865 resultados para Agricultural Learning of Barbacena, MG
Resumo:
Studies examined the potential use of Virtual Environments (VEs) in teaching historical chronology to 127 children of primary school age (89 years). The use of passive fly-through VEs had been found, in an earlier study, to be disadvantageous with this age group when tested for their subsequent ability to place displayed sequential events in correct chronological order. All VEs in the present studies included active challenge, previously shown to enhance learning in older participants. Primary school children in the UK (all frequent computer users) were tested using UK historical materials, but no significant effect was found between three conditions (Paper, PowerPoint and VE) with minimal pre-training. However, excellent (error free) learning occurred when children were allowed greater exploration prior to training in the VE. In Ukraine, with children having much less computer familiarity, training in a VE (depicting Ukrainian history) produced better learning compared to PowerPoint, but no better than in a Paper condition. The results confirmed the benefit of using challenge in a VE with primary age children, but only with adequate prior familiarisation with the medium. Familiarity may reduce working memory load and increase childrens spatial memory capacity for acquiring sequential temporal-spatial information from virtual displays. Keywords: timeline, chronographics
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The influence of proximal olfactory cues on place learning and memory was tested in two different spatial tasks. Rats were trained to find a hole leading to their home cage or a single food source in an array of petri dishes. The two apparatuses differed both by the type of reinforcement (return to the home cage or food reward) and the local characteristics of the goal (masked holes or salient dishes). In both cases, the goal was in a fixed location relative to distant visual landmarks and could be marked by a local olfactory cue. Thus, the position of the goal was defined by two sets of redundant cues, each of which was sufficient to allow the discrimination of the goal location. These experiments were conducted with two strains of hooded rats (Long-Evans and PVG), which show different speeds of acquisition in place learning tasks. They revealed that the presence of an olfactory cue marking the goal facilitated learning of its location and that the facilitation persisted after the removal of the cue. Thus, the proximal olfactory cue appeared to potentiate learning and memory of the goal location relative to distant environmental cues. This facilitating effect was only detected when the expression of spatial memory was not already optimal, i.e., during the early phase of acquisition. It was not limited to a particular strain.
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EI Salvador presents an unfortunate history that includes a military regime and a civil war that together created a legacy of violence in which the country still struggle nowadays. Salud Escolar Integral (SEI) was created in 2005 as a program to combat youth violence throughout the re-formulation of physical education (PE) classes in public schools, promoting life skills learning that supports the resolution of conflicts with nonviolent ways. In 2007, SEI supported the creation of a physical e~ucation teacher education (PETE) degree at the Universidad Pedag6gica de EI Salvador (UPES), having the goal to assist pre-service teachers with a better understanding of humanistic principles. The present research analyzed if after attending all three years ofUPES PETE program, students presented high self-perception levels of competence and confidence related to attitude, skills and knowledge to teach PE within humanistic principles. Taking Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) was the theoretical framework used to analyze the development of humanistic principles. The study had a mixed-method longitudinal design that included questionnaires, reflection templates and interviews. In conclusion, although it is suggested that UPES should provide better support for the development of the teaching principles of empowering students and transfer learning, most of the humanistic principles were highly promoted by the program. At last, it is suggested that future research should track teachers' progress while teaching in schools, in order to analyze if the theory of promoting humanistic principles have also become a daily practice.
Resumo:
The purpose of the present experiment was to determine whether learning is optimized when providing the opportunity to observe either segments, or the whole basketball jump shot. Participants performed 50 jump-shots from the free throw line during acquisition, and returned one day later for a 10 shot retention test and a memory recall test of the jump-shot technique. Shot accuracy was assessed on a 5-point scale and technique assessed on a 7-point scale. The number of components recalled correctly by participants assessed mental representation. Retention results showed superior shot technique and recall success for those participants provided control over the frequency and type of modelled information compared to participants not provided control. Furthermore, participants in the self-condition utilized the part-model information more frequently than whole-model information highlighting the effectiveness of providing the learner control over viewing multiple segments of a skill compared to only watching the whole model.
