A split cassette attachment for recording all the reflections on the upper level Weissenberg photographs either as elongated or as contracted spots

A split-cassette arrangement has been incorporated in the Weissenberg camera for recording all reflections on the upper level photographs either as elongated or as contracted spots. This arrangement employs two semicylindrical cassettes which are separated by a horizontal plane. These half-cassettes are translated in opposite directions. A suitable split-cassette attachment has been constructed for the Unicam Weissenberg goniometer S-35 The subject of 'displaced-film' Weissenberg photograph is also discussed.

Finnish-French Fundamental Cultural Antagonisms in Organising

Seeking to challenge the belief that within-West cultural differences should be seen as insignificant in organisations, this paper seeks to demonstrate how two given Western European ‘organising cultures’ (i.e. Finnish culture and French culture, as they are expressed in the process of organising) can contrast, if not conflict, with each other. Further, it aims to help the reader realise what kinds of fundamental ‘cultural antagonisms’ these contrasting organising behaviours may come from, to help her/him understand ‘the other culture’ better, and thus allow for a first step towards an improvement of Finnish-French intercultural interactions in organisational contexts. After shortly introducing what should be understood here as ‘cultural antagonisms’, the paper addresses four fundamental Finnish-French antagonisms, regarding the vision of the organisation (‘functionalist vs. personalist’), the relative importance of ‘consensus vs. dissensus’, the typical trade-off between reliability and flexibility, and the striking differences in communication, respectively. These four fundamental antagonisms are found to be closely interrelated and integrated, serving as explanation, justification and legitimisation for each other. That does not mean, however, that differences, however striking they may be, should merely be a threat to co-operation: some implications introduced at the end of the paper suggest that, provided people are aware of them, cultural antagonisms can also be seen as opportunities for a more fruitful work interaction.

Studies on optical absorption and photoluminescenceproperties of Pr3+ and Nd3+ doped mixed alkali chloroborate glasses

This article presents the optical absorption and emission properties of Pr3+ and Nd3+ doped two different mixed alkali chloroborate glass matrices of the type 70B(2)O(3)center dot xLiCl center dot(30 - x)NaCl and 70B(2)O(3)center dot xLiCl center dot(30 - x)KCl (x = 5, 10, 15.20 and 25). The variation of Judd-Ofelt parameters (Omega(2), Omega(4) and Omega(6)), total radiative transition probabilities (A(T)), radiative lifetimes (tau(R)) and emission cross-sections (sigma(p)) with the variation of alkali contents in the glass matrix have been discussed in detail. The changes in the peak wavelengths of the hypersensitive transition and intensity parameters with x are correlated to the structural changes in the host matrix. The estimated radiative lifetimes of certain excited states of Pr3+ and Nd3+ in these two glass matrices are reported. Peak stimulated emission cross-sections (sigma(p)) are reported for the observed emission transitions of Pr3+ and Nd3+ ions. Branching ratios (beta) of the observed emission transitions obtained from the Judd-Ofelt theory are compared with the values obtained from the emission spectra. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Synthesis, magnetic and electrical properties of Fe-containing SiO2 nanocomposite

Nanocrystalline Fe powders were synthesized by transmetallation reaction and embedded in silica to form Fe-SiO2 nanocomposite. Thermomagnetic study of the as-prepared Fe sample indicates the presence of Fe3O4 and Fe particles. Oxidation studies of Fe and Fe-SiO2 show an increased thermal stability of Fe-SiO2 nanocomposite over pure Fe. The Fe-SiO2 shows an enhanced oxidation temperature (i.e., 780 K) and a maximum saturation magnetization value of (135 emu/g) with 64 wt.% of Fe content in silica. Electrical and dielectric behaviour of the Fe-SiO2 nanocomposite has been investigated as a function of temperature and frequency. Low frequency ac conductivity and dielectric constants were found to be influenced by desorptions of chemisorbed moisture. High saturation magnetization, thermal stability, frequency-dependent conductivity and low power loss make Fe-silica a promising material for high frequency applications. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Saturated liquid densities of cryogenic liquids and refrigerants

The saturated liquid density, varrholr, data along the liquid vapour coexistence curve published in the literature for several cryogenic liquids, hydrocarbons and halocarbon refrigerants are fitted to a generalized equation of the following form varrholr = 1 + A(1 − Tr + B(1 − Tr)β The values of β, the index in phase density differences power law, have been obtained by means of two approaches namely statistical treatment of saturated fluid phase density difference data and the existence of a maximum in T(varrho1 − varrhov) along the saturation curve. Values of the constants A and B are determined utilizing the fact that Tvarrho1 has a maximum at a characteristic temperature T. Values of A, B and β are tabulated for Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N2, O2, methane, ethane, propane, iso-butane, n-butane, propylene, ethylene, CO2, water, ammonia, refrigerants-11, 12, 12B1, 13, 13B1, 14, 21, 22, 23, 32, 40, 113, 114, 115, 142b, 152a, 216, 245 and azeotropes R-500, 502, 503, 504. The average error of prediction is less than 2%.

Köyhyyden perintö : Tutkimus kulttuurisen tiedon sisällöistä ja jatkuvuuksista suomalaisissa elämäkerta- ja sananlaskuaineistoissa

The Legacy of Poverty. A Study of the substance and continuity of cultural knowledge in Finnish biographical and proverbial texts The study focuses on the idea of the cultural knowledge and shared understanding that ordinary people, folk , have of the concepts and ideas about rural based poverty in Finland. Throughout 19th century and well into 20th century, the majority of the population remained agrarian and poor. By the 1950s, most people still lived in rural areas and a majority of them earned their living primarily from agriculture and forestry. Urbanization proceeded rapidly from the 1960s onwards. Even though the Nordic welfare state was firmly established in Finland by the 1970s, old forms of agrarian poverty still remained in the culture. The source material for the study consists of 99 biographies and 502 proverbs. Biographical texts include written autobiographies and interviewed biographies. A primary analyzing concept is called a poverty speech. The poverty speech has been analyzed by providing answers to the following three questions: What connotations do people attach to poverty when they speak about it? What sort of social relations arise when people speak about poverty? How is the past experience of poverty constructed in the present and in the welfare state context? Cultural knowledge is a theoretical and analytical tool that enables people to categorize information. The three questions stated above are crucial in revealing the schematic structure that people use to communicate about agrarian poverty. Categories are analyzed and processed in terms of cultural themes that contain the ideals and stereotypes of spoken motif and sub-themes. The application of theoretical and analytical premises to the poverty speech has shown that there are four cultural themes. The first theme is Power. The social connotations in the poverty speech are mostly in relation to the better-off people. Poverty does not exist without an awareness of welfare, i.e. the understanding of a certain standard of welfare above that of one's own. The second theme is about family ties as a resource and welfare network. In poverty speech, marriage is represented as a means to upgrade one's livelihood. Family members are described as supporting one another, but at the same time as being antagonists. The third theme, Work represents the work ethic that is being connected to the poverty. Hard working as a representation is attached to eligibility for `a good life´ that in Finland was to become an owner-occupier of a cottage or a flat. The fourth theme is Security. The resentment of unfair treatment is expressed by using moral superiority and rational explanations. The ruling classes in the agrarian society are portrayed as being evil and selfish with no social conscience because they did not provide enough assistance to those who needed it. During the period when the welfare benefit system was undeveloped, the poor expected the wealthier people to make a contribution to the distribution of material wealth. In the premises of cultural knowledge, both oral and written traditions are about human thinking: they deal with topics, ideas and evaluations that are relevant to their bearers. Many elements expressed in poverty speech, such as classifications and customs derived from the rural world, have been carried over into the next generation in newer contexts and a different cultural environment. Keywords: cultural knowledge, cognitive categorization, poverty, life stories, proverbs

Excitation and correlation of N-14 overtone transitions and measurement of heteronuclear dipolar coupling using DAPT

For studying systems containing nitrogen, limited use of N-14 NMR spectroscopy has been made because of the large quadrupolar interaction experienced by the N-14 nucleus and the absence of a central transition. To overcome the above problem, use of overtone spectroscopy has been suggested. Though this approach has limited applicability for powder samples due to second order quadrupole broadening, it is useful for studying oriented samples and single crystals. Here, we demonstrate the use of the recently proposed dipolar assisted polarization transfer (DAPT) pulse scheme for exciting the overtone transitions. The pulse sequence may also be utilized as a two-dimensional experiment to obtain H-1-N-14 dipolar couplings and H-1 chemical shifts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantification of enantiomeric excess by H-1-detected heteronuclear refocusing and homonuclear multiple quantum NMR experiments

The omega(1)-heterodecoupled-C-13-filtered proton detected NMR experiments are reported for the accurate quantification of enantiomeric excess in chiral molecules embedded in chiral liquid crystal. The differential values of both H-1-H-1 and C-13-H-1 dipolar couplings in the direct dimension and only H-1-H-1 dipolar couplings in the indirect dimension enable unraveling of overlapped enantiomeric peaks. The creation of unequal C-13-bound proton signal for each enantiomer in the INEPT block and non-uniform excitation of coherences in homonuclear multiple quantum experiments do not yield accurate quantification of enantiomeric excess. In circumventing these difficulties, a coupling dependent intensity correction factor has been invoked. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mass transfer and shear rate in baffled surface aerator

The scale up or scale down of the process variables in a surface aerator requires information about the shear rate prevailing in the system. In fact, the performance of surface aerator depends upon the shear rate. Shear rate affects the mass transfer operation needed by the surface aerator. Theoretical analysis of shear rate suggests a nonlinear behavior with rotational speed of the impeller, which has been shown in the present work. Present work also shows that in a geometrically similar system of baffled surface aerator, shear rate can be used as a governing parameter for scaling up or down the mass transfer phenomena.

A comparative-study of vapor-compression refrigeration working fluids, in the wake of the montreal protocal

A comparative study has been carried out of R-12, 22, 125, 134a, 152a, 218, 245, 500, 502, 507 and 717 as working fluids in a vapour-compression refrigeration system. Two performance parameters were defined, which are expressed in reduced quantities for a corresponding-states comparison of these refrigerants in the temperature range -20 to 50-degrees-C. One is based on the product of temperature drop to pressure penalty ratio and the available volumetric heat of vaporisation at the evaporator; the other considers the effect of isentropic compression in the ideal gas state. It was shown that R-125, 507 and 218 could be better alternatives to R-12 than R-134a. Among these, R-218 has a lower maximum cycle pressure.

A note on the slow rotation of a disc in a bounded fluid with a surfactant surface layer

A method involving eigenfunction expansion and collocation is employed to solve the axisymmetric problem of a slowly and steadily rotating circular disc in a fluid of finite extent whose surface is covered with a surfactant film. The present method (originally described by Wang (Acta Mech. 94, 97, 1992)) is observed to produce results of practical importance associated with the problem more quickly and more easily than the one used earlier by Shail and Gooden (Int. J. Multiphase Flow 7, 245, 1992). (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc.