Moving from values inaction to values-in-action : an exploration of how values can be managed intentionally by national sports organizations

The study examined the intentional use of National Sport Organizations' (NSOs) stated values. Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) was applied to an Appreciative Inquiry (AI) approach of interviewing NSO senior leaders. One intention of this research was to foster a connection between academia and practitioners, and in so doing highlight the gap between values inaction and values-in-action. Data were collected from nine NSOs through multiple-case studies analysis of interview transcripts, websites, and constitutional statements. Results indicated that while the NSOs operated from a Management by Objectives (MBO) approach they were interested in exploring how Management by Values (MBV) might improve their organization's performance. Eleven themes from the case studies analysis contributed to the development of a framework. The 4-1 framework described how an NSO can progress through different stages by becoming more intentional in how they use their values. Another finding included deepening our understanding of how values are experienced within the NSO and then transferred across the entire sport. Participants also spoke about the tension that arises among their NSO' s values as well as the dominant values held by funding agents. This clash of values needs to be addressed before the tension escalates. Finally, participants expressed a desire to learn more about how values can be used more intentionally to further their organization's purpose. As such, strategies for intentionally leveraging values are also suggested. Further research should explore how helpful the 4-1 framework can be to NSOs leaders who are in the process of identifying or renewing their organization's values.

The public interest of sports at non-profi t sports organizations that are supported by the government

This paper analyses the concept of public interest in sport and the criteria that must be taken into consideration in terms of Government support to clubs and sports associations. The data was collected through semi structured interviews that were applied to nine sports directors with board responsibilities: seven of them from sport clubs and sport associations, and two of them from public administration. The directors pointed out that sport is considered to be of public interest when: it is developed in the concept of “sport for all”, provides health benefi ts and serves as a means of education and social development. Regarding advantages used with public utility status, tax benefi ts and partnerships with the sports system organizations were the most mentioned aspects. Given a better use of fi nancial resources provided by public administration to clubs and associations, sport directors believe that the Government should have a strategy focused on setting priorities and ranking fi nancing criteria for sport. If the government had that strategy, the development of sports results would be much better. The participants also suggest that the Government should conduct an assessment of the social role of sport clubs and associations, according to the public and social interest of sport. In conclusion, sport and physical activity should be considered as public interest activities, provided that: are able to ensure positive effects on health plans and wellness, provide a qualitative and sustainable sport development, improve economic and social development of a population.

What does professionalization mean? Developing a conceptual framework of professionalization in sports federations

Professionalization seems to be an appropriate strategy for sports organizations to meet organizational pressure due to challenges of a more complex and dynamic changing environment (e.g. Shilbury & Ferkins, 2011). However, despite the increasing number of studies attempting to disclose professionalization in sports organizations, it still remains unclear, what the term professionalization actually mean, and which aspects a suitable concept of professionalization for studying the phenomena should consist in (Dowling et al., 2014). To bridge this gap, we firstly display scholars’ perspective of professionalization in sports organizations in order to explore the common ground as well as divergences in previous approaches. We will then consider practical views of Swiss experts to gain valuable insight, as pointed out by Slack (2014), into current thinking and acting towards professionalization in sports federations in Switzerland. In semi-structured interviews, we asked six experts, who accompany the professionalization processes of Swiss national sports federations, about their subjective understanding of professionalization, and its characteristics. The interviews were analyzed applying hermeneutic approach to systematically reconstruct the observed characteristics of professionalization resulting in three main topics: (1) changed management philosophy, (2) specialization and functional differentiation, and (3) management tools. Based on the literature review as well as insights from the Swiss experts, we will provide a synthesis of crucial aspects for developing a conceptual framework of professionalization that can be useful for further studies. References Dowling, M., Edwards, J., & Washington, M. (2014). Understanding the concept of professionalisation in sport management research. Sport Management Review, 17, 520-529. Shilbury, D., & Ferkins, L. (2011). Professionalisation, sport governance and strategic capability. Managing Leisure, 16, 108-127. Slack, T. (2014). The social and commercial impact of sport, the role of sport management. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14, 454–463.

Associativismo, lazer e esporte nos clubes sociais de Campinas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Women in leadership: Three essays

GENDER EMPOWERMENT: EFFECTS OF GODS, GEOGRAPHY, AND GDP¦Fenley, M., & Antonakis, J.¦ABSTRACT¦We examined the determinants of women's empowerment in the economy and political leadership in 178 countries. Given the androcentric nature of most religions, we hypothesized that high degrees of country-level theistic belief create social conditions that impede the progression of women to power. The dependent variable was the Gender Empowerment index of the United Nations Development Program, which captures the participation of women in political leadership, management, and their share of national income. Controlling for GDP per capita as well as the fixed-effects of the dominant type of religion and legal origin and instrumenting all endogenous variables with geographic or historical variables, our results show that atheism has a significant positive effect on gender empowerment. These results are driven by the rule of law, which in addition to being a catalyst for economic development, appears to crowd-out the informal regulation of behavior due to religious norms.¦DEVELOPING WOMEN LEADERS: COMPARING A TRANSFORMATIONAL AND A CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP INTERVENTION¦Fenley, M., Jacquart, P., & Antonakis, J.¦ABSTRACT¦Along with a gender imbalance in leadership role occupancy, most leadership interventions have been conducted with samples of men. We conducted an experiment wherein we assigned female participants (n = 38, mean age = 35 years) to one of two conditions: Transformational (i.e., "standard") leadership training or charismatic leadership training. The two interventions were essentially equivalent, except that we also focused on developing the "charismatic leadership tactics" (e.g., rhetorical skills) of participants in the charismatic condition. After the interventions, we randomly assigned participants into problem-solving teams that required extensive interaction. Each team had an equal number of participants having received transformational training or charismatic training. At the end of the team exercises, participants rated each of their team members on a leadership prototypicality measure. Results indicated that those who received charismatic training scored higher (a) on prototypicality (standardized  = .42) and (b) on a test of declarative knowledge of charismatic rhetorical strategies (i.e., a manipulation check, standardized  = .76). Furthermore, the score on the test fully mediated the effect of the treatment on prototypicality (standardized indirect  = .32). We discuss the importance and practical implications of these results.¦CHANGING ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN IN A MALE SEX-TYPE WORK ENVIRONMENT: EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD EXPERIMENT IN EUROPEAN ATHLETICS¦Fenley, M.¦ABSTRACT¦Most sports organizations have a similar gender gap in leadership as do the majority of non-sport organizations. Women's careers sputter somewhere at coaching level positions and few women obtain top leadership positions. Greater awareness of gender inequalities in general, and in leadership in particular, could decrease gender discrimination and increase women's presence at upper levels. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of an intervention using an online gender awareness exercise. Participants (n = 1,001 participants, n = 32 countries) were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions in a 2 (a discriminating perspective-taking story or a non-discriminating perspective-taking story) by 2 (gender quiz or no gender quiz) by 2 (diversity quiz or no diversity quiz) factorial design. The results show that the online perspective taking exercise changed initial sexist attitudes. Participants having taken a diversity quiz had less sexist attitudes (as measured by the Modern- and Old-fashioned sexism scale) than did participants who did not take the diversity quiz (irrespective of perspective-taking story). The combination of having taken a diversity quiz with a gender quiz had the biggest impact on attitudes for the non-discriminating story.

Los medios propios de los clubes de fútbol españoles. De la revista oficial a los canales de TDT

La aplicación de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) a la gestión de la comunicación de las organizaciones deportivas ha significado el incremento de los medios de comunicación propios de estas organizaciones para llegar a sus públicos objetivos. Unos medios propios que, en algunos casos, han permitido la globalización de marcas como Barça o Real Madrid y, en otros, reforzar el sentimiento de pertenencia a una comunidad, como es el caso de la radio analógica de los clubes de fútbol andaluces, Sevilla FC o Real Betis. Este artículo muestra parte de los resultados de la tesis doctoral de este investigador sobre las TIC y el deporte, en el que analiza qué medios propios han desarrollado los clubes de fútbol españoles en la nueva era digital.

“La lliga dels magnats”. La Premier League i el negoci del futbol en l’era dels mitjans globals

The relationship between the mass media and sport has reached a state of symbiosis. The great media companies and sports organizations have combined synergies to get the best return on their products, both communicationrelated and sports-related. To define this situation, some authors have spoken of the “new sport oligopoly” or of the “global media sports complex”. This article analyzes the formation of this complex based on real examples of financial relations between media companies and sports organizations and, finally, draws attention to how these relations took place in the Premier League during the 2009-2010 season, taking into account the fact that this was the European football league which consolidated the process of international commercialization the soonest, which has the most highly valued football brand (Manchester United) and which has the clubs that make the most money from television rights and commercials.