Resumo:
Learners can be provided with feedback in the form of knowledge of results (KR), under self-controlled and peer-controlled schedules. Recently, McRae, Hansen, and Patterson (2015), identified that inexperienced peers can provide KR that can facilitate motor skill acquisition. However, it is currently unknown whether previous task experience differentially impacts how peers present learners with KR and whether this KR impacts motor skill acquisition. In the present study, participants were randomly assigned to become inexperienced peer facilitators, learners with an inexperienced peer, learners with self-control who later became experienced peers, learners with an experienced peer, or learners in a control group. During acquisition learners completed a serial-timing task with a goal of 2500ms and returned approximately twenty four hours later for a delayed retention, time transfer, and pattern transfer test. We predicted that during the delayed tests, learners with self-control would outperform all other groups. Furthermore, we predicted that learners who received KR from experienced peers would outperform learners who received KR from inexperienced peers. However, our results indicated that participants who received peer-controlled and self-controlled KR schedules learned the task in an equivalent manner. Thus, our results are novel as they identify that inexperienced peers can provide KR that is as effective as KR provided by experienced peers and KR requested under self-controlled conditions.
Resumo:
Lobservation dun modle pratiquant une habilet motrice promeut lapprentissage de lhabilet en question. Toutefois, peu de chercheurs se sont attards tudier les caractristiques dun bon modle et mettre en vidence les conditions dobservation pouvant optimiser lapprentissage. Dans les trois tudes composant cette thse, nous avons examin les effets du niveau dhabilet du modle, de la latralit du modle, du point de vue auquel lobservateur est plac, et du mode de prsentation de linformation sur lapprentissage dune tche de timing squentielle compose de quatre segments. Dans la premire exprience de la premire tude, les participants observaient soit un novice, soit un expert, soit un novice et un expert. Les rsultats des tests de rtention et de transfert ont rvl que lobservation dun novice tait moins bnfique pour lapprentissage que le fait dobserver un expert ou une combinaison des deux (condition mixte). Par ailleurs, il semblerait que lobservation combine de modles novice et expert induise un mouvement plus stable et une meilleure gnralisation du timing relatif impos comparativement aux deux autres conditions. Dans la seconde exprience, nous voulions dterminer si un certain type de performance chez un novice (trs variable, avec ou sans amlioration de la performance) dans lobservation dune condition mixte amenait un meilleur apprentissage de la tche. Aucune diffrence significative na t observe entre les diffrents types de modle novices employs dans lobservation de la condition mixte. Ces rsultats suggrent quune observation mixte fournit une reprsentation prcise de ce quil faut faire (modle expert) et que lapprentissage est dautant plus amlior lorsque lapprenant peut contraster cela avec la performance de modles ayant moins de succs. Dans notre seconde tude, des participants droitiers devaient observer un modle la premire ou la troisime personne. Lobservation dun modle utilisant la mme main prfrentielle que soi induit un meilleur apprentissage de la tche que lobservation dun modle dont la dominance latrale est oppose la sienne, et ce, quel que soit langle dobservation. Ce rsultat suggre que le rseau dobservation de laction (AON) est plus sensible la latralit du modle qu langle de vue de lobservateur. Ainsi, le rseau dobservation de laction semble li des rgions sensorimotrices du cerveau qui simulent la programmation motrice comme si le mouvement observ tait ralis par sa propre main dominante. Pour finir, dans la troisime tude, nous nous sommes intresss dterminer si le mode de prsentation (en direct ou en vido) influait sur lapprentissage par observation et si cet effet est modul par le point de vue de lobservateur (premire ou troisime personne). Pour cela, les participants observaient soit un modle en direct soit une prsentation vido du modle et ceci avec une vue soit la premire soit la troisime personne. Nos rsultats ont rvl que lobservation ne diffre pas significativement selon le type de prsentation utilise ou le point de vue auquel lobservateur est plac. Ces rsultats sont contraires aux prdictions dcoulant des tudes dimagerie crbrale ayant montr une activation plus importante du cortex sensorimoteur lors dune observation en direct compare une observation vido et de la premire personne compare la troisime personne. Dans lensemble, nos rsultats indiquent que le niveau dhabilet du modle et sa latralit sont des dterminants importants de lapprentissage par observation alors que le point de vue de lobservateur et le moyen de prsentation nont pas deffets significatifs sur lapprentissage dune tche motrice. De plus, nos rsultats suggrent que la plus grande activation du rseau dobservation de laction rvle par les tudes en imagerie mentale durant lobservation dune action ninduit pas ncessairement un meilleur apprentissage de la tche.
