Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory

Atmospheric parameters, Such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density (rho proportional to P/T), affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We have Studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The rate of events shows a similar to 10% seasonal modulation and similar to 2% diurnal one. We find that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects associated with the variations of P and rho. The former affects the longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Moliere radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Upper limit on the cosmic-ray photon fraction at EeV energies from the Pierre Auger Observatory

From direct observations of the longitudinal development of ultra-high energy air showers performed with the Pierre Auger Observatory, upper limits of 3.8%, 2.4%, 3.5% and 11.7% (at 95% c.l.) are obtained on the fraction of cosmic-ray photons above 2, 3, 5 and 10 EeV (1 EeV equivalent to 10(18) eV), respectively. These are the first experimental limits on ultra-high energy photons at energies below 10 EeV. The results complement previous constraints on top-down models from array data and they reduce systematic uncertainties in the interpretation of shower data in terms of primary flux, nuclear composition and proton-air cross-section. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported. evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > E(th) = 5.5 x 10(19) eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > E(th) are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above E(th)/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above E(th) are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above 2.5 x 10(17) eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% C.L. for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Investigation of the properties of galactic cosmic rays with the KASCADE-Grande experiment

The properties of galactic cosmic rays are investigated with the KASCADE-Grande experiment in the energy range between 10(14) and 10(18) eV. Recent results are discussed. They concern mainly the all-particle energy spectrum and the elemental composition of cosmic rays. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Pierre Auger Observatory scaler mode for the study of solar activity modulation of galactic cosmic rays

Since data-taking began in January 2004, the Pierre Auger Observatory has been recording the count rates of low energy secondary cosmic ray particles for the self-calibration of the ground detectors of its surface detector array. After correcting for atmospheric effects, modulations of galactic cosmic rays due to solar activity and transient events are observed. Temporal variations related with the activity of the heliosphere can be determined with high accuracy due to the high total count rates. In this study, the available data are presented together with an analysis focused on the observation of Forbush decreases, where a strong correlation with neutron monitor data is found.

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The ""hybrid"" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz`min energy threshold, 6 x 10(19) eV. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than 3.1 degrees from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the Veron-Cetty and Veron 12th catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is (38(-6)(+7))%, compared with 21% expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of (69-(+11)(13))%. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10(18) eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory

We report a measurement of the flux of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision and Statistics using the Pierre Auger Observatory Based on fluorescence observations in coincidence with at least one Surface detector we derive a spectrum for energies above 10(18) eV We also update the previously published energy spectrum obtained with the surface detector array The two spectra are combined addressing the systematic uncertainties and, in particular. the influence of the energy resolution on the spectral shape The spectrum can be described by a broken power law E(-gamma) with index gamma = 3 3 below the ankle which is measured at log(10)(E(ankle)/eV) = 18 6 Above the ankle the spectrum is described by a power law with index 2 6 followed by a flux suppression, above about log(10)(E/eV) = 19 5, detected with high statistical significance (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory

The air fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory is designed to perforin calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers created by Cosmic rays of above 10(18) eV. To correct these measurements for the effects introduced by atmospheric fluctuations, the Observatory contains a group Of monitoring instruments to record atmospheric conditions across the detector site, ail area exceeding 3000 km(2). The atmospheric data are used extensively in the reconstruction of air showers, and are particularly important for the correct determination of shower energies and the depths of shower maxima. This paper contains a summary of the molecular and aerosol conditions measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory since the start of regular operations in 2004, and includes a discussion of the impact of these measurements oil air shower reconstructions. Between 10(18) and 10(20) eV, the systematic Uncertainties due to all atmospheric effects increase from 4% to 8% in measurements of shower energy, and 4 g cm(-2) to 8 g cm(-2) in measurements of the shower maximum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Um estudo sobre o uso do zinco e as estratégias de marketing no segmento galvanizador geral brasileiro

