Les débuts de la critique dramatique au Québec (1870-1896) : un contexte difficile

Perçue comme organisation institutionnelle, l'activité théâtrale peut être divisée en quatre grands secteurs (ou instances) : la production, la distribution, la consommation et la légitimation. À l'intérieur de chacun de ces secteurs, différents agents assument des fonctions précises et complémentaires : interpréter, écrire, produire, distribuer, regarder, juger, etc. Dans ce partage des responsabilités et des pouvoirs, la critique joue un rôle complexe dont l'importance et la pertinence varient selon les époques et les lieux. La critique relève de l'instance de légitimation. Dans une société organisée et hiérarchisée (comme la France du XIXe siècle), elle s'exprime autant dans les grands journaux que dans les périodiques spécialisés et les ouvrages érudits. Elle constitue la première étape de l'oeuvre dramatique vers sa consécration. Les académies, par leurs prix et leurs concours, et l'École, par la mise au programme de certains textes, assurent le couronnement définitif des oeuvres et des auteurs. Le Québec de la fin du XIXe siècle ne dispose pas d'une instance de légitimation aussi structurée. Son organisation interne et sa situation géographique le soumettent à des pressions si variées et si nombreuses qu'il doit continuellement chercher à l'extérieur de ses frontières le pouvoir de consécration qui lui manque. Il n'a pas d'académie, pas de grand concours dramatique (d'écriture ou d'interprétation), et les sommités qui remplissent les rares chaires littéraires des universités Laval de Québec et de Montréal sont des Français de passage. On pourrait donc croire qu'en raison de l'absence d'autres agents, la critique locale aurait envahi tout le champ de la légitimation et assumé seule le couronnement des oeuvres et des auteurs au Québec. Mais il n'en fut rien! [Introduction]

Les débuts de la critique dramatique au Québec (1870-1896) : un contexte difficile

Perçue comme organisation institutionnelle, l'activité théâtrale peut être divisée en quatre grands secteurs (ou instances): la production, la distribution, la consommation et la légitimation. À l'intérieur de chacun de ces secteurs, différents agents assument des fonctions précises et complémentaires : interpréter, écrire, produire, distribuer, regarder, juger, etc. Dans ce partage des responsabilités et des pouvoirs, la critique joue un rôle complexe dont l'importance et la pertinence varient selon les époques et les lieux. [...]

Predicted properties of the superheavy elements, II. Element 111, Eka-Gold

The chemical properties of element 111, eka-gold, are predicted through the use of the periodic table, relativistic Hartee-Fock-Slater calculations, and various qualitative theories which have established their usefulness in understanding and correlating properties of molecules. The results indicate that element 111 will be like Au(III) in its chemistry with little or no tendency to show stability in the I or II states. There is a possibility that the 111 - ion, analogous to the auride ion, will be stable.

Ethanol electro-oxidation in an alkaline medium using Pd/C, Au/C and PdAu/C electrocatalysts prepared by electron beam irradiation

Carbon-supported Pd, Au and bimetallic PdAu (Pd:Au 90:10, 50:50 and 30:70 atomic ratios) electrocatalysts were prepared using electron beam irradiation. The obtained materials were characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their catalytic activities toward ethanol electro-oxidation were evaluated in an alkaline medium using electrochemical techniques, in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis and a single alkaline direct ethanol fuel cell (ADEFC). EDX analyses showed that the actual Pd: Au atomic ratios were very similar to the nominal ones. X-ray diffractograms of PdAu/C electrocatalysts evidenced the presence of Pd-rich (fcc) and Au-rich (fcc) phases. TEM analysis showed a homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles on the carbon support, with an average size in the range of 3-5 nm and broad size distributions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) experiments revealed the superior ambient activity toward ethanol electro-oxidation of PdAu/C electrocatalysts with Pd: Au ratios of 90:10 and 50:50. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy measurements have shown that the mechanism for ethanol electro-oxidation is dependent on catalyst composition, leading to different reaction products, such as acetaldehyde and acetate, depending on the number of electrons transferred. Experiments on a single ADEFC were conducted between 50 and 900 C, and the best performance of 44 mW cm-2 in 2.0molL-1 ethanol was obtained at 850C for the Pd:Au 90:10 catalysts. This superior performance is most likely associated with enhancement of ethanol adsorption on Pd, oxidation of the intermediates, the presence of gold oxide-hydroxyl species, low mean particle diameters and better distribution of particles on the support. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Controlled assembly and single electron charging of monolayer protected Au 144 clusters: an electrochemistry and scanning tunneling spectroscopy study

Single gold particles may serve as room temperature single electron memory units because of their size dependent electronic level spacing. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study by electrochemically controlled scanning probe experiments performed on tailor-made Au particles of narrow dispersity. In particular, the charge transport characteristics through chemically synthesized hexane-1-thiol and 4-pyridylbenzene-1-thiol mixed monolayer protected Au144 clusters (MPCs) by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical scanning tunneling spectroscopy (EC-STS) are reported. The pyridyl groups exposed by the Au-MPCs enable their immobilization on Pt(111) substrates. By varying the humidity during their deposition, samples coated by stacks of compact monolayers of Au-MPCs or decorated with individual, laterally separated Au-MPCs are obtained. DPV experiments with stacked monolayers of Au144-MPCs and EC-STS experiments with laterally separated individual Au144-MPCs are performed both in aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes. Lower capacitance values were observed for individual clusters compared to ensemble clusters. This trend remains the same irrespective of the composition of the electrolyte surrounding the Au144-MPC. However, the resolution of the energy level spacing of the single clusters is strongly affected by the proximity of neighboring particles.

Swellable polymer films containing Au nanoparticles for point-of-care therapeutic drug monitoring using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Large (10 × 10 cm) sheets of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active polymer have been prepared by stabilising metal nanoparticle aggregates within dry hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) films. In these films the aggregates are protected by the polymer matrix during storage but in use they are released when aqueous analyte droplets cause the films to swell to their gel form. The fact that these "Poly-SERS" films can be prepared in bulk but then cut to size and stored in air before use means that they provide a cost effective and convenient method for routine SERS analysis. Here we have tested both Ag and Au Poly-SERS films for use in point-of-care monitoring of therapeutic drugs, using phenytoin as the test compound. Phenytoin in water could readily be detected using Ag Poly-SERS films but dissolving the compound in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to mimic body fluid samples caused loss of the drug signal due to competition for metal surface sites from Cl^- ions in the buffer solution. However, with Au Poly-SERS films there was no detectable interference from Cl^- and these materials allowed phenytoin to be detected at 1.8 mg L^-1, even in PBS. The target range of detection of phenytoin in therapeutic drug monitoring is 10-20 mg L^-1. With the Au Poly-SERS films, the absolute signal generated by a given concentration of phenytoin was lower for the films than for the parent colloid but the SERS signals were still high enough to be used for therapeutic monitoring, so the cost in sensitivity for moving from simple aqueous colloids to films is not so large that it outweighs the advantages which the films bring for practical applications, in particular their ease of use and long shelf life.