The genetic analysis and germplasm identification of the gametophytes of Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyceae) with RAPD method

Eleven pairs of Undaria pinnatifida (Harv.) Suringar gametophytes were identified with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. After screening 100 primers, 20 ten-base primers were determined for the RAPD analysis. A total of 312 polymorphic loci were obtained, of which 97.7% were polymorphic. The primer S198 was found to distinguish all the selected Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes. The genetic distances between each two of the twenty-two U. pinnatifida gametophytes ranged from 0.080 to 0.428, while the distances to the Laminaria was 0.497 on average. After reexamination, two sequences characterized amplification region (SCAR) markers were successfully converted, which could be applied to U. pinnatifida germplasm identification. All these results demonstrated the feasibility of applying RAPD markers to germplasm characterization and identification of U. pinnatifida gametophytes, and to provide a molecular basis for Undaria breeding.

A new poly brominated dibenzylphenol from Rhodomela confervoides

A new poly brominated dibenzylphenol named as rhodomevoidin was isolated from Rhodomela confervoides. Its structrue was elucidated as 3-bromo-4, 5-bis (2, 3-dibromo-4, 5-dihydroxybenzyI)pyrocatechol by spectroscopic methods including IR, HRFABMS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques.

祁连獐牙菜化学成分研究

目的 研究祁连獐牙菜Swertia przewalskii全草的化学成分。方法 采用硅胶柱层析进行分离纯化，通过波谱方法及化学关联进行结构鉴定；结果 分离纯化出15个化合物，分别鉴定为：1，7-二羟基-3，8-二甲氧基San酮（Ⅰ），1，8-二羟基-3，7-二甲氧基San酮（Ⅱ），1，7，8-三羟基-3-甲氧基San酮（Ⅲ），1，3，7，8-四羟基San酮（Ⅳ），1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-7-羟基-3，8-二甲氧基San酮（Ⅴ），1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-8-羟基-3，7-二甲氧基San酮（Ⅵ），7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-1，8-二羟基-3-甲氧基San酮（Ⅶ），1-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖（1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7-羟基-3，8-二甲氧基San酮（Ⅷ），1-O-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-1，7-二羟基-3-甲氧基S sgmk(X),木犀草素（Ⅺ），齐墩果酸（Ⅻ），乌苏酸（XⅣ）和龙胆苦苷（XV）。结论 化合物Ⅳ-Ⅷ，Ⅺ,Ⅻ,XⅣ和XV均为首次从该种植物中分得。

退耕弃荒洼地土壤有机碳在生态系统转化过程中的动态变化

在贵州喀斯特区域一块典型的退耕弃荒洼地中央和周边坡面采集了4个土壤剖面,研究土壤有机碳（SOC）含量和δ^13Corg值的变化.结果表明,坡面不同土壤层次SOC的变化范围为6.0-92.3 mg·kg^-1,并沿着土壤层次的加深迅速降低,变化幅度远远大于洼地土壤剖面（6.3-26.7 mg·kg^-1）.坡面土壤δ^13Corg介于-25.103‰和-23.666‰之间,但各剖面土层内部δ^13Corg变化趋势不一致.洼地土壤δ^13Corg介于-23.495‰和-20.809‰之间,并随着土壤层次的加深δ^13Corg逐渐增加.洼地土壤剖面层次内C4-C占SOC的比例随土壤层次的加深逐渐增加,与林-农生态系统转变过程中的变化趋势相反;土壤δ^13Corg与C3-C之间呈显著相关性（R^2=0.7806,n=7）,对δ^13Corg起到主要影响作用的是退耕弃荒后新加入的C3-C.

滇西上芒岗卡林型金矿床地球化学特征

岩石化学与微量元素研究表明，在强经泥质灰岩中，SiO2和Au、As、Sb含量增高，CaO、CO2和MgO含量降低；在强碳酸盐化泥质灰岩中，AgO和CO2含量增高，SiO2含量降低；不同蚀变与矿化岩石的稀土含量和配分模式与未蚀变泥质灰岩基本一致。流体包裹体研究揭示，成矿溶液为富Cl^-型和富SO4^2-型，爆裂温度为183－378℃。同位素研究指示，δ^34S=(6.471-21.965)×10^-3，δ^18O=(9.3-11.6)×10^-3，δD=(-70--77)×10^-3,^206Pb=19.551-20.05,^027Pb/^204Pb=15.690-16.240,^208Pb/^204Pb=38.710-40.137；成矿流体具有岩浆水和大气降水相混合的特点，成矿物质具有壳－幔混合特征。

Environmental change and Tephra Deposition: The Strath of Kildonan, Northern Scotland

Charman, D. West, S. Kelly, A. Grattan, J. environmental change and Tephra Deposition: the strath of Kildonan, Northern Scotland. Journal of Archaeological Science. 1995. 22 pp 799-809

Insider Outsider issues in researching violence and divided societies

Breen Smyth, M. (2005). Insider Outsider issues in researching violence and divided societies. In E. Porter, G. Robinson, M. Smyth, A. Schnabel, and E. Osaghae (Eds.), Researching Conflict in Africa: Insights and Experiences (pp.9-23). Tokyo: United Nations University Press. RAE2008