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Lobjectif de cette thse par articles est de prsenter modestement quelques tapes du parcours qui mnera (on espre) une solution gnrale du problme de lintelligence artificielle. Cette thse contient quatre articles qui prsentent chacun une diffrente nouvelle mthode dinfrence perceptive en utilisant lapprentissage machine et, plus particulirement, les rseaux neuronaux profonds. Chacun de ces documents met en vidence lutilit de sa mthode propose dans le cadre dune tche de vision par ordinateur. Ces mthodes sont applicables dans un contexte plus gnral, et dans certains cas elles on tt appliques ailleurs, mais ceci ne sera pas abord dans le contexte de cette de thse. Dans le premier article, nous prsentons deux nouveaux algorithmes dinfrence variationelle pour le modle gnratif dimages appel codage parcimonieux spike- and-slab (CPSS). Ces mthodes dinfrence plus rapides nous permettent dutiliser des modles CPSS de tailles beaucoup plus grandes quauparavant. Nous dmontrons quelles sont meilleures pour extraire des dtecteur de caractristiques quand trs peu dexemples tiquets sont disponibles pour lentranement. Partant dun modle CPSS, nous construisons ensuite une architecture profonde, la machine de Boltzmann profonde partiellement dirige (MBP-PD). Ce modle a t conu de manire simplifier dentranement des machines de Boltzmann profondes qui ncessitent normalement une phase de pr-entranement glouton pour chaque couche. Ce problme est rgl dans une certaine mesure, mais le cot dinfrence dans le nouveau modle est relativement trop lev pour permettre de lutiliser de manire pratique. Dans le deuxime article, nous revenons au problme dentranement joint de machines de Boltzmann profondes. Cette fois, au lieu de changer de famille de modles, nous introduisons un nouveau critre dentranement qui donne naissance aux machines de Boltzmann profondes multiples prdictions (MBP-MP). Les MBP-MP sont entranables en une seule tape et ont un meilleur taux de succs en classification que les MBP classiques. Elles sentranent aussi avec des mthodes variationelles standard au lieu de ncessiter un classificateur discriminant pour obtenir un bon taux de succs en classification. Par contre, un des inconvnients de tels modles est leur incapacit de gnrer deschantillons, mais ceci nest pas trop grave puisque la performance de classification des machines de Boltzmann profondes nest plus une priorit tant donn les dernires avances en apprentissage supervis. Malgr cela, les MBP-MP demeurent intressantes parce quelles sont capable daccomplir certaines tches que des modles purement superviss ne peuvent pas faire, telles que celle de classifier des donnes incompltes ou encore celle de combler intelligemment linformation manquante dans ces donnes incompltes. Le travail prsent dans cette thse sest droul au milieu dune priode de transformations importantes du domaine de lapprentissage rseaux neuronaux profonds qui a t dclenche par la dcouverte de lalgorithme de dropout par Geoffrey Hinton. Dropout rend possible un entranement purement supervis darchitectures de propagation unidirectionnel sans tre expos au danger de sur- entranement. Le troisime article prsent dans cette thse introduit une nouvelle fonction dactivation spcialement con cue pour aller avec lalgorithme de Dropout. Cette fonction dactivation, appele maxout, permet lutilisation de aggrgation multi-canal dans un contexte dapprentissage purement supervis. Nous dmontrons comment plusieurs tches de reconnaissance dobjets sont mieux accomplies par lutilisation de maxout. Pour terminer, sont prsentons un vrai cas dutilisation dans lindustrie pour la transcription dadresses de maisons plusieurs chiffres. En combinant maxout avec une nouvelle sorte de couche de sortie pour des rseaux neuronaux de convolution, nous dmontrons quil est possible datteindre un taux de succs comparable celui des humains sur un ensemble de donnes coriace constitu de photos prises par les voitures de Google. Ce systme a t dploy avec succs chez Google pour lire environ cent million dadresses de maisons.
Resumo:
The effect of dopants with different valencies and ionic radii on the densification, structural ordering, and microwave dielectric properties of Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 (BMT) is investigated. It is found that dopants such as Sb2O5, MnO, ZrO2, WO3, and ZnO improve the microwave dielectric properties of BMT. Addition of trivalent dopants is detrimental to the cation ordering and dielectric properties of BMT. A correlation between the microwave dielectric properties of BMT and ionic radii of the dopant has been established. The variation of the dielectric properties of pure and doped BMT at cryogenic temperatures is also discussed.
