realiza atendimento psicológico, ainda sem diagnóstico fechado. Apresentou loudness rebaixado, pitch agudizado, diplofonia durante a conversação, tempo máximo de fonação reduzido, incoordenação pneumofonoarticulatória e G³, R², Bº, Aº, S³. Os dados demonstraram distintos graus de severidades nas manifestações otorrinolaringológicas e fonoaudiológicas, além de diferentes envolvimentos psicogênicos. O grau de severidade ficou implícito no impacto da voz na qualidade de vida das pacientes estudadas.

Exercício físico e fatores de risco cardiovasculares em mulheres obesas na pós-menopausa

Introduction: physical exercise has been recommended as a non-pharmacological, therapeutic strategy in the treatment of important cardiovascular risk factors. Objective: to analyze the impact of an exercise program, tailored to the reality of the Family Health Units (FHU), on body composition, cardiovascular risk factors and Framingham score in obese postmenopausal. Methods: 70 women between 50 and 79 years, sedentary, obese and without menstruating for at least twelve months, were randomly assigned to a trained group (TG) (n = 35) and an untrained (GnT) (n = 35). The GT took 20 weeks of a physical exercise program with three weekly sessions, consisting of monitoring activities and heating (10 minutes), 25 minutes of exercise flexibility and strength, 50 minute walk with intensity between 50-65% of VO2max and 5-minute cool-down. The GnT was instructed to maintain their normal activities. Results: TG showed significant reductions in body mass index (30,1+3,7 vs. 29,3+3,7; p=0,0001), waist circumference (93,3+10,3 vs. 89,1+10,4; p=0,0001), percentage of fat (54,2+2,9 vs. 53,2+3,3; p=0,0001), systolic blood pressure (128,0+14,6 vs. 119,2+10,3; p=0,0001), triglycerides (148,4+66,1 vs. 122,8+40,7; p=0,006), VLDL cholesterol (29,7+13,2 vs. 24,5+8,0; p=0,005) and Framingham score (13,08+4,0 vs. 11,77+4,1; p=0,010). In the untrained group were observed significant increases in the percentage of fat (55,0+4,0 vs. 57,0+3,8; p=0,0001), systolic blood pressure (128,6+10,5 vs. 133,7+12,0; p=0,001), fasting glucose (95,2+18,4 vs. 113,7+28,8; p=0,001) and Framingham score (12,82+3,2 vs. 13,91+4,0; p=0,043), but also decreases levels of HDL cholesterol (55,1+10,5 vs. 51,7+11,0; p=0,017). Conclusion: the exercise program, adapted to the conditions of FHU, was effective in reducing cardiovascular risk factors in obese postmenopausal women served by the SUS program.

Active cutaneous warming systems to prevent intraoperative hypothermia: a systematic review

This study analyzed the evidence available in the literature concerning the effectiveness of different active cutaneous warming systems to prevent intraoperative hypothermia. This is a systematic review with primary studies found in the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and Medline. The sample comprised 23 randomized controlled trials. There is evidence in the literature indicating that the circulating water garment system is the most effective in maintaining patient body temperature. These results can support nurses in the decision-making process concerning the implementation of effective measures to maintain normothermia, though the decision of health services concerning which system to choose should also take into account its cost-benefit status given the cost related to the acquisition of such systems.

Modelos de circulación global y procesos de mezcla en el océano

La difusividad diapicna en el océano es uno de los parámetros más desconocidos en los modelos climáticos actuales. Su importancia radica en que es uno de los principales factores de transporte de calor hacia capas más profundas del océano. Las medidas de esta difusividad son variables e insuficientes para confeccionar un mapa global con estos valores. A través de una amplia revisión bibliográfica hasta el año 2009 del tema se encontró que el sistema climático es extremadamente sensible a la difusividad diapicna, donde el escalado del Océano Pacífico Sur, con una potencia de su coeficiente de difusividad o kv de 0.63, resultó ser más sensible a los cambios en el coeficiente de difusividad diapicna que el Océano Atlántico con una potencia de kv de 0.44 , se pone de manifiesto así la necesidad de esclarecer los esquemas de mezcla, esquemas de clausura y sus parametrizaciones a través de Modelos de Circulación Global (GCMs) y Modelos de Complejidad Intermedia del Sistema Terrestre (EMICs), dentro del marco de un posible cambio climático y un calentamiento global debido al aumento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Así, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es comprender la sensibilidad del sistema climático a la difusividad diapicna en el océano a través de los GCMs y los EMICs. Para esto es necesario el análisis de los posibles esquemas de mezcla diapicna con el objetivo final de encontrar el modelo óptimo que permita predecir la evolución del sistema climático, el estudio de todas las variables que influyen en el mismo, y la correcta simulación en largos periodos de tiempo. The diapycnal diffusivity in the ocean is one of the least known parameters in current climate models. Measurements of this diffusivity are sparse and insufficient for compiling a global map. Through a lengthy review of the literature through 2009 found that the climate system is extremely sensitive to the diapycnal diffusivity, where in the South Pacific scales with the 0.63 power of the diapycnal diffusion, in contrasts to the scales with the 0.44 power of the diapycnal diffusion of North Atlantic. Therefore, the South Pacific is more sensitive than the North Atlantic. All this evidenced the need to clarify the schemes of mixing and its parameterisations through Global Circulation Models (GCMs) and Earth Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) within a context of possible climate change and global warming due to increased of emissions of greenhouse gases. Thus, the main objective of this work understands the sensitivity of the climate system to diapycnal diffusivity in the ocean through the GCMs and EMICs. This requires the analysis of possible schemes of diapycnal mixing with the ultimate goal of finding the optimal model to predict the evolution of the climate system, the study of all variables that affect it and the correct simulation over long periods of time.

El "idiota espabilado": ¿hacia la destrucción de Gaia?

Charlas divulgativas 2010-2011

Variabilidad climática, fitoplacton y producción primaria: ¿Aumento o disminución?

[ES] Hoy en día es incuestionable que la actividad humana está induciendo perturbaciones climáticas con importantes consecuencias para la integridad del planeta. Cada hora emitimos a la atmósfera dos millones de toneladas de CO2, favoreciendo el calentamiento gradual de la Tierra. Los océanos constituyen uno de los principales destinos finales de este carbono antropogénico y la reserva más importante de carbono activo del planeta. Absorben cerca del 25% del CO2 emitido y almacenan inmensas cantidades de calor y humedad, amortiguando los cambios climáticos pero prolongándolos en el tiempo una vez que se producen; es decir, actúan como la memoria del planeta, con un efecto retardado pero continuo. Como impacto de esta actividad, las aguas de los océanos están aumentando en temperatura y acidez y disminuyendo en concentración de oxígeno. El océano captura y transfiere CO2 desde la atmósfera al océano profundo (donde el carbono puede quedar almacenado durante cientos de años) por medio de dos procesos fundamentales: por diferencias en la presión parcial del CO2 entre la atmósfera y la superficie del mar, en función de la solubilidad del gas en el agua (bomba física o de solubilidad), y por captación de CO2 , debida a la fotosíntesis de los productores primarios (esencialmente el fitoplancton microscópico) y su transformación en materia orgánica y transporte al fondo del océano (bomba biológica). La bomba física contribuye en un 30-40% a los valores de CO2 en el agua, mientras que el resto se debe a la bomba biológica. Sin embargo, el análisis de series recientes (últimos 50 años) parece indicar que el océano está perdiendo eficiencia en la captura de CO2, lo que estaría acelerando su acumulación en la atmósfera. Una de las hipótesis postuladas para explicar esta pérdida de eficiencia es que la productividad marina global está disminuyendo, debido al aumento de estratificación en las aguas oceánicas. Esta hipótesis, no obstante, es controvertida, ya que algunos estudios recientes indican que la producción primaria marina se ha incrementado en las últimas décadas debido al forzamiento atmosférico (inducido por el calentamiento global), que ha favorecido un aumento de procesos de mezcla y afloramiento en las regiones de mayor productividad marina del planeta. En esta charla revisaremos los estudios más recientes sobre el impacto de las fluctuaciones multidecadales en la biomasa de fitoplancton, los cambios en sus grupos funcionales y su repercusión en la producción primaria. Revisaremos también los estudios sobre registros paleoclimáticos del fitoplancton, para analizar variaciones seculares en la productividad marina y poder extender los cambios contemporáneos a proyecciones futuras asociadas al cambio climático.

Percepción, información y comunicación del cambio climático: conocimiento en estudiantes universitarios

Programa de doctorado: Formación del profesorado.

Climatic and stratigraphic paleoindicators from the Canary Island

[EN] The last 5 Myr  are characterized by cliamatic variations globally and are reflected in ancient fossiliferous marine deposits visible in the Canary Islands. The fossils contained are identificated as paleoecological and paleoclimatic indicators. The Mio-Pliocene Transit is represented by the coral Siderastrea micoenica Osasco, 1897; the gastropods Rothpletzia rudista Simonelli, 1890; Ancilla glandiformis (Lamarck, 1822); Strombus coronatus Defrance, 1827 and Nerita emiliana Mayer, 1872 and the bivalve Gryphaea virleti Deshayes, 1832 as most characteristic fossils  and typical of a very warm climate and littoral zone. Associated  lava flows  have been dated radiometrically  and provides a range between  8.9 and about 4.2 Kyr. In the mid-Pleistocene, about 400,000 years ago, the called Marine Isotope Stage 11, a strong global warming that caused a sea level rise happens. Remains of the MIS 11  are preserved on the coast of Arucas (Gran Canaria), and associated with a tsunami in Piedra Alta (Lanzarote). These fossilifeorus  deposits contains the bivalve Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1780), the gastropod Purpurellus gambiensis (Reeve, 1845) and the corals Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868) and Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816). Both sites have been dated by K-Ar on pillow lavas (approximately 420,000 years) and by Uranium Series on corals (about 481,000 years) respectively. The upper Pleistocene starts with another strong global warming known as the last interglacial or marine isotope  stage (MIS) 5.5, about 125,000 years ago, which also left marine  fossil deposits exposed in parallel to current in Igueste of San Andrés (Tenerife),  El Altillo, the  city of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria  and Maspalomas (Gran Canaria),  Matas Blancas, the Playitas and Morrojable (Fuerteventura ) and in Playa Blanca and Punta Penedo (Lanzarote ). The fossil coral Siderastrea radians (Pallas , 1766 ) currently living in the Cape Verde Islands , the Gulf of Guinea and the Caribbean has allowed Uranium series dating. The gastropods Strombus bubonius Lamarck, 1822 and Harpa doris (Röding , 1798 ) currently living in the Gulf of Guinea. Current biogeography using synoptic data obtained through satellites provided by the ISS Canary Seas provides data of Ocean Surface Temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll a (Chlor a) . This has allowed the estimation of these sea conditions during interglacials compared to today .

Investigación en energías renovables: Proyecto MAGEC (Materiales para una Avanzada Generación de Energía en Canarias)

[ES] La incesante demanda de energía, actualmente basada principalmente en los combustibles fósiles, nos está llevando quizás a un punto sin retorno en el calentamiento global y en el cambio climático hacia un mundo sin legado. El uso del hidrógeno y las pilas de combustibles se nos plantea como uno de los mejores candidatos a solución renovable y ecológica en esta desafiante carrera por la sostenibilidad. El agua es una fuente universal, abundante y accesible de hidrógeno, y mediante procesos de ruptura o fotólisis, es posible extraerlo de la misma al igual que hacen las plantas en la fotosíntesis como principal proceso motor del planeta.

Multiscale variability in the North Atlantic Ocean

Programa de doctorado, Oceanografía ; 2004-2006

External drivers of biogeochemical cycles in a tropical montane forest in Ecuador

Successful conservation of tropical montane forest, one of the most threatened ecosystems on earth, requires detailed knowledge of its biogeochemistry. Of particular interest is the response of the biogeochemical element cycles to external influences such as element deposition or climate change. Therefore the overall objective of my study was to contribute to improved understanding of role and functioning of the Andean tropical montane forest. In detail, my objectives were to determine (1) the role of long-range transported aerosols and their transport mechanisms, and (2) the role of short-term extreme climatic events for the element budget of Andean tropical forest. In a whole-catchment approach including three 8-13 ha microcatchments under tropical montane forest on the east-exposed slope of the eastern cordillera in the south Ecuadorian Andes at 1850-2200 m above sea level I monitored at least in weekly resolution the concentrations and fluxes of Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3-N, NH4-N, DON, P, S, TOC, Mn, and Al in bulk deposition, throughfall, litter leachate, soil solution at the 0.15 and 0.3 m depths, and runoff between May 1998 and April 2003. I also used meteorological data from my study area collected by cooperating researchers and the Brazilian meteorological service (INPE), as well as remote sensing products of the North American and European space agencies NASA and ESA. My results show that (1) there was a strong interannual variation in deposition of Ca [4.4-29 kg ha-1 a-1], Mg [1.6-12], and K [9.8-30]) between 1998 and 2003. High deposition changed the Ca and Mg budgets of the catchments from loss to retention, suggesting that the additionally available Ca and Mg was used by the ecosystem. Increased base metal deposition was related to dust outbursts of the Sahara and an Amazonian precipitation pattern with trans-regional dry spells allowing for dust transport to the Andes. The increased base metal deposition coincided with a strong La Niña event in 1999/2000. There were also significantly elevated H+, N, and Mn depositions during the annual biomass burning period in the Amazon basin. Elevated H+ deposition during the biomass burning period caused elevated base metal loss from the canopy and the organic horizon and deteriorated already low base metal supply of the vegetation. Nitrogen was only retained during biomass burning but not during non-fire conditions when deposition was much smaller. Therefore biomass burning-related aerosol emissions in Amazonia seem large enough to substantially increase element deposition at the western rim of Amazonia. Particularly the related increase of acid deposition impoverishes already base-metal scarce ecosystems. As biomass burning is most intense during El Niño situations, a shortened ENSO cycle because of global warming likely enhances the acid deposition at my study forest. (2) Storm events causing near-surface water flow through C- and nutrient-rich topsoil during rainstorms were the major export pathway for C, N, Al, and Mn (contributing >50% to the total export of these elements). Near-surface flow also accounted for one third of total base metal export. This demonstrates that storm-event related near-surface flow markedly affects the cycling of many nutrients in steep tropical montane forests. Changes in the rainfall regime possibly associated with global climate change will therefore also change element export from the study forest. Element budgets of Andean tropical montane rain forest proved to be markedly affected by long-range transport of Saharan dust, biomass burning-related aerosols, or strong rainfalls during storm events. Thus, increased acid and nutrient deposition and the global climate change probably drive the tropical montane forest to another state with unknown consequences for its functions and biological diversity.