Fermentative production of glycine betaine and trehalose from acid whey using Actinopolyspora halophila (MTCC 263)

Acid whey has become a major concern especially in dairy industry manufacturing Greek yoghurt. Proper disposal of acid whey is essential as it not only increases the BOD of water but also increases the acidity when disposed of in landfill, rendering soil barren and unsuitable for cultivation. Effluent (acid-whey) treatment increases the cost of production. The vast quantities of acid whey that are produced by the dairy industry make the treatment and safe disposal of effluent very difficult. Hence an economical way to handle this problem is very important. Biogenic glycine betaine and trehalose have many applications in food and confectionery industry, medicine, bioprocess industry, agriculture, genetic engineering, and animal feeds (etc.), hence their production is of industrial importance. Here we used the extreme, obligate halophile Actinopolyspora halophila (MTCC 263) for fermentative production of glycine betaine and trehalose from acid whey. Maximum yields were obtained by implementation of a sequential media optimization process, identification and addition of rate-limiting enzyme cofactors via a bioinformatics approach, and manipulation of nitrogen substrate supply. The implications of using glycine as a precursor were also investigated. The core factors that affected production were identified and then optimized using orthogonal array design followed by response surface methodology. The maximum production achieved after complete optimization was 9.07 ± 0.25 g/L and 2.49 ± 0.14 g/L for glycine betaine and trehalose, respectively.

Glycine betaine-mediated protection of peas (Pisum sativum L.) during blanching and frozen storage

We used glycine betaine (5–20% w/v) for blanching green peas (100°C, 60 s), and their subsequent freezing and storage (–20°C, 90 days). Blanching after the addition of glycine betaine at ≥10% (w/v) followed by a 90 day storage period which resulted in the most desirable outcome: higher vitamin C levels, a superior green color, enhanced organoleptic quality and texture, and improved retention of peroxidase and lipoxygenase activity relative to control peas (no glycine betaine added). Microscopic characterizations of control and treated peas revealed that glycine betaine acts as a cryoprotectant which maintains cellular integrity. Glycine betaine (10% w/v) could be used commercially for production of frozen peas with better quality attributes.

Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in amino acid glycine

Bioorganic ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics are becoming increasingly important in view of their intrinsic compatibility with biological environment and biofunctionality combined with strong piezoelectric effect and switchable polarization at room temperature. Here we study piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in the smallest amino acid glycine, representing a broad class of non-centrosymmetric amino acids. Glycine is one of the basic and important elements in biology, as it serves as a building block for proteins. Three polymorphic forms with different physical properties are possible in glycine (α, β and γ), Of special interest for various applications are non-centrosymmetric polymorphs: β-glycine and γ-glycine. The most useful β-polymorph being ferroelectric took much less attention than the other due to its instability under ambient conditions. In this work, we could grow stable microcrystals of β-glycine by the evaporation of aqueous solution on a (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate as a template. The effects of the solution concentration and Pt-assisted nucleation on the crystal growth and phase evolution were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, spin-coating technique was used for the fabrication of highly aligned nano-islands of β-glycine with regular orientation of the crystallographic axes relative the underlying substrate (Pt). Further we study both as-grown and tip-induced domain structures and polarization switching in the β-glycine molecular systems by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) and compare the results with molecular modeling and computer simulations. We show that β-glycine is indeed a room-temperature ferroelectric and polarization can be switched by applying a bias to non-polar cuts via a conducting tip of atomic force microscope (AFM). Dynamics of these in-plane domains is studied as a function of applied voltage and pulse duration. The domain shape is dictated by both internal and external polarization screening mediated by defects and topographic features. Thermodynamic theory is applied to explain the domain propagation induced by the AFM tip. Our findings suggest that β-glycine is a uniaxial ferroelectric with the properties controlled by the charged domain walls which in turn can be manipulated by external bias. Besides, nonlinear optical properties of β-glycine were investigated by a second harmonic generation (SHG) method. SHG method confirmed that the 2-fold symmetry is preserved in as-grown crystals, thus reflecting the expected P21 symmetry of the β-phase. Spontaneous polarization direction is found to be parallel to the monoclinic [010] axis and directed along the crystal length. These data are confirmed by computational molecular modeling. Optical measurements revealed also relatively high values of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (50% greater than in the z-cut quartz). The potential of using stable β-glycine crystals in various applications are discussed in this work.

Molecular features of glycine-mediated neurotransmission in rat brain

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas (Neurociências), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015

Trimethoprim-selective electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers acting as ionophores and potentiometric transduction on graphite solid-contact

This work proposes a new biomimetic sensor material for trimethoprim. It is prepared by means of radical polymerization, having trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as cross-linker, benzoyl peroxide as radicalar iniciator, chloroform as porogenic solvent, and methacrylic acid and 2-vinyl pyridine as monomers. Different percentages of sensor in a range between 1 and 6% were studied. Their behavior was compared to that obtained with ion-exchanger quaternary ammonium salt (additive tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate or tetraphenylborate). The effect of an anionic additive in the sensing membrane was also tested. Trimethoprim sensors with 1% of imprinted particles from methacrylic acid monomers showed the best response in terms of slope (59.7 mV/decade) and detection limit (4.01 × 10− 7 mol/L). These electrodes displayed also a good selectivity towards nickel, manganese aluminium, ammonium, lead, potassium, sodium, iron, chromium, sulfadiazine, alanine, cysteine, tryptophan, valine and glycine. The sensors were not affected by pH changes from 2 to 6. They were successfully applied to the analysis of water from aquaculture.

A glycine-arginine domain in control of the human MRE11 DNA repair protein.

Human MRE11 is a key enzyme in DNA double-strand break repair and genome stability. Human MRE11 bears a glycine-arginine-rich (GAR) motif that is conserved among multicellular eukaryotic species. We investigated how this motif influences MRE11 function. Human MRE11 alone or a complex of MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 (MRN) was methylated in insect cells, suggesting that this modification is conserved during evolution. We demonstrate that PRMT1 interacts with MRE11 but not with the MRN complex, suggesting that MRE11 arginine methylation occurs prior to the binding of NBS1 and RAD50. Moreover, the first six methylated arginines are essential for the regulation of MRE11 DNA binding and nuclease activity. The inhibition of arginine methylation leads to a reduction in MRE11 and RAD51 focus formation on a unique double-strand break in vivo. Furthermore, the MRE11-methylated GAR domain is sufficient for its targeting to DNA damage foci and colocalization with gamma-H2AX. These studies highlight an important role for the GAR domain in regulating MRE11 function at the biochemical and cellular levels during DNA double-strand break repair.

Cilengitide: an integrin-targeting arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide with promising activity for glioblastoma multiforme.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly invasive and vascular cancer, responds poorly to conventional cytotoxic therapy. Integrins, widely expressed in GBM and tumor vasculature, mediate cell survival, migration and angiogenesis. Cilengitide is a potent alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrin inhibitor. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the preclinical and clinical experience with cilengitide for GBM. METHODS: Preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating cilengitide for GBM were reviewed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Cilengitide is active and synergizes with external beam radiotherapy in preclinical GBM models. In clinical trials for recurrent GBM, single-agent cilengitide has antitumor benefits and minimal toxicity. Among newly diagnosed GBM patients, single-arm studies incorporating cilengitide into standard external beam radiotherapy/temozolomide have shown encouraging activity with no increased toxicity and have led to a planned randomized Phase III trial.

Immunolocalization of glyoxysomal malate synthase from soybean cotyledons (Glycine max. L.)

Malate synthase (MS; EC 4.1.3.2), an enzyme specific to the glyoxylate cycle, was studied in cotyledons of dark-grown soybean (Glycine max L) seedlings with light and electron microscopy techniques. Immunogold localization confirmed biochemical evidence that MS from soybean is a glyoxysomal matrix enzyme.

The effect of nitrate fertilization on the distribution of exported 14c-photosynthate in nodulated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants

Soybean (Glycine ~ (L.) Merr. cv. Harosoy 63) plants inoculated with Rhizobium japonicum were grown in vermiculite in the presence or absence of nitrate fertilization for up to 6 weeks after planting. Overall growth of nodulated plants was enhanced in the presence of nitrate fertilization, while the extent of nodule development was reduced. Although the number of nodules was not affected by nitrate fertilization when plants were grown at a light intensity limiting for photosynthesis, at light intensities approaching or exceeding the light saturation point for photosynthesis, nitrate fertilization resulted in at least a 30% reduction in nodule numbers. The mature, first trifoliate leaf of 21 day old plants was allowed to photoassimi1ate 14C02. One hour after·· the initial exposure to 14C02, the , plants were harvested and the 14C radioactivity was determined in the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction: in. o:rider to assess· "the extent of photoassimilate export and the pattern of distribution of exported 14C. The magnitude of 14C export was not affected by the presence of nitrate fertilization. However, there was a significant effect on the distribution pattern, particularly with regard to the partitioning of 14C-photosynthate between the nodules and the root tissue. In the presence of nitrate fertilization, less than 6% of the exported 14C photosynthate was recovered from the nodules, with much larger amounts (approximately 37%) being recovered from the root tissue. In the absence of nitrate fertilization, recovery of exported 14C-photosynthate from the nodules (19 to 27%) was approximately equal to that from the root tissue (24 to 33%). By initiating- or terminating the applications of nitrate at 14 days of age, it was determined that the period from day 14 to day 21 after planting was particularly significant for the development of nodules initiated earlier. Addition of nitrate fertilization at this time inhibited further nodule development while stimulating plant growth, whereas removal of nitrate fertilization stimulated nodule development. The results obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that nodule development is inhibited by nitrate fertilization through a reduction in the availability of photosynthate to the nodules.

Desarrollo de coextruidos de pasta de soya (Glycine max) y subproductos de carpa herbívora (Ctenopharyngodon idella) para nutrición de bagre (Ictalurus punctatus)

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Recursos Alimenticios y Producción Acuícola) UANL

Efecto inductor de la tolerancia salino mediante la aplicación de radiaciones UV-B y UV-C en semillas de soya (glycine max l.), trigo (tritium aestivum l.), girasol (helianthus annuus l.) y pino piñonero (pinus maximatinezii r.)

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con acentuación en Manejo y Administración de Recursos Vegetales) UANL, 2014.

Modulation de la neurogénèse par la glycine

Les vertébrés, du poisson à l'homme, possèdent un potentiel membranaire médié en partie par les ions chlorure (Cl-). L’une des premières formes d’activité neuronale lors du développement est la dépolarisation médiée par les ions chlorures extrudés par les canaux glycinergiques (GlyR) et GABAergiques. Cette dépolarisation est rendu possible grâce à l’expression retardée du co-transporteur d’ions chlorure et de potassium KCC2 lors du développement qui génère un gradient hyperpolarisant postnatalement chez les mammifères. Le rôle de cette dépolarisation précoce paradoxale durant le développement est inconnu. En injectant l’ARNm de KCC2 dans des embryons de poissons zébrés nouvellement fertilisé, nous avons devancé l’expression de ce co-transporteur rendant ainsi la glycine hyperpolarisante dans tous les neurones dès les premières phases du développement. Nous avons aussi ciblé le récepteur glycinergique directement en bloquant son activité et son expression à l’aide d’une drogue spécifique, la strychnine et d’un morpholino antisens (Knockdown). Dans les trois cas (KCC2, strychnine et GlyR KD), les perturbations de l’activité neuronale ont provoqués des erreurs dans la neurogenèse, en particulier une diminution du nombre d’interneurones sans avoir d’effets sur les motoneurones et les neurones sensoriels. De plus, en bloquant les canaux calciques activés à bas voltage dans le développement avec la drogue nifedipine, il y a des erreurs dans la neurogénèse semblables à celles remarquées dans les trois conditions précédentes. Nous concluons que la dépolarisation précoce par la glycine permet l’entrée du calcium et l’activation de la neurogénèse chez les interneurones.

Effets d'un traitement adjuvant de glycine versus un placebo sur les symptômes et la cognition dans la schizophrénie : analyse préliminaire

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La glycine décarboxylase désensibilise les cellules initiatrices de tumeur à la metformine

Le cancer du pancréas est l’un des plus chimiorésistants, avec un taux de survie sur 5 ans inférieur à 5%. La chimiorésistance pourrait être due à la présence de cellules initiatrices de tumeur (TICs), une petite sous-population des cellules tumorales possédant la capacité de régénérer une nouvelle tumeur. Il a été démontré que la metformine cible les TICs par un mécanisme non élucidé. Il est connu que la metformine affecte le métabolisme du carbone. Il a également été démontré que le métabolisme du carbone, plus précisément la glycine décarboxylase (GLDC), est à la fois nécessaire et suffisant à l’acquisition de propriétés d’initiation tumorale. Nous proposons que la metformine cible les cellules initiatrices de tumeur en affectant le métabolisme du carbone. Nous avons utilisé des lignées cellulaires dérivées d’un modèle murin de cancer du pancréas pour comparer l’expression génique de lésions bénignes versus malignes. Les cellules malignes surexpriment Gldc. La metformine diminue l’expression de Gldc, et la surexpression de Gldc diminue la sensibilité à la metformine dans un essai de sphères tumorales. La metformine induit une augmentation du ratio NADP+/NADPH, et la surexpression de Gldc empêche cette augmentation. Nous proposons que la metformine diminue l’expression de Gldc, ce qui cause une diminution du flux du métabolisme du carbone, et donc une diminution de la production de NADPH par ce dernier. L’augmentation du ratio NADP+/NADPH inhibe la synthèse des acides gras et la régénération de la glutathione, ce qui pourrait expliquer la diminution de la formation de sphères tumorales sous traitement metformine.