褐煤的微生物降解及褐煤生物肥的肥效

<正> 一、前言 我国具有丰富的褐煤资源,褐煤的热稳定性差,发热量低,工业上被称为劣质煤,很大数量的褐煤不能被利用,这样既造成浪费又影响环境。由于褐煤腐植酸与土壤腐植酸在组成、性质及对土壤和作物的影响有类似之处,因此褐煤腐植酸在农业领域的应用研究一直受到世界各国的重视。自60年代起,美、日、苏(原苏联)、法、奥地利等国相继建立了腐植酸类肥料的生产厂,其中以原苏联和日本发展速度最快,规模也最大。我国

优良水土保持植物——芨芨草

芨芨草 (Achnatherum splendens)又称积极草、席芨草等 ,属禾本科芨芨草属。多分布于我国北方 ,在黄土高原常分布于道路、村庄及沟坡陡坎上 ,多呈零星块状分布 ,集中连片较少。1　生物生态学特性芨芨草为多年生草本植物 ,构成紧密的丘状草丛 ,丛径一般为 0 .5～ 1 .0 m,茎秆直立、坚硬 ,株高 0 .6～ 1 .8m。叶片坚韧、卷折 ,长 0 .3～ 0 .6 m。园锥花序 ,长 0 .3～ 0 .5 cm,小穗长 6～8mm,灰绿带紫色 ,在黄土高原多为 6～ 7月开花 ,8月中旬到 9月上旬种子成熟 ,芒自外稃齿间伸出 ,不扭转 ,易脱落。根粗坚韧 ,外被沙套 ,须根发达 ,成庞大根系 ,入土深达 0 .5～ 1 .5 m,根直径均达 0 .2～ 0 .3cm,根幅在 1 .5～ 2 .0 m,其根上有白色毛状菌根。在沙质棕钙土上 ,芨芨草有明显分蘖节位移现象 ,在放牧过度地段上 ,由于土壤坚实 ,即盐分集中在土壤上层 ,使之毛细管现象加速土壤干燥 ,因此 ,从土壤的剖面观察到残存的大量死根 ,即活根系集中于剖面的上部 ,由于根量的减少 ,引起分蘖数减少 ,如不合理放牧或刈割利用...

施用猪粪农田重金属分布迁移和污染评价

对5个典型的堆肥或施用猪粪尿的农田土壤重金属垂直分布进行了研究,结果显示猪粪的施用可以增加土壤中有机质的含量并使土壤pH值升高,且土壤深度的增加与pH值的升高表现为极显著正相关(P<0.01)。施用猪粪土壤中Cd和Zn在不同深度土层中呈“峰”型分布,而Cu在不同深度土层中表现为上部富集。Cu,Zn,Cd在农田土壤系统下的迁移能力如下:Cd>Zn>Cu。重金属的迁移是个复杂的过程,不但与土壤pH值和有机质含量有关,而且还受其他因素控制。

微生物对油田污水-聚丙烯酰胺体系粘度的影响

比较了厌氧和曝气处理后的油田采出水配制聚丙烯酰胺溶液(采出水-聚丙烯酰胺体系)粘度及该体系中腐生菌,铁细菌和硫酸盐还原菌的数量变化。结果表明,曝气有利于聚合物溶液粘度的保持,粘度损失率明显低于厌氧采出水-聚合物体系。总体上,腐生菌或其代谢产物对聚合物粘度的影响很小;铁细菌可以利用聚合物生长,是破坏聚合物粘度的主要微生物类群;硫酸盐还原菌不能直接利用大分子量聚合物,可以利用小分子或分子链断裂的聚合物生长。

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961-2005

National Key Technology RD Program [2006BAD03A02]

Potential CO2 Emission Reduction by Development of Non-Grain-Based Bioethanol in China

Assessment of the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based ethanol in China is valuable for both setting up countermeasures against climate change and formulating bioethanol policies. Based on the land occupation property, feedstock classification and selection are conducted, identifying sweet sorghum, cassava, and sweet potato as plantation feedstocks cultivated from low-quality arable marginal land resources and molasses and agricultural straws as nonplantation feedstocks derived from agricultural by-products. The feedstock utilization degree, CO2 reduction coefficient of bioethanol, and assessment model of CO2 emission reduction potential of bioethanol are proposed and established to assess the potential CO2 emission reduction by development of non-grain-based bioethanol. The results show that China can obtain emission reduction potentials of 10.947 and 49.027 Mt CO2 with non-grain-based bioethanol in 2015 and 2030, which are much higher than the present capacity, calculated as 1.95 Mt. It is found that nonplantation feedstock can produce more bioethanol so as to obtain a higher potential than plantation feedstock in both 2015 and 2030. Another finding is that developing non-grain-based bioethanol can make only a limited contribution to China's greenhouse gas emission reduction. Moreover, this study reveals that the regions with low and very low potentials for emission reduction will dominate the spatial distribution in 2015, and regions with high and very high potentials will be the majority in 2030.