O objetivo deste trabalho é o de analisar a existência de estratégias de marketing das empresas de grande, médio e pequeno porte, prestadoras de serviços de galvanização geral no Brasil, para mostrar e divulgar os benefícios do material revestido com zinco em relação a outros revestimentos e, consequentemente, o aumento do uso e consumo do zinco metálico neste principal segmento de mercado, e, através de uma abordagem ampla sobre os principais conceitos e questões sobre o marketing, como marketing industrial, estratégias de marketing, segmentação de mercado e mercado-alvo, diferenciação de produtos e de serviços, canais de distribuição e rede de valor, partiu para a realização de uma pesquisa, com um roteiro de entrevista estruturado, no qual foram coletados dados de sete sujeitos amostrados de forma não-probabilística proposital, localizados no estado de São Paulo, representando 10% do total de empresas do mercado brasileiro de galvanização geral. Após avaliação dos resultados obtidos na pesquisa, pode-se constatar que a maioria do segmento galvanizador geral brasileiro não tem nenhuma estratégia de marketing voltada para a divulgação e promoção do uso de revestimento de zinco em relação a outros revestimentos. Ficando claro que somente algumas empresas de grande porte identificam a necessidade de formular e criar estratégias voltadas para o produto e/ou serviços, porém, que se desenvolvem muito timidamente. Outros aspectos, como fator de decisão para galvanizar, diferenciais avaliados pelo cliente, desenvolvimento de novos mercados, parcerias com fornecedores, atendimento das necessidades e relação com o mercado, também foram apurados neste trabalho.

Estudo de caso da evolução organizacional da Escola Técnica do Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro(ETAM) em relação à viabilidade do atingimento simultâneo de requisitos fomentados pelo Ministério da Educação e pelo Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro

The present study treats of an historical analysis of the organizational evolution of School Technique of Arsenal of Navy of Rio de Janeiro (ETAM) and your contribution to the establishment of the current managerial model. This school is the one of national institution of teaching, turned to the area of the industry naval, what else contributed in the country, in the century 20, to the formation qualified of hand of work, having activities since 1923. The Arsenal of Navy of Rio de Janeiro, counting with 239 years of experience, since your foundation, stimulates the professional qualification of Brazilians workers , on the area of the industry naval, since 1823.

Avaliação do comportamento térmico do protótipo habitacional Alvorada

O presente trabalho trata da verificação, in loco, do comportamento térmico de um protótipo de edificação térrea unifamiliar, de padrão popular, construído no Campus da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS (30º 02' S; 51º 13'O). A edificação, denominada “protótipo Alvorada”, foi desenvolvida a partir dos princípios e pressupostos básicos de sustentabilidade. O projeto original considerou os aspectos climáticos do local de implantação e buscou minimizar a utilização de materiais poluentes, tóxicos ou de alto conteúdo energético. Durante as quatro estações, em um período de doze meses (entre maio de 2003 e maio de 2004), foram realizadas medições em intervalos horários de diversas variáveis ambientais no interior da edificação. Os dados internos foram comparados com os dados externos obtidos em uma estação meteorológica localizada nas imediações do protótipo. O principal critério utilizado para a avaliação do comportamento térmico do protótipo Alvorada, foi o diagrama bioclimático de Givoni (1992) para países em desenvolvimento e de clima quente. Os resultados indicaram que, durante o ano de monitoramento, o número de horas de conforto foi triplicado no interior do protótipo (em relação às condições externas). A construção conseguiu amenizar os valores extremos de temperatura e reduziu consideravelmente o número de horas com umidade relativa superior a 80%.

Livros didáticos: obstáculos ao aprendizado da ciência química

Objetivando analisar, do ponto de vista epistemológico e histórico, o ensino de Química no Brasil, selecionamos 107 de livros didáticos adotados nas três séries do segundo grau, de 1931 a 1990. Como referencial teórico utilizamos a epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard, havendo destaque para a categoria obstáculo epistemológico, compreendido como os entraves, inerentes ao próprio conhecimento científico, que bloqueiam a compreensão e o desenvolvimento da ciência. Dentre os diferentes tipos de obstáculos destacamos o animismo, o realismo, o substancialismo e o verbalismo. Procuramos não apenas identificar exemplos desses obstáculos, e dos equívocos que provocam nos mais diferentes assuntos, como discutir o porquê do surgimento dos mesmos. Concluímos haver inverso de objetivos entre o período até meados da década de 60 - marcada pela inovação educacional - e o período posterior. No primeiro período há evidências de obstáculos epistemológicos oriundos da própria concepção de ciência vigente, ainda marcada por referenciais pré-cientificistas. No período posterior, especialmente apÓs 68, há proliferação ainda maior das metáforas realistas e animistas, devido ao fato de serem utilizadas enquanto estratégia pedagógica frente aos assuntos de maior abstraçao. Na ansia de tornar fácil a inerente dificuldade da ciência, construindo a ponte entre o conhecimento comum e o conhecimento cientifico, tao criticada por Bachelard, procede-se a divulgação da não-ciência e do irracional, obstaculizando o aprendizado da química.