Algoritmi di segmentazione di immagini mediche

Nell'ambito dell'elaborazione delle immagini, si definisce segmentazione il processo atto a scomporre un'immagine nelle sue regioni costituenti o negli oggetti che la compongono. Ciò avviene sulla base di determinati criteri di appartenenza dei pixel ad una regione. Si tratta di uno degli obiettivi più difficili da perseguire, anche perché l'accuratezza del risultato dipende dal tipo di informazione che si vuole ricavare dall'immagine. Questa tesi analizza, sperimenta e raffronta alcune tecniche di elaborazione e segmentazione applicate ad immagini digitali di tipo medico. In particolare l'obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di proporre dei possibili miglioramenti alle tecniche di segmentazione comunemente utilizzate in questo ambito, all'interno di uno specifico set di immagini: tomografie assiali computerizzate (TAC) frontali e laterali aventi per soggetto ginocchia, con ivi impiantate protesi superiore e inferiore. L’analisi sperimentale ha portato allo sviluppo di due algoritmi in grado di estrarre correttamente i contorni delle sole protesi senza rilevare falsi punti di edge, chiudere eventuali gap, il tutto a un basso costo computazionale.

Progetto e implementazione di software di segmentazione assistita di immagini mediche e predizione di biomarkers

La segmentazione prevede la partizione di un'immagine in aree strutturalmente o semanticamente coerenti. Nell'imaging medico, è utilizzata per identificare, contornandole, Regioni di Interesse (ROI) clinico, quali lesioni tumorali, oggetto di approfondimento tramite analisi semiautomatiche e automatiche, o bersaglio di trattamenti localizzati. La segmentazione di lesioni tumorali, assistita o automatica, consiste nell’individuazione di pixel o voxel, in immagini o volumi, appartenenti al tumore. La tecnica assistita prevede che il medico disegni la ROI, mentre quella automatica è svolta da software addestrati, tra cui i sistemi Computer Aided Detection (CAD). Mediante tecniche di visione artificiale, dalle ROI si estraggono caratteristiche numeriche, feature, con valore diagnostico, predittivo, o prognostico. L’obiettivo di questa Tesi è progettare e sviluppare un software di segmentazione assistita che permetta al medico di disegnare in modo semplice ed efficace una o più ROI in maniera organizzata e strutturata per futura elaborazione ed analisi, nonché visualizzazione. Partendo da Aliza, applicativo open-source, visualizzatore di esami radiologici in formato DICOM, è stata estesa l’interfaccia grafica per gestire disegno, organizzazione e memorizzazione automatica delle ROI. Inoltre, è stata implementata una procedura automatica di elaborazione ed analisi di ROI disegnate su lesioni tumorali prostatiche, per predire, di ognuna, la probabilità di cancro clinicamente non-significativo e significativo (con prognosi peggiore). Per tale scopo, è stato addestrato un classificatore lineare basato su Support Vector Machine, su una popolazione di 89 pazienti con 117 lesioni (56 clinicamente significative), ottenendo, in test, accuratezza = 77%, sensibilità = 86% e specificità = 69%. Il sistema sviluppato assiste il radiologo, fornendo una seconda opinione, non vincolante, adiuvante nella definizione del quadro clinico e della prognosi, nonché delle scelte terapeutiche.

The Canny detector with edge region focusing using an anisotropic diffusion process

This paper proposes a methodology for edge detection in digital images using the Canny detector, but associated with a priori edge structure focusing by a nonlinear anisotropic diffusion via the partial differential equation (PDE). This strategy aims at minimizing the effect of the well-known duality of the Canny detector, under which is not possible to simultaneously enhance the insensitivity to image noise and the localization precision of detected edges. The process of anisotropic diffusion via thePDE is used to a priori focus the edge structure due to its notable characteristic in selectively smoothing the image, leaving the homogeneous regions strongly smoothed and mainly preserving the physical edges, i.e., those that are actually related to objects presented in the image. The solution for the mentioned duality consists in applying the Canny detector to a fine gaussian scale but only along the edge regions focused by the process of anisotropic diffusion via the PDE. The results have shown that the method is appropriate for applications involving automatic feature extraction, since it allowed the high-precision localization of thinned edges, which are usually related to objects present in the image. © Nauka/Interperiodica 2006.

Un nuovo algoritmo di Landing Detection per aeromobili quadri-rotore

In questa tesi si è realizzato un nuovo algoritmo di "Landing Detection",il quale utilizza i dati rilevati dall’accelerometro e dal giroscopio, situati all’interno dell’IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), e i segnali PWM inviati ad i motori, rappresentati dai livelli dei canali di radiocomunicazione (RC).

Sviluppo di un algoritmo di Object Detection per la privacy in ambito industriale

In questa tesi è descritto il lavoro svolto presso un'azienda informatica locale, allo scopo di ricerca ed implementazione di un algoritmo per individuare ed offuscare i volti presenti all'interno di video di e-learning in ambito industriale, al fine di garantire la privacy degli operai presenti. Tale algoritmo sarebbe stato poi da includere in un modulo software da inserire all'interno di un applicazione web già esistente per la gestione di questi video. Si è ricercata una soluzione ad hoc considerando le caratteristiche particolare del problema in questione, studiando le principali tecniche della Computer Vision per comprendere meglio quale strada percorrere. Si è deciso quindi di implementare un algoritmo di Blob Tracking basato sul colore.

Distributed processing of large remote sensing images using MapReduce - A case of Edge Detection

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

Edge detection by selection of pieces of level lines

We propose an edge detector based on the selection of wellcontrasted pieces of level lines, following the proposal ofDesolneux-Moisan-Morel (DMM) [1]. The DMM edge detectorhas the problem of over-representation, that is, everyedge is detected several times in slightly different positions.In this paper we propose two modifications of the originalDMM edge detector in order to solve this problem. The firstmodification is a post-processing of the output using a generalmethod to select the best representative of a bundle of curves.The second modification is the use of Canny’s edge detectorinstead of the norm of the gradient to build the statistics. Thetwo modifications are independent and can be applied separately.Elementary reasoning and some experiments showthat the best results are obtained when both modifications areapplied together.

Automated edge-detection technique for measurement of brachial artery reactivity: A comparison of concordance with manual measurements

Concerns have been raised about the reproducibility of brachial artery reactivity (BAR), because subjective decisions regarding the location of interfaces may influence the measurement of very small changes in lumen diameter. We studied 120 consecutive patients with BAR to address if an automated technique could be applied, and if experience influenced reproducibility between two observers, one experienced and one inexperienced. Digital cineloops were measured automatically, using software that measures the leading edge of the endothelium and tracks this in sequential frames and also manually, where a set of three point-to-point measurements were averaged. There was a high correlation between automated and manual techniques for both observers, although less variability was present with expert readers. The limits of agreement overall for interobserver concordance were 0.13 +/-0.65 mm for the manual and 0.03 +/-0.74 mm for the automated measurement. For intraobserver concordance, the limits of agreement were -0.07 +/-0.38 mm for observer 1 and -0.16 +/-0.55 mm for observer 2. We concluded that BAR measurements were highly concordant between observers, although more concordant using the automated method, and that experience does affect concordance. Care must be taken to ensure that the same segments are measured between observers and serially.

Edge detection and noise removal by use of a partial differential equation with automatic selection of parameters

This work deals with noise removal by the use of an edge preserving method whose parameters are automatically estimated, for any application, by simply providing information about the standard deviation noise level we wish to eliminate. The desired noiseless image u(x), in a Partial Differential Equation based model, can be viewed as the solution of an evolutionary differential equation u t(x) = F(u xx, u x, u, x, t) which means that the true solution will be reached when t ® ¥. In practical applications we should stop the time ''t'' at some moment during this evolutionary process. This work presents a sufficient condition, related to time t and to the standard deviation s of the noise we desire to remove, which gives a constant T such that u(x, T) is a good approximation of u(x). The approach here focused on edge preservation during the noise elimination process as its main characteristic. The balance between edge points and interior points is carried out by a function g which depends on the initial noisy image u(x, t0), the standard deviation of the noise we want to eliminate and a constant k. The k parameter estimation is also presented in this work therefore making, the proposed model automatic. The model's feasibility and the choice of the optimal time scale is evident through out the various experimental results.

A well-balanced flow equation for noise removal and edge detection

In this paper, an anisotropic nonlinear diffusion equation for image restoration is presented. The model has two terms: the diffusion and the forcing term. The balance between these terms is made in a selective way, in which boundary points and interior points of the objects that make up the image are treated differently. The optimal smoothing time concept, which allows for finding the ideal stop time for the evolution of the partial differential equation is also proposed. Numerical results show the proposed model's high performance.

Edge detection in digital images using fuzzy numbers

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach for edge detection in grey shaded images. The proposed approach is based on the fuzzy number theory. The idea is to deal with the uncertainties concerning the grey shades making up the image and, thus, calculate the appropriateness of the pixels in relation to a homogeneous region around them. The pixels not belonging to the region are then classified as border pixels. The results have shown that the technique is simple, computationally efficient and with good results when compared with both the traditional border detectors and the fuzzy edge detectors. Copyright © 2009, Inderscience Publishers.

BOLD correlates of edge detection in human auditory cortex

Edges are important cues defining coherent auditory objects. As a model of auditory edges, sound on- and offset are particularly suitable to study their neural underpinnings because they contrast a specific physical input against no physical input. Change from silence to sound, that is onset, has extensively been studied and elicits transient neural responses bilaterally in auditory cortex. However, neural activity associated with sound onset is not only related to edge detection but also to novel afferent inputs. Edges at the change from sound to silence, that is offset, are not confounded by novel physical input and thus allow to examine neural activity associated with sound edges per se. In the first experiment, we used silent acquisition functional magnetic resonance imaging and found that the offset of pulsed sound activates planum temporale, superior temporal sulcus and planum polare of the right hemisphere. In the planum temporale and the superior temporal sulcus, offset response amplitudes were related to the pulse repetition rate of the preceding stimulation. In the second experiment, we found that these offset-responsive regions were also activated by single sound pulses, onset of sound pulse sequences and single sound pulse omissions within sound pulse sequences. However, they were not active during sustained sound presentation. Thus, our data show that circumscribed areas in right temporal cortex are specifically involved in identifying auditory edges. This operation is crucial for translating acoustic signal time series into coherent auditory objects.

Edge Detection by Adaptive Splitting II. The Three-Dimensional Case

In Llanas and Lantarón, J. Sci. Comput. 46, 485–518 (2011) we proposed an algorithm (EDAS-d) to approximate the jump discontinuity set of functions defined on subsets of ℝ d . This procedure is based on adaptive splitting of the domain of the function guided by the value of an average integral. The above study was limited to the 1D and 2D versions of the algorithm. In this paper we address the three-dimensional problem. We prove an integral inequality (in the case d=3) which constitutes the basis of EDAS-3. We have performed detailed computational experiments demonstrating effective edge detection in 3D function models with different interface topologies. EDAS-1 and EDAS-2 appealing properties are extensible to the 3D case

Analysis of edge detection algorithms on DIAL /

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