有机半导体中载流子迁移率的测量方法

本文简要地介绍了有机半导体中载流子迁移率的几种模型,着重阐述了测量有机半导体中载流子迁移率的各种方法的测试原理。主要有如下几种:稳态(CW)直流电流-电压特性法(steady-state DC JV),飞行时间法(time of flight,TOF),瞬态电致发光法(transient electroluminescence,transient EL),瞬态电致发光法的修正方法即双脉冲方波法和线性增压载流子瞬态法(carrier extraction by linearly increasing voltage,CELIV),暗注入空间电荷限制电流(dark injection space charge limited current,DI SCLC),场效应晶体管方法(field-effect transistor,FET),时间分辨微波传导技术(time-resolved microwave conductivity technique,TRMC),电压调制毫米波谱(voltage-modulated millimeter-wave spectroscopy,VMS)光诱导瞬态斯塔克谱方法(photoi...

Thermal annealing of Au nanorod self-assembled nanostructured materials: Morphology and optical properties

Three-dimensional Au nanorod and An nanoparticle nanostructured materials were prepared by layer-by-layer self-assembly. The plasmonic properties of the An nanorod and An nanoparticle self-assembled nanostructured materials (abbreviated as AuNR and AuNP SANMs) are tunable by the controlled self-assenibly process. The effect of thermal annealing at 180 and 500 degrees C to the morphologies, plasmonic properties and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) responses of these SANMs were investigated. According to the experimental results, these properties correlate with the structure of the SANMs.

Thermal degradation kinetics of poly(propylene carbonate) obtained from the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide

The kinetics of the thermal degradation of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) were investigated with different kinetic methods with data from thermogravimetric analysis under dynamic conditions. The apparent activation energies obtained with different integral methods (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall and Coats-Redfern) were consistent with the values obtained with the Kinssinger method (99.93 kJ/mol). The solid-state decomposition process was a sigmoidal A(3) type in terms of the Coats-Redfern and Phadnis-Deshpande results. The influence of the heating rate on the thermal decomposition temperature was also studied. The derivative thermogravimetry curves of PPC confirmed only one weight-loss step.

Synthesis and x-ray structure of a highly symmetrical selenium-centered hexanuclear neodymium complex, [(Cp6Nd6Se13)-Nd-t](-) (Cp-t=eta(5)-(BuC5H4)-C-t)

The half-sandwich tert-buthylcyclopentadienyl neodymium complex [(CpNdCl2)-Nd-t(THF)(2)](2) (1) reacts with Na2Se5 to give organoneodymium polyselenide complex [Na(THF)(6)][(Cp6Nd6)-Nd-t(mu(6)-Se)(mu(2)-Se-2)(6)] (2) which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLYPYRROLE FILM DOPED WITH A DAWSON-TYPE HETEROPOLYANION

The electropolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of Dawson-type tungstophosphate yields a polypyrrole (PPy) film doped with tungstophosphate anions on the electrode surfaces. The electrochemical behaviour of this film was described, and the stability

X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTRA OF SOME BIOINORGANIC COMPLEXES OF THE RARE-EARTHS WITH N-ACETYLALANINE

X-Ray photoelectron spectra of some bioinorganic complexes of La, Ce, PT, Nd, Sm and Eu with N-acetylalanine have been measured and the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 main peaks and their satellites have also been assigned. ne spin-orbit splitting between the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 core-level of the rare earth ion in these complexes becomes slightly larger than that of the free rare earth atom due to the effect of the crystal field. The satellite for the 3d main peaks of La in the solid state complex are in higher binding energy region and may be attributable to the L --> 4f charge-transfer shake-up process. The satellites for the 3d main peaks of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu are in the lower binding energy region and may be attributable to the 4f --> L charge-transfer shake-down process.