Retrofitting an existing wood-frame residence for energy conservation : an experimental study /

Includes bibliographical references.

Proposição de um checklist de acompanhamento de processos construtivos habitacionais em wood-frame

The need for housing in Brazil is very large, and despite government efforts to address this issue, the housing deficit is too large. When analyzing markets without this problem, it is concluded that one of the factors that influence this model is the construction adopted by Brazilian society that is in masonry. Alternatively, the system can be used in constructive Wood-frame. To apply this system in Brazil, one can say that the workmanship and the materials available to meet the demand would be created in a short period of adjustments and capabilities, but identifies himself as one of the biggest problems the planning and management of works. And one of the tools for solving this problem is to use a checklist of the activities of constructive process, avoiding forgetting or not aware of the activities necessary to complete the project

Utredning av förfrågningsunderlag gällande byggandet av trästomme med fokus på offentlig upphandling

In the mid 1990s a previous prohibitions against multi-story buildings higher than two floors with a wooden frame was changed. Today multi-storey buildings are being built in Skellefteå, Sundsvall, Växjö, and Stockholm with others. Despite this only one of five houses being built today has a wooden frame. Since the municipality is a key force to get projects with wooden frames, this papers purpose is to improve tender document for the opportunity to submit bids and building with wooden frames. To help us forward with our work three questions were formulated. 1) What is the basis from a wooden constructions company perspective, of which they determines if they can place a bid or not? 2) What is the difference between tender documents made by a municipality compared to a private buyer? 3) How can tender documents be improved to create an opportunity to place a bid containing an alternative frame system? To answer these questions a literature study was carried out. The literature study is the basis of this paper. To obtain empirical data a document analysis of tender documents was carried out. The result of the study shows that wood frames are hard to adapt to an already finished technical specification, or to a tender document containing an extensive technical specification. To obtain alternative solutions, the buyer should focus on object design, form and function, or a general technical specification. Instead the technical specifications should be drawn up by the supplier, or in collaboration with them. The tender evaluation should be made by the most economically advantageous rather then the lowest price. Then the buyer can evaluate the offers against each other, rather then choosing the lowest price. This also gives the possibility for suppliers to make a bid containing an alternative solution. As a continuation of this paper, we recommend a study on which impact a general technical specification has on the project final cost.  Furthermore a study exploring which possibilities partner procurement can have alternative solutions in the Swedish procurement act. This report deal exclusively with how tender documents should be formulated. Life cycle analysis, carbon dioxide emissions and strength calculations will not be executed. 

Mobiilitehdaskonseptin soveltaminen puutalotuotantoon

Tullit ja kuljetuskustannukset haittaavat suomalaisten puutuotteiden hintakilpailua Venäjällä, mikä on luonut tarpeen uudenlaisten toimintamallien kehittämiselle. Tutkimuksen hypoteesina on, että soveltamalla teorioita mobiilista tuotantojärjestelmästä puutalotuotantoon pystytään vastaamaan aluerakennustoiminnan ongelmiin ja saavuttamaan kustannusetuja. Tämän työn tavoitteena on antaa yritysjohdolle kuvaus siirrettävän talotehtaan tuotantokonseptista ja arvioida toiminnan kannattavuutta. Työn tulosten avulla pyritään vastaamaan kysymyksiin: millainen on siirrettävä puutalotehdas ja onko mobiilitehdaskonsepti puutalotuotannossa taloudellisesti kannattava. Tutkimusta tarkastellaan Venäjän liiketoiminta- ja Venäjän puurakentamiskontekstissa. Tutkimus on laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jossa käytettiin useiden menetelmien yhdistelmää. Tutkimusmenetelmät sisälsivät sekä teknisen suunnittelun että kannattavuuden arvioinnin menetelmiä. Työn tekninen osa perustui tehdassuunnittelun ja konseptin kehittämisen menetelmiin. Taloudellisessa tarkastelussa käytettiin tuloslaskelmaa sekä tuottoasteen ja takaisinmaksuajan menetelmiä. Eri tekijöiden vaikutusta kannattavuuteen arvioitiin herkkyysanalyysilla. Työssä esitellään mobiilin talotehtaan tehdassuunnitelma ja tuotantokonsepti sekä sivutaan logistista konseptia. Mobiiliin talotehtaaseen sovellettiin mobiilitehdaskonseptia ja verstastuotantomallia. Mobiili talotehdas koostuu kokoonpanolinjasta, jota täydennetään esivalmistusverstailla. Investoinnille laskettiin kannattavuutta kuvaavat tunnusluvut, joiden perusteella mobiilitehdas todettiin kannattamattomaksi ja riskialttiiksi. Kannattavuuden epävarmuutta analysoitiin herkkyysanalyysillä. Kannattavuuteen vaikuttavat merkittävästi muuttuvien kustannusten ja myyntihinnan muutokset. Työssä annetaan toimenpide-ehdotuksia siirrettävän talotuotannon konseptin kehittämiseen. Keskeiset jatkotutkimuskohteet liittyvät mobiilitehtaan elinkierron toimintojen ja osakonseptien kehittämiseen.

Luodin osuman havaitsevan metallimaalitaulun anturointi

Luotiaseilla tapahtuvaan ampumaharjoitteluun on käytössä monia erilaisia maalitauluja. Perinteisesti maalitauluna on toiminut puukehikkoon kiinnitetty pahvitaulu ja osumat on todettu siihen jääneiden reikien perusteella. Nykymaailmassa kaikki kuitenkin sähköistyy ja niin käy myös maalitauluille. Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on selvittää kirjallisuustutkimuksen sekä kokeellisen tutkimuksen avulla metallisen luotiaseille tarkoitetun osuman havaitsevan maalilaitteen käyttöön soveltuva anturointi. Kirjallisuustutkimuksen avulla selvitetään antureilta vaadittavat ominaisuudet sekä valitaan kokeellista tutkimusta varten vaihtoehdot anturoinnille. Kokeellinen tutkimus suoritetaan kahdessa osassa, ensin laboratoriossa ja myöhemmin ampumaradalla tositilanteessa. Kokeellisen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vertailla valittujen antureiden ominaisuuksia ja valita niistä käyttötarkoitukseen soveltuvin. Kokeellista tutkimusta varten kehitettiin kaksi eri mittausjärjestelyä, joiden todettiin soveltuvan hyvin antureiden vertailemiseen. Kokeellisessa tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kolmen piezosähköisen PVDF- eli polyvinyylideenifluoridi-anturin sekä kahden erilaisen akustisen anturin soveltuvuus maalilaitteen käyttöön. Tutkimuksen perusteella todettiin PVDF-antureiden olevan soveltuvia maalilaitteen anturointiin. Akustiset anturit eivät testa-tulla tavalla täyttäneet anturoinnille asetettuja vaatimuksia.

World War I Memorial Plaque

World War I Memorial Plaque (17 ½ cm in diameter). This is a bronze plate encased in a 26 ½ cm x 24 cm wooden frame. The inscription on the plate is “He died for freedom and honour, Samuel DeVeaux Woodruff”. [In 1916 the British Government decided to issue a memorial plaque to be given to the relatives of those who died in the Great War. On the plaque is a figure of Britannia who is facing left and holding a laurel wreath over the box where the serviceman’s name is placed. In her right hand she holds a trident which represents Britain’s sea power. There are 2 dolphins facing her on her left and right hand sides. A lion stands in front of her. He faces left with a menacing growl. A very small lion that faces right is located below the larger lion’s feet. He is biting into a winged creature which represents the German Imperial eagle. Near the lion’s right paw there are the initials E CR P which stand for Mr. E. Carter Preston who designed the plate. Some of the plaques include a stamped batch number in front of the lion’s rear left paw. This plaque was produced in batch 17].

Avaliação da ocorrência sazonal de percevejos em cinco espécies de maracujazeiro, utilizando dois métodos de amostragem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Stereoscope

Wheatstone’s stereoscope placed two mirrors on either side that were mounted at a right angle in order to view the two dissimilar drawings presented (Hankins 148). There are two identical monocular tubes that allow each eye to view the images (Hankins 148). Each eye views the image it was intended to see. The two eyes see slightly different images through this binocular vision (Hankins 148). The combination of the two images creates this illusion of depth and solidarity through their superimposition (Hankins 154). In order to view these images, the eyes were covered from all external light (Clay 152). The stereoscope was first seen as a philosophical toy along with other inventions such as the zoetrope, providing entertainment as well as scientific insight (Hankins 148). The stereoscope above is more similar to the “Holmes Stereoscope”, which transformed Wheatstone’s stereoscope into a handheld version that could be put on a stand (Hawkins 155). He replaced the retina of the eye with a sensitive plate; therefore, the lenses acted as the eyes (Silverman 738). In the video, an embellishment adorns the bottom of the stand that holds up the binocular lens and the images. The lenses are in a wooden frame that has an attached stand that holds the slides of images. There also is a knob on the side of the device that can adjust the lens on the two monocular tubes (Bokander 485).

Una casa para Einstein: Konrad Wachsmann y la evolucion de un modelo prefabricado desde las casas "Christoph & Unmack A.G." al "General Panel System"

Este artículo estudia la evolución de un modelo de vivienda prefabricada en madera, ejemplificada en la casita de verano que construye Konrad Wachsmann para Albert Einstein en 1929 en Caputh, cerca de Potsdam. El físico deseaba construirse un "lugar de descanso", eligiendo la construcción en madera por su facilidad y rapidez de montaje, adaptabilidad, calidez y para que armonizara mejor con el medio ambiente en el paraje donde se insertaba. Konrad Wachsmann, que trabajaba para la firma de viviendas prefabricadas en madera "Christoph&Unmack A.G." le presentará un modelo prefabricado moderno. Esta tipología, que había evolucionado desde los diseños iniciales "nórdico escandinavos", pasando por el "jugendstil", hasta introducir un nuevo lenguaje de líneas puras, cubierta plana, y grandes ventanales iniciado por Poelzig, será ligeramente modificada por Einstein, que finalmente adjudica el encargo. Ayudado por Einstein a trasladarse a EEUU, Konrad Wachsmann continuará allí la labor de investigación sobre vivienda prefabricada junto con Walter Gropius, que dará como resultado el "General Panel System" y sus conocidas "Packaged Houses". A HOUSE FOR EINSTEIN: KONRAD WACHSMANN AND THE EVOLUTION OF A PREFABRICATED WOODEN HOUSING MODEL FROM " CHRISTOPH & UNMACK A.G." TO "GENERAL PANEL SYSTEM". This article studies the evolution of a prefabricated wooden housing model, exemplified in the summer house built by Konrad Wachsmann for Albert Einstein in 1929, in Caputh, near Potsdam. The Physician wanted to build a "resting house", choosing a wood construction because of its easy and fast assembly, adaptability, warmth and harmony with the environment where it would be inserted. Konrad Wachsmann, who worked for the wooden prefabricated houses firm "Christoph & Unmack AG", proposed Einstein a modern prefabricated wood model. This typology, which had evolved from the initial "Nordic Scandinavian" and "Jugendstil" designs to a new modern language initiated by Poelzig (with clean lines, flat roof, and large windows) will be slightly modified by Einstein, that finally hired the construction of the house. Aided by Einstein to move to USA, Konrad Wachsmann continued there his research work about prefabricated houses with Walter Gropius, giving as a results the "General Panel System" and the popular "Packaged Houses".

The country gentleman's architect : in a great variety of new designs, for cottages, farm-houses, country-houses, villas, lodges for park or garden entrances, and ornamental wooden gates, with plans of the offices belonging to each design, distributed with a strict attention to convenience, elegance and economy /

Mode of access: Internet.

Real time video segmentation for recognising paint marks on bad wooden railway sleepers

Wooden railway sleeper inspections in Sweden are currently performed manually by a human operator; such inspections are based on visual analysis. Machine vision based approach has been done to emulate the visual abilities of human operator to enable automation of the process. Through this process bad sleepers are identified, and a spot is marked on it with specific color (blue in the current case) on the rail so that the maintenance operators are able to identify the spot and replace the sleeper. The motive of this thesis is to help the operators to identify those sleepers which are marked by color (spots), using an “Intelligent Vehicle” which is capable of running on the track. Capturing video while running on the track and segmenting the object of interest (spot) through this vehicle; we can automate this work and minimize the human intuitions. The video acquisition process depends on camera position and source light to obtain fine brightness in acquisition, we have tested 4 different types of combinations (camera position and source light) here to record the video and test the validity of proposed method. A sequence of real time rail frames are extracted from these videos and further processing (depending upon the data acquisition process) is done to identify the spots. After identification of spot each frame is divided in to 9 regions to know the particular region where the spot lies to avoid overlapping with noise, and so on. The proposed method will generate the information regarding in which region the spot lies, based on nine regions in each frame. From the generated results we have made some classification regarding data collection techniques, efficiency, time and speed. In this report, extensive experiments using image sequences from particular camera are reported and the experiments were done using intelligent vehicle as well as test vehicle and the results shows that we have achieved 95% success in identifying the spots when we use video as it is, in other method were we can skip some frames in pre-processing to increase the speed of video but the segmentation results we reduced to 85% and the time was very less compared to previous one. This shows the validity of proposed method in identification of spots lying on wooden railway sleepers where we can compromise between time and efficiency to get the desired result.

Arnt van Tricht : Werkkatalog eines Bildhauers am Niederrhein im 16. Jahrhundert

Arnt van Tricht, gest. 1570, unterhielt bis in die späten 50er Jahre des 16. Jahrhunderts, wahrschein-lich aus Antwerpen kommend, in Kalkar am Niederrhein eine sehr erfolgreiche Werkstatt. Die bis dahin vorherrschende spätgotische Formensprache der langjährig ansässigen Bildhauer löste er durch die der Renaissance ab, führte jedoch deren Arbeitsfelder und Materialwahl weiter. Arnt van Tricht schuf Arbeiten sowohl religiöser als auch profaner Natur innerhalb des Gebiets der damals sehr bedeutenden Vereinigten Herzogtümer Kleve-Mark-Jülich-Berg und Geldern. Seine wohlhabenden Auftraggeber entstammten dem Klerus, der Bürgerschaft und dem Adel.rnIm Rahmen der Arbeit zeigte sich, dass sich für den Künstler die Verlegung der herzoglichen Residenz nach Düsseldorf und der wirtschaftliche Niedergang der Region letztlich stärker auswirkte als die religiösen Veränderungen durch die Reformation.rnArnt van Tricht schuf die meisten seiner religiösen Bildwerke für die Stiftskirche St. Viktor in Xanten, die durch die Bürgerschaft ausgestattete Pfarrkirche von St. Nicolai in Kalkar und umliegende Gemeinden. Einzelne Stücke sind, wohl über familiäre Verflechtungen vermittelt, in einem weiteren Radius zu finden. Van Tricht arbeitete Schnitzretabel mitsamt ihrer ornamentalen und figuralen Aus-stattung sowie Skulpturen(-gruppen) in Eichenholz. Daneben finden sich im Werk zahlreiche in Sandstein gearbeitete Skulpturen, die teilweise an Pfeilern und Portalen der Kirchen architektur-gebunden sind. Neben diesen rundplastischen Werken schuf Arnt van Tricht eine große Anzahl an steinernen Reliefarbeiten. Hierbei nehmen die überwiegend für die lokalen Kanoniker gearbeiteten Epitaphien mit biblischem Reliefbild in Ornamentrahmen den größten Teil ein.rnEin zweiter, gleichwertiger Werkkomplex, überwiegend in Sandstein gearbeitet, ist profaner Natur und fällt durch die Größe der Aufträge ins Gewicht. Arnt van Tricht war an einigen groß angelegten Modernisierungsprojekten an Stadthäusern und Kastellen des lokalen Adels beschäftigt. Für mehrere aufwendig gestaltete Fassadendekorationen arbeitete er Architekturglieder mit figürlicher Darstellung oder Ornament, Büsten und freiplastische Skulpturen. Arnt van Tricht war aber auch an der Aus-gestaltung der Innenräume beteiligt. Aufwendig skulptierte und reliefverzierte Kaminverkleidungen stehen dabei neben reduzierteren Arbeiten für offensichtlich weniger repräsentative Räume. Neben in Eichenholz gearbeiteter Vertäfelung schuf Arnt van Tricht hölzerne figurale Handtuchhalter. Diese zeigen, wie auch die Reliefbilder der Kamine, die darüber hinaus Wappen und Porträts der Bauherren aufnehmen, eine religiöse oder profane, auch antikisierende Thematik, bei der ein moralisierender Unterton mitschwingt.rnIn dieser Arbeit werden erstmals alle Werkstücke des Künstlers zusammengeführt dargestellt, so dass ein Werkkatalog mit einem Überblick über das sehr breit gefächerte Spektrum des Opus Arnt van Trichts vorliegt. Häufig durch bloße Nennung mit Arnt van Tricht in Verbindung gebrachte Arbeiten werden bewertet und die Zu- oder Abschreibung begründet. Auch können einige Stücke neu zugeschrieben werden.

Architecture Global Aid - Origami Houses (after tsunami houses), Tokyo, Miyagi, Giappone, 2013

This publication approaches the element of the "refuge" by showing several built prototypes designed and built by the author of this Ph.D and Yuko Ono that were effectively used as temporary shelters in Japan by the refugees in 2013. They consist on seven small wooden houses that can float and can also be packed into boxes and used as shelters following natural disasters. This publication explains both in Italian, English, Japanese and through small drawn diagrams the construction of these prototypes thanks to the help group "Architecture Global Aid" created by the author of this Ph.D in Japan (www.facebook.com/architectureglobalaid). Finally, this refuges can be as well seen in pages 660-664 of the Ph.D text were several kinds of architectures for shelters are analyzed. Esta publicación analiza el elemento del ?refugio? a través de varios ejemplos diseñados y construidos por la autora de este doctorado y la arquitecta Yuko Ono que fueron utilizados en la recuperación de Japón en el año 2013. Consisten en siete refugios de madera que pueden flotar y doblarse e introducirse en cajas del mismo material y de este modo, ser extraídos y empleados tras un desastre natural. Esta publicación explica en italiano, inglés, japonés y mediante varios diagramas, la construcción de estos prototipos gracias al grupo de ayuda ?Architecture Global Aid? creado por la autora de este doctorado en Japón (www.facebook.com/architectureglobalaid). Por último, la referencia a la investigación acerca de estos prototipos se puede encontrar en las páginas 660-664 de la tesis doctoral, entre las que se investiga también acerca de otras arquitecturas del refugio.

A guide to the inspection of new houses and houses under construction for conditions which favor attack by wood-inhabiting fungi and insects /

Prepared under interagency agreement IAA-25-75 between USDA Forest Service and Dept. of HUD

Risk optimization of a steel frame communications tower subject to tornado winds

The structural engineering community in Brazil faces new challenges with the recent occurrence of high intensity tornados. Satellite surveillance data shows that the area covering the south-east of Brazil, Uruguay and some of Argentina is one of the world most tornado-prone areas, second only to the infamous tornado alley in central United States. The design of structures subject to tornado winds is a typical example of decision making in the presence of uncertainty. Structural design involves finding a good balance between the competing goals of safety and economy. This paper presents a methodology to find the optimum balance between these goals in the presence of uncertainty. In this paper, reliability-based risk optimization is used to find the optimal safety coefficient that minimizes the total expected cost of a steel frame communications tower, subject to extreme storm and tornado wind loads. The technique is not new, but it is applied to a practical problem of increasing interest to Brazilian structural engineers. The problem is formulated in the partial safety factor format used in current design codes, with all additional partial factor introduced to serve as optimization variable. The expected cost of failure (or risk) is defined as the product of a. limit state exceedance probability by a limit state exceedance cost. These costs include costs of repairing, rebuilding, and paying compensation for injury and loss of life. The total expected failure cost is the sum of individual expected costs over all failure modes. The steel frame communications, tower subject of this study has become very common in Brazil due to increasing mobile phone coverage. The study shows that optimum reliability is strongly dependent on the cost (or consequences) of failure. Since failure consequences depend oil actual tower location, it turn,,; out that different optimum designs should be used in different locations. Failure consequences are also different for the different parties involved in the design, construction and operation of the tower. Hence, it is important that risk is well understood by the parties involved, so that proper contracts call be made. The investigation shows that when non-structural terms dominate design costs (e.g, in residential or office buildings) it is not too costly to over-design; this observation is in agreement with the observed practice for non-optimized structural systems. In this situation, is much easier to loose money by under-design. When by under-design. When structural material cost is a significant part of design cost (e.g. concrete dam or bridge), one is likely to lose significantmoney by over-design. In this situation, a cost-risk-benefit optimization analysis is highly recommended. Finally, the study also shows that under time-varying loads like tornados, the optimum reliability is strongly dependent on the selected design life.