Application of gold complexes in the development of sensors for volatile organic compounds

Two different kinds of sensors have been developed by using the same kind of vapochromic complexes. The vapochromic materials [Au2Ag2(C6F5)(4)L-2](n) have different colours depending on the ligand L. These materials change, reversibly, their optical properties, colour and fluorescence, in the presence of the vapours of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). For practical applications, two different ways of fixing the vapochromic material to the optical fibre have been used: the sol-gel technique and the electrostatic self-assembly method (ESA). With the first technique the sensors can even be used to detect VOCs in aqueous solutions, and using the second method it has been possible to develop nanosensors.

The operation of multiquantum-well barriers

The multiquantum barrier (MQB), proposed by Iga et al in 1986, has been shown by several researchers to be an effective structure for improving the operating characteristics of laser diodes. These improvements include a reduction in the laser threshold current and increased characteristic temperatures. The operation of the MQB has been described as providing an increased barrier to electron overflow by reflecting high energy electrons trying to escape from the active region of the laser.This is achieved in a manner analogous to a Bragg reflector in optics. This thesis presents an investigation of the effectiveness of the MQB as an electron reflector. Numerical models have been developed for calculating the electron reflection due to MQB. Novel optical and electrical characterisation techniques have been used to try to measure an increase in barrier height due to the MQB in AlGaInP.It has been shown that the inclusion of MQB structures in bulk double heterostructure visible laser diodes can halve the threshold current above room temperature and the characteristic temperature of these lasers can be increased by up to 20K.These improvements are shown to occur in visible laser diodes even with the inclusion of theoretically ineffective MQB structures, hence the observed improvement in the characteristics of the laser diodes described above cannot be uniquely attributed to an increased barrier height due to enhance electron reflection. It is proposed here that the MQB improves the performance of laser diodes by proventing the diffusion of zinc into the active region of the laser. It is also proposed that the trapped zinc in the MQB region of the laser diode locally increases the p-type doping bringing the quasi-Fermi level for holes closer to the valence band edge thus increasing the barrier to electron overflow in the conduction band.

Prostate cancer: an evolving paradigm.

Since at least the early 1990s, stage and risk migration have been seen in patients with prostate cancer, likely corresponding to the institution of prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening in health systems. Preoperative risk factors, including PSA level and clinical stage, have decreased significantly. These improved prognostic variables have led to a larger portion of men being stratified with low-risk disease, as per the classification of D'Amico and associates. This, in turn, has corresponded with more favorable postoperative variables, including decreased extraprostatic tumor extension and prolonged biochemical-free recurrence rates. The advent of focal therapy is bolstered by findings of increased unilateral disease with decreased tumor volume. Increasingly, targeted or delayed therapies may be possible within the current era of lower risk disease.

Computational fire engineering - do we have what we need?

This presentation will attempt to address the issue of whether the engineering design community has the knowledge, data and tool sets required to undertake advanced evacuation analysis. In discussing this issue I want to draw on examples not only from the building industry but more widely from where ever people come into contact with an environment fashioned by man. Prescriptive design regulations the world over suggest that if we follow a particular set of essentially configurational regulations concerning travel distances, number of exits, exit widths, etc it should be possible to evacuate a structure within a pre-defined acceptable amount of time. In the U.K. for public buildings this turns out to be 2.5 minutes, internationally in the aviation industry this is 90 seconds, in the UK rail industry this is 90 seconds and the international standard adopted by the maritime industry is 60 minutes. The difficulties and short comings of this approach are well known and so I will not repeat them here, save to say that this approach is usually littered with “magic numbers” that do not stand up to scrutiny. As we are focusing on human behaviour issues, it is also worth noting that more generally, the approach fails to take into account how people actually behave, preferring to adopt an engineer’s view of what people should do in order to make their design work. Examples of the failure of this approach are legion and include the; Manchester Boeing 737 fire, Kings Cross underground station fire, Piper Alpha oil platform explosion, Ladbroke Grove Rail crash and fire, Mont Blanc tunnel fire, Scandinavian Star ferry fire and the Station Nightclub fire.

Two-machine shop scheduling: Compromise between flexibility and makespan value

In this paper, we consider the problem of providing flexibility to solutions of two-machine shop scheduling problems. We use the concept of group-scheduling to characterize a whole set of schedules so as to provide more choice to the decision-maker at any decision point. A group-schedule is a sequence of groups of permutable operations defined on each machine where each group is such that any permutation of the operations inside the group leads to a feasible schedule. Flexibility of a solution and its makespan are often conflicting, thus we search for a compromise between a low number of groups and a small value of makespan. We resolve the complexity status of the relevant problems for the two-machine flow shop, job shop and open shop. A number of approximation algorithms are developed and their worst-case performance is analyzed. For the flow shop, an effective heuristic algorithm is proposed and the results of computational experiments are reported.