Revisió del model inclusiu en l’àmbit de l’educació no formal del futbol base a partir del criteri d’agrupació

Recerca centrada en l’anàlisi de característiques concretes de l’educació inclusiva en un entorn d’educació no formal, com és el futbol base. El criteri que s’ha utilitzat per realitzar l’anàlisi són els agrupaments. Des de l’educació inclusiva es promouen els agrupaments heterogenis, una forma d’agrupar a l’alumnat tenint en compte les seves diferències, per tal d’enriquir-se entre tot l’alumnat i treure profit d’elles. A la vegada aquest agrupament es caracteritza per fomentar la igualtat d’oportunitats en l’aprenentatge dels alumnes. En canvi, al futbol base predominen els agrupaments homogenis, distribuint als jugadors segons el seu nivell en diferents equips. A la recerca es fa una comparació entre l’opinió de diferents membres involucrats en el món del futbol base de dues entitats esportives, un club de futbol, on es fan els grups de forma homogènia, i una escola de futbol, on es fan els agrupaments de forma heterogènia. Els resultats mostren que realitzant agrupaments homogenis no s’assegura que tots els jugadors tinguin les mateixes oportunitats d’aprenentatge i que el nivell competencial dels jugadors en edat de formació pot ser un element que fomenti desigualtats en el seu procés d’aprenentatge esportiu.

Propuesta académica para la Universidad del Rosario: Maestría en Administración Deportiva

Consiste en la propuesta de un programa de maestría para la Universidad Del Rosario en Administración Deportiva. Esto teniendo en cuenta el espacio para la profesionalización de este campo en el país

Modelos de governança e organizações esportivas: uma análise das federações e confederações esportivas brasileiras

Esta Tese tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as práticas de governança para Federações esportivas e a sua efetividade no Brasil, utilizando a Teoria dos Stakeholders e teorias sobre organizações esportivas. Ela sugere práticas de governança para as entidades esportivas que podem aumentar a sua efetividade - em um contexto em que o esporte é relevante para o Estado e a sociedade. São identificados os principais Stakeholders no esporte e em seguida apresentados parâmetros para uma boa governança, divididos nos campos: regulação, resultados, profissionalismo, transparência e participação. A confecção da presente Tese abrangeu uma pesquisa qualitativa, onde foram entrevistados 26 atores do mundo do esporte e analisados Estatutos e outros documentos de Confederações esportivas. Isso foi facilitado pelo envolvimento do autor com o assunto, pois exerce a direção de Federação Esportiva desde 2005 (Vice Presidente da Federação de Vela do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2005/2010 e Presidente da mesma entidade 2011/2012). A solução aqui proposta ajuda a conferir mais transparência e controle sobre as organizações esportivas, criando uma racionalidade instrumental que melhor atenda aos interesses objetivos do conjunto de seus Stakeholders.

Futebol, ditadura e trabalho: uma análise das relações políticas e sociais no campo desportivo paraense (1964 – 1978)

O presente trabalho dissertativo discute o significado do futebol na sociedade brasileira, em especial a paraense no século XX, mais precisamente no contexto da Ditadura militar no Brasil (1964-1978). Contando com uma diversidade de documentação dos arquivos da Biblioteca Arthur Viana, das atas de entidades desportivas, revistas esportivas, contratos de trabalho, processos e depoimentos, além de uma vasta bibliografia referente ao objeto de investigação. Este ensaio objetiva a compreensão das relações sociais e políticas construídas ao longo do século XX dentro do campo desportivo paraense, com ênfase para as negociações e conflitos estabelecidos no processo de construção do estádio de futebol estadual ―o Mangueirão‖, bem como a criação e reafirmação da Federação Paraense de Futebol; inserida ainda nessa análise as relações de trabalho estabelecidas entre os sujeitos envolvidos diariamente com o futebol paraense.

Acceso de la mujer a puestos de dirección en organizaciones deportivas

Dos de los factores por los que se mide el progreso dentro de las sociedades avanzadas son la posición y estatus de las mujeres dentro de dicha sociedad. En el caso de España, la situación de la mujer ha cambiado mucho en de los últimos 40 años, y más concretamente a partir de su ingreso dentro del mercado laboral. De esta forma, sabemos que el avance hacia la igualdad en cualquier campo se ha estado produciendo, pero existen ámbitos en los que dicho avance tiene lugar de forma más lenta. Este es el caso de los puestos directivos donde la infrarrepresentación de la mujer en la toma de decisiones está observada en numerosos estudios anteriores. Pues bien, uno de los objetivos generales de la presente tesis doctoral es conocer las barreras actitudinales, lo que es conocido internacionalmente como el concepto “Techo de cristal”, en la consecución de este tipo de puestos por parte de las mujeres, dentro del sistema deportivo y en la Comunidad de Madrid. La metodología usada en esta investigación ha sido descriptiva, de corte transversal y estandarizada por medio de cuestionario, aplicado a una muestra final de 401 personas. Siendo la población objeto las personas que trabajan ocupando un puesto directivo dentro de entidades deportivas públicas y privadas ubicadas en la Comunidad de Madrid. Con una afijación proporcional según género y tipo de entidad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que a día de hoy todavía hay diferencias dentro de los puestos de responsabilidad, como por ejemplo, en el porcentaje de ocupación del puesto máximo, los salarios, etc, apareciendo diferentes actitudes que dificultan el acceso o promoción dentro de este tipo de puestos. Una de las principales conclusiones es que todavía no existe la equidad absoluta dentro de los puestos directivos de las organizaciones deportivas ubicadas en la Comunidad de Madrid, pero que el avance paulatino y constante se está produciendo para conseguir la plena igualdad. SUMMARY. Two of the factors that measured progress in advanced societies are the position and status of women within that society. In the case of Spain, the situation of women has changed a lot in the past 40 years, and more specifically from their entry into the labour market. In this way, we know that the progress towards equality in any field has been producing, but there are areas in which such progress takes place more slowly. This is the case of managerial posts where the under-representation of women in decision-making is observed in many previous studies. As well, one of the general objectives of this thesis it is know the attitudinal barriers, what is known internationally as the 'Glass ceiling' concept, in the pursuit of this type of posts by women within the sports system and in the community of Madrid. The methodology used in this research was descriptive, transversal and standardized cutting through questionnaire, applied to a final sample of 401 people. The target population to be people who work occupying a post steering within public and private sports organizations located in the community of Madrid. With a proportional affixation according to gender and type of entity. The results obtained show that today there are still differences in positions of responsibility, as for example, in the percentage of occupation since maximum, wages, etc., appearing different attitudes that hinder access to or promotion within this type of posts. One of the main conclusions is that there is still no absolute equity within the management positions of sport organisations located in the community of Madrid, but is occurring the gradual and steady progress to achieve full equality.

Exploring Existentially-Based Interventions For Career Transitions in Sport

From Introduction: Career transition issues have become of increasing interest in the field of sport psychology. Confronting the end of an athletic career is an inevitable reality that every athlete will confront in his or her lifetime (Baillie, 1993), regardless of level of competition (Kerr & Dacyshyn, 2000) or the amount of free choice related to the transition. Many athletes are able to cope with the effects of the transition process effectively, and see retirement as an opportunity to pursue new ventures and identity roles in life. However, retirement from sport can be an event that often results in various adjustment difficulties for an athlete involving emotional, social, financial, and vocational conflicts. Some athletes have reported experiencing effects such as depression, eating disorders, decreased self-esteem, increased suicidality, and substance abuse (Kerr and Dacyshyn, 2000). These types of distress can be exacerbated by the fact that many athletes fail to adequately anticipate and prepare for their impending transition (Baillie, 1993), and often embark on the retirement process without any formalized support (Stier, 2007).Typically, the role of a sport psychologist has been to assist in maximizing an athlete's competitive performance during the course of their career. However, as a sport psychologist's primary responsibility is to serve active competitors and athletic organizations, this tends to come at the expense of failing to provide follow-up care for the athlete as he or she retires from sport (Taylor, Ogilvie, and Lavallee, 2006). Since the 1970's, when the efforts of professionals in European sports organizations first received attention, there has been growing interest in academic circles about career transition