Proteomic analysis of papaya fruit ripening using 2DE-DIGE

Papayas have a very short green life as a result of their rapid pulp softening as well as their susceptibility to physical injury and mold growth. The ripening-related changes take place very quickly, and there is a continued interest in the reduction of postharvest losses. Proteins have a central role in biological processes, and differential proteomics enables the discrimination of proteins affected during papaya ripening. A comparative analysis of the proteomes of climacteric and pre-climacteric papayas was performed using 2DE-DIGE. Third seven proteins corresponding to spots with significant differences in abundance during ripening were submitted to MS analysis, and 27 proteins were identified and classified into six main categories related to the metabolic changes occurring during ripening. Proteins from the cell wall (alpha-galactosidase and invertase), ethylene biosynthesis (methionine synthase), climacteric respiratory burst, stress response, synthesis of carotenoid precursors (hydroxymethylbutenyl 4-diphosphate synthase, GcpE), and chromoplast differentiation (fibrillin) were identified. There was some correspondence between the identified proteins and the data from previous transcript profiling of papaya fruit, but new, accumulated proteins were identified, which reinforces the importance of differential proteomics as a tool to investigate ripening and provides potentially useful information for maintaining fruit quality and minimizing postharvest losses. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cuticle of 'Gala' and 'Galaxy' Apples Cultivars under Different Environmental Conditions

This study aimed to analyze the cuticle thickness and pattern of epicuticular wax deposition in 'Gala' and 'Galaxy' apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh,) from three Brazilian producing areas: Vacaria (RS), Fraiburgo (SC) and Sao Joaquim (SC) with altitudes of 971, 1,048 and 1,353m, respectively. Harvested fruit were kept under two storage conditions: regular atmosphere (RA) (0 degrees C and 90% RH) and controlled atmosphere (CA) (1.5% O-2, 2.5% CO2, 0 degrees C and 90% RH). Cuticle thickness measurements were made using LM and the deposition pattern of epicuticular wax observed with a SEM. Altitude among the apple producing areas was not a factor in deposition pattern of waxes between the cultivars but at higher altitudes, the cuticle was thicker in both the cultivars. In the freshly-harvested fruits, waxes deposition in the form of platelets and the mechanism of "tear and repair" were observed. Severity of microcracks in the cuticle was more evident on the fruits from CA.

Armazenamento refrigerado de morango submetido a altas concentrações de CO2

Temperatura de 0ºC associada a atmosferas com 12 a 20% de CO2 têm sido recomendadas como condição ideal para o armazenamento de morango. Entretanto, as redes de distribuição e comercialização de produtos hortícolas no Brasil geralmente não possuem cadeia de frio, ou a possuem em temperatura entre 10 e 15ºC. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade e conservação do morango 'Oso Grande' sob temperatura de 10ºC associada com altas concentrações de dióxido de carbono. Os morangos foram selecionados, resfriados e armazenados a 10ºC em mini-câmaras herméticas, onde foram aplicadas as distintas concentrações de CO2 (0,03, 10, 20, 40 e 80%) combinadas com 20% de O2. Os morangos foram avaliados a cada 2 dias até se tornarem impróprios para o consumo. As concentrações de 20 e 40% de CO2 permitiram a conservação dos morangos por até 8 dias; já aqueles com 0,03% de CO2 duraram apenas 2 dias. Os morangos a 80% de CO2 mantiveram ótima aparência por 6 dias, porém foram considerados inadequados para o consumo por apresentarem elevados teores de acetaldeído (40,92 µg g-1) e de etanol (1.053 µg g-1), provenientes do processo fermentativo. A perda de massa fresca dos morangos foi inferior a 2%, demonstrando a eficiência da técnica utilizada para o controle da umidade relativa no armazenamento. Os frutos acondicionados com 0,03 e 80% de CO2 apresentaram a maior perda de firmeza, sendo que ao final do armazenamento esta foi de 40% em relação à firmeza inicial. Já os morangos armazenados com 20 e 40% de CO2 perderam apenas 28% da firmeza inicial. Apesar da diferença estatística na coloração externa do morango, essa foi visualmente imperceptível. Os morangos 'Oso Grande' armazenados a 10ºC sob atmosfera controlada com 40% de CO2 associado com 20% de O2 mantiveram suas características comerciais por 8 dias.

Cuticle of 'Gala' and 'Galaxy' apples cultivars under different environmental conditions

This study aimed to analyze the cuticle thickness and pattern of epicuticular wax deposition in 'Gala' and 'Galaxy' apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh,) from three Brazilian producing areas: Vacaria (RS), Fraiburgo (SC) and São Joaquim (SC) with altitudes of 971, 1,048 and 1,353m, respectively. Harvested fruit were kept under two storage conditions: regular atmosphere (RA) (0 ºC and 90% RH) and controlled atmosphere (CA) (1.5% O2, 2.5% CO2, 0ºC and 90% RH). Cuticle thickness measurements were made using LM and the deposition pattern of epicuticular wax observed with a SEM. Altitude among the apple producing areas was not a factor in deposition pattern of waxes between the cultivars but at higher altitudes, the cuticle was thicker in both the cultivars. In the freshly-harvested fruits, waxes deposition in the form of platelets and the mechanism of tear and repair were observed. Severity of microcracks in the cuticle was more evident on the fruits from CA.

Fruit ripening/scald relationship in apple

The ripening stage of apple fruits at harvest is the main factor influencing fruit quality during the cold storage period that lasts several months and give rise to physiological disorders in fruits of susceptible cultivars. In particular, superficial scald is connected to α-farnesene oxidation, leading to fruit browning. Therefore, the assessment of the optimal ripening stage at harvest is considered to be crucial to control the overall quality, the length of storage life and the scald incidence. However, the maturity indexes traditionally used in the horticultural practice do not strictly correlate with fruit maturity, and do not account for the variability occurring in the field. Hence, the present work focused on the determination of apple fruit ripening with the use of an innovative, non-destructive device, the DA-meter. The study was conducted on ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Pink Lady’ cultivars, which differ in scald susceptibility. Pre- and post- harvest ripening behavior of the fruits was studied, and the influence of ripening stage and treatments with 1-MCP were evaluated in relation to scald development and related metabolites. IAD was shown to be a reliable indicator of apple ripening, allowing cultivar-specific predictions of the optimal harvest time in different growing seasons. IAD may also be employed to segregate apple fruits in maturity classes, requiring different storage conditions to control flesh firmness reduction and scald incidence. Moreover, 1-MCP application is extremely effective in reducing superficial scald, and its effect is influenced by fruit ripening stage reached at harvest. However, the relation between ethylene and α-farnesene was not entirely elucidated. Thus, ethylene can be involved in other oxidative processes associated with scald besides α-farnesene regulation.

Ascorbic acid for amelioration of reperfusion injury in a lung autotransplantation model in sheep

BACKGROUND: Reperfusion injury is the leading cause of early graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Activation of neutrophilic granulocytes with generation of free oxygen radicals appears to play a key role in this process. The efficacy of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant in the amelioration of reperfusion injury after lung transplantation has not been studied yet. METHODS: An in situ autotransplantation model in sheep is presented. The left lung was flushed (Euro-Collins solution) and reperfused; after 2 hours of cold storage, the right hilus was then clamped (group R [reference], n = 6). Group AA animals (n = 6) were treated with 1 g/kg ascorbic acid before reperfusion. Controls (group C, n = 6) underwent hilar preparation and instrumentation only. RESULTS: In group R, arterio-alveolar oxygen difference (AaDO2) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were significantly elevated after reperfusion. Five of 6 animals developed frank alveolar edema. All biochemical parameters showed significant PMN activation. In group AA, AaDO2, PVR, work of breathing, and the level of PMN activation were significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental model reproduces all aspects of lung reperfusion injury reliably. Ascorbic acid was able to weaken reperfusion injury in this experimental setup.

Efecto del estado de madurez y atmósferas modificadas sobre la calidad de cerezas cv. Sweetheart

Se estudió el efecto de cosechar cerezas en dos estados de madurez, así como el uso de atmósferas modificadas empleando PBD y PVC, sobre la calidad de fruta almacenada a 0 °C durante 21 y 42 días, respectivamente. La calidad fue evaluada en base a pérdida de peso (%), color (ángulo hue), firmeza, contenido de sólidos solubles, aspecto de los pedicelos y presencia de podredumbres. La fruta cosechada más madura presentó color, sólidos solubles y firmeza adecuados durante los 21 días a 0 °C, pero el almacenamiento estuvo limitado por la deshidratación de los pedicelos, que mantuvieron aspecto comercial sólo durante una semana. Para ambos estados de madurez, la pérdida de peso fue importante y se registró aumento del contenido de sólidos solubles y firmeza. Sin embargo, la fruta cosechada más inmadura no alcanzó en ningún momento la coloración ni contenido de azúcares de la fruta cosechada en estado de madurez más avanzado. Mediante el uso de las bolsas PBD se logró minimizar la deshidratación y mantener las características organolépticas de la fruta, así como un alto porcentaje de pedicelos con buen aspecto y color durante los 42 días de conservación en frío. El uso de PVC se vio limitado por el deterioro de los pedicelos que afectó alrededor del 50 % de la fruta analizada al término de la primera semana.

Ciruelas bajo tela antigranizo : : efecto sobre la calidad

Se evaluó la influencia de la tela antigranizo en la calidad en cosecha y postcosecha de ciruelas japonesas (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cv. Angeleno. Se cosechó fruta de plantas bajo tela y sin tela en dos fechas. Las determinaciones de madurez y calidad se hicieron en cosecha, después de 45 y 60 días de almacenamiento refrigerado (0 °C y HR = 85 %) y luego de un período de maduración a 20 °C. Parámetros considerados: tamaño, color, firmeza de pulpa, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable, relación CSS/AT, deshidratación y desórdenes fisiológicos (harinosidad). Se realizó un análisis factorial teniendo en cuenta tela antigranizo (T), fecha de cosecha (F) y período de almacenamiento refrigerado (P). Los factores T y F actuaron sobre el tamaño, color de piel, firmeza de pulpa, CSS, AT y CSS/AT en las evaluaciones realizadas en cosecha. Después del período de maduración, los factores T, F y P tuvieron principalmente efecto en la firmeza de pulpa, AT y CSS/AT. La fecha de cosecha y el período de almacenamiento tuvieron una marcada influencia sobre la incidencia de harinosidad.

Almacenamiento refrigerado de cerezas : efecto de madurez y atmósfera modificada

Se estudió el efecto de cosechar cerezas en dos estados de madurez: rojo pálido y rojo maduro y la utilización de atmósferas modificadas, empleando PBD de 11 y 40 m, sobre la calidad de fruta almacenada a 0 °C y después de 3 días a temperatura ambiente. La calidad fue evaluada en términos de pérdida de peso (%), color (ángulo hue), firmeza, contenido de sólidos solubles, aspecto de los pedicelos y presencia de podredumbres. La fruta cosechada más madura presentó color, sólidos solubles y firmeza adecuados durante 21 días a 0 °C pero el almacenamiento prolongado estuvo limitado por la deshidratación de los pedicelos, que mantuvieron aspecto comercial sólo durante una semana. Para ambos estados de madurez se registró importante pérdida de peso; disminución del valor de °hue y aumentos de sólidos solubles y de firmeza. Durante la simulación comercial la fruta experimentó ablandamiento, pérdida de peso, oscurecimiento de la piel y deshidratación de los pedicelos. Con el uso del PBD no se detectaron cambios significativos para ninguno de los parámetros estudiados, permitiendo además reducir la deshidratación y mantener el aspecto comercial de los pedicelos, independientemente del espesor de la película.

Evaluación de características de interés agronómico de damascos cv. Modesto

El cultivar de damascos Modesto es de introducción relativamente reciente en Mendoza (Argentina). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar las siguientes características de interés agronómico: la época de floración y la calidad de los frutos en cosecha y en postcosecha. El estudio se realizó en un monte comercial durante 2007 y 2008. Se registraron tres estados fenológicos: "D" (corola visible), "F" (flor abierta) y "H" (fruto cuajado). Se estableció el inicio de la floración, la plena floración y el fin de la misma. En los frutos las evaluaciones y mediciones se realizaron en el momento de la recolección y después del período de maduración de la fruta conservada en cámara frigorífica. Se determinó: color de fondo, peso, diámetro, firmeza de pulpa, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable, presencia de hongos y desórdenes fisiológicos. Los resultados muestran que el cultivar Modesto florece en una época intermedia en la zona E de la provincia de Mendoza. La fecha de plena floración en los dos años del estudio fue el 8 de setiembre. En los estados de madurez evaluados los frutos reúnen los atributos de calidad demandados por el consumidor: alto CSS, color anaranjado en la madurez, buena firmeza de pulpa; sin embargo, el rápido, descenso de la firmeza durante la maduración en poscosecha obliga a una comercialización acelerada. Después del almacenamiento en cámara frigorífica durante treinta días y un período de maduración de dos días, la futa presentó el desorden harinosidad con una incidencia superior al 60%; esto señala que el cv. Modesto no puede almacenarse por un período tan prolongado.

Efecto del momento de cosecha sobre la calidad hortícola del topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus L.) conservado en cámara frigorífica

El interés por el cultivo de Topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus L.) es creciente a nivel mundial. Como toda hortaliza que se lleva al mercado, o se utiliza como materia prima para la industria, debe estar disponible a lo largo de todo el año. Por esto es importante desarrollar sistemas de almacenamiento que permitan conservar la calidad del producto el mayor tiempo posible. Existen muy pocos antecedentes sobre la conservación poscosecha de tubérculos de topinambur y las variaciones de calidad, que sufre el producto. A través del trabajo de tesis se buscó generar antecedentes sobre los efectos de la fecha de cosecha y la variedad de topinambur sobre las diferentes variables de calidad; la evolución de cada tratamiento conservado en cámara frigorífica y el efecto del lugar/condiciones (cámara frigorífica – campo) y tiempo de conservación sobre la calidad de los tubérculos. Se utilizaron dos variedades de topinambur (tubérculos rojos y blancos). Las variables respuesta ensayadas para definir atributos de calidad fueron: materia seca, sólidos solubles, firmeza, índice de color de piel y de pulpa, presencia de brotes, desarrollo de Penicillium y evolución del peso fresco. Se detectó que el período de cosecha, para garantizar la calidad de los tubérculos y buena evolución en cámara frigorífica durante todo el año, no debería extenderse más allá de los 49 días desde la ocurrencia de la primera helada para la zona de estudio, no observándose diferencias entre variedades. Para consumo en fresco se puede cosechar hasta el 98 días luego de la primera helada, pero estos tubérculos no se conservan correctamente en cámara frigorífica.

In-season calcium-spray formulations improve calcium balance and fruit quality traits of peach.

Experiments to evaluate the effect of in-season calcium (Ca) sprays on late-season peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Calrico) were carried out for a 2-year period. Calcium formulations (0.5% and 1.0% in 2008 and only 0.5% tested in 2009) supplied either as CaCl2 or Ca propionate in combination with two or three adjuvants (0.05% of the nonionic surfactants Tween 20 and Break Thru, and 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose, CMC) were sprayed four to five times over the growing season. Peach mesocarp and endocarp Ca concentrations were determined on a 15-day basis from the beginning of May until the end of June. Further tissue analyses were performed at harvest. A decreasing trend in fruit Ca concentrations over the growing season was always observed regardless of the Ca treatments. Both in 2008 and 2009, significant tissue Ca increments associated with the application of Ca-containing sprays in combination with adjuvants were only observed in June, which may be coincident with the period of pit hardening. In 2008, both at harvest and after cold storage, the total soluble-solids concentration (° Brix) of fruits supplied with Ca propionate (0.5% and 1.0% Ca) was always lower as compared to the rest of treatments. The application of multiple Ca-containing sprays increased firmness at harvest and after cold storage, especially when CaCl2 was the active ingredient used. Supplying the adjuvants Tween 20 and CMC increased fruit acidity both at harvest and after cold storage. Evaluation of the development of physiological disorders after cold storage (2 weeks at 0°C) indicated a lower susceptibility of Ca-treated fruits to internal browning. Fruits treated with multiple CaCl2-, CMC-, and Break Thru®-containing sprays during the growing season were significantly less prone to the development of chilling injuries as compared to untreated peaches.

Hyperespectral images for the evaluation of the quality of minimally processed vegetables (spinach)

The production of minimally processed vegetables and fruits is an emergent sector, however these processes reduce the useful life of the products. Main preservation techniques such cold storage and modified atmosphere are limited. New treatments are being applied (O3 , UV‐C radiation, biodegradable films…etc.). The sector precise of cheap and fast techniques to evaluate the general quality and the security of the processed products, that constitute a tool of aid to the decision in the implementation of new procedures of packaging and/or treatments. Objectives: To explore hyperspectral imaging for monitoring the evolution of minimally processed leafy vegetables during shelf‐life . To identify and classify deterioration rates of the leaves through Multivariate analysis techniques (PLS‐DA)

Study of Impact and Compression Damage on Asian Pears

Result of impact and compression tests on Chojuro, Twentieth Century, Tsu Li, and Ya Li varieties of Asian pears indicate that Chojuro pears are the firmest and most resistant to mechanical damage. At the time of harvest, Tsu Li and Ya Li pears could resist mechanical damage nearly as well as Chojuro pears, but they become more susceptible to bruising in cold storage. Twentieth Century pears are most sensitive to impact and compression bruising. Increased time in the ripening room produces more softening and increased bruise resistance of Chojuro and Twentieth Century pears than of Tsu Li and Ya Li pears.

Effects of skin characteristics on impact response and bruising of apples and pears

Skin properties have an important influence on impact parameters and bruising. Skin deformation at puncture (a measure of the turgidity of the fruit skin) is negatively correlated with bruise volume in Golden apples after cold storage.