Resumo:
The effect of glass additives on the densification , phase evolution, microstructure and microwave dielectric properties of Ba(Mg1;3 Ta2i3)03 (BMT) was investigated . Different weight percentages of quenched glass such as B203 , Si02, B203-SiO2, ZnO-B203, 5ZnO-2B2O3, Al203-SiO2, Na20-2B203.10H20, BaO-B203-SiO2, MgO-B203-SiO2, PbO-B203-SiO2 , ZnO-B203-SiO2 and 2MgO-Al203-5SiO2 were added to calcined BMT precursor . The sintering temperature of the glass -added BMT samples were lowered down to 1300 C compared to solid-state sintering where the temperature was 1650 C. The formation of high temperature satellite phases such as Ba5Ta4O15 and Ba7Ta6O22 were found to be suppressed by the glass addition . Addition of glass systems such as B203, ZnO-B203, 5ZnO-2B203 and ZnO-B203-SiO2 improved the densification and microwave dielectric properties. Other glasses were found to react with BMT to form low-Q phases which prevented densification . The microwave dielectric properties of undoped BMT with a densification of 93 . 1 % of the theoretical density were Cr = 24 . 8, Tr = 8 ppm/C and Q x f= 80,000 GHz. The BMT doped with 1.0 wt% of B203 has Q x f = 124,700GHz, Cr = 24.2, and T f = -1.3 ppm /C. The unloaded Q factor of 0.2 wt% ZnO-B203-doped BMT was 136,500 GHz while that of 1.0 wt% of 5ZnO-2B203 added ceramic was Q x f= 141,800 GHz . The best microwave quality factor was observed for ZnO -B203-SiO2 (ZBS) glass-added ceramics which can act as a perfect liquid-phase medium for the sintering of BMT. The microwave dielectric properties of 0.2wt% ZBS-added BMT dielectric was Q x f= 152,800 GHz, F,= 25.5, and Tr = - 1.5 ppm/C
Resumo:
Introduction of agrarian reforms and introduction of new technology increased dependence on casual labourers. High labour absorption in the subsistence agriculture and increased price of input resulted in high cost of cultivation. Price of paddy did not rise correspondingly. As a result subsistence economy's future is bleak. The purpose of the _study is to examine these arguments and related issues with the help of empirical evidence from Kuttanad. The credit schemes are designed to help farmers to earn higher incomes by larger output brought either by an increase in area or by an improvement in yield rates or both. It is difficult to isolate the impact of agricultural credit on agricultural development. Because agricultural development is the combined effect of all inputs. The specific .criteria selected for analysing the impact of agricultural icredit are how increased supply of credit would bring changes in capital formation, agrarian relations, informal lending and its cost and the changes in area, output, introduction of new technology, income, savings and employment of farm households.
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We consider an online learning scenario in which the learner can make predictions on the basis of a fixed set of experts. The performance of each expert may change over time in a manner unknown to the learner. We formulate a class of universal learning algorithms for this problem by expressing them as simple Bayesian algorithms operating on models analogous to Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). We derive a new performance bound for such algorithms which is considerably simpler than existing bounds. The bound provides the basis for learning the rate at which the identity of the optimal expert switches over time. We find an analytic expression for the a priori resolution at which we need to learn the rate parameter. We extend our scalar switching-rate result to models of the switching-rate that are governed by a matrix of parameters, i.e. arbitrary homogeneous HMMs. We apply and examine our algorithm in the context of the problem of energy management in wireless networks. We analyze the new results in the framework of Information Theory.
Resumo:
The purpose of this paper is to propose a Neural-Q_learning approach designed for online learning of simple and reactive robot behaviors. In this approach, the Q_function is generalized by a multi-layer neural network allowing the use of continuous states and actions. The algorithm uses a database of the most recent learning samples to accelerate and guarantee the convergence. Each Neural-Q_learning function represents an independent, reactive and adaptive behavior which maps sensorial states to robot control actions. A group of these behaviors constitutes a reactive control scheme designed to fulfill simple missions. The paper centers on the description of the Neural-Q_learning based behaviors showing their performance with an underwater robot in a target following task. Real experiments demonstrate the convergence and stability of the learning system, pointing out its suitability for online robot learning. Advantages and limitations are discussed
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The use of biofeedback in the spinal cord injuryperson rehabilitation has been increasing eventhough there are no data about the effi cacy of suchtechnique. The study aimed to evaluate the effi cacyof the technique in the motor rehabilitation ofspinal cord injured patients with different lesions.Using case studies, three participants, two paraplegicsand one quadriplegic, with different lesionlevels and degrees of defi ciency were exposed toelectromyography biofeedback training sessions.Data were obtained from the training sessions withbiofeedback, from three manual test examinationsof the muscles straight and from the reports of theparticipants after the training process. These sourcesof data were compared and the results of all thethree different sources showed improvement forall the participants. The study concluded that theelectromyography biofeedback technique can bean important tool in the rehabilitation process ofpatients with this kind of lesion.
