1000 resultados para Solo calcario
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Em um Vertissolo, cultivado com videira, avaliou-se o efeito da irrigacao e da adubacao NPK aplicadas naulamente, durante 17 anos, sobre algumas caracteristicas quimicas do solo. O sistema de irrigacao foi em bacia de infiltracao, onde tambem foram aplicados os fertilizantes e incorporados ao solo ate a profundidade de 5 cm. A amostragem do solo foi feite em 18 pontos da area cultivada e em sete pontos da area de solo virgem, em torno do parreiral, as profundidades de 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm e 90-120 cm. Os resultados analiticos mostraram que praticamente nao ocorreram variacoes perceptiveis nos teores de Ca2+, Mg2+ e Na+ trocaveis, materia organica, N-HN4+ e Zn, em relacao ao solo virgem, em resposta aos tratamentos. Quanto aos outros parametros, constatou-se que nas camadas superiores houve diminuicao do pH e aumento da condutividade eletrica (CEe) e dos teores de K+ trocavel, P, N total, N-NO3-, Cu, Mn e Fe. Estas diferencas, com excecao do Fe, diminuiram com a profundidade. Teores mais elevados de Cu e Mn devem ter sido consequencia da aplicacao anual de fungicidas e da solubilizacao de compostos contendo estes elementos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que as variacoes ocorridas em alguns parametros, decorrentes da irrigacao e aplicacao de fertilizantes, principalmente aquelas relacionadas com o aumento da salinidade, nao devem comprometer a capacidade produtiva do solo.
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A desfolhação e o pisoteio animal podem afetar a cobertura vegetal e alterar a dinâmica do calcário no solo. Este trabalho estudou um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária com níveis de biomassa de pastagem e seu reflexo sobre o solo, o desenvolvimento da soja e a dinâmica da correção da acidez a partir da superfície do solo. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho, em uma pastagem de aveia preta + azevém manejada sob diferentes alturas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm de altura de manejo) e três repetições. Utilizou-se terneiros jovens em pastejo contínuo, com lotação variável, em dois períodos de pastejo (2001 e 2002). No final do primeiro período aplicou-se 4,5 Mg ha-1 de calcário na área, implantando-se a cultura da soja. As alturas da pastagem afetaram a massa de forragem e o desempenho dos animais. Na média dos dois anos, maiores rendimentos individuais e por área foram obtidos com pastagem manejada nas alturas médias de 25 e 10 cm, respectivamente. Após o pastejo, somente no manejo a 10 cm a densidade e a macroporosidade do solo atingiram valores que podem limitar o desenvolvimento da soja na camada de 0-2,5 cm. Efeitos sobre os atributos químicos manifestaram-se até 5 cm de profundidade, cinco meses após a calagem, avançando com o tempo, independentemente da condição anterior de pastejo. A população de plantas e o rendimento da soja diminuíram com a redução da altura de manejo da pastagem. Houve equivalência de rendimento econômico entre todos os tratamentos, sendo a diminuição do rendimento de soja, em situação de alta intensidade de pastejo, compensada pelo aumento do rendimento animal por unidade de área. O rendimento de soja na área sem pastejo foi similar àquele obtido em áreas com intensidade de pastejo leve.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS
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Gaseous mercury sampling conditions were optimized and a dynamic flux chamber was used to measure the air/surface exchange of mercury in some areas of the Negro river basin with different vegetal coverings. At the two forest sites (flooding and non-flooding), low mercury fluxes were observed: maximum of 3 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and minimum of -1 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. At the deforested site, the mercury fluxes were higher and always positive: maximum of 26 pmol m-2 h-1 - day and 17 pmol m-2 h-1 - night. Our results showed that deforestation could be responsible for significantly increasing soil Hg emissions, mainly because of the high soil temperatures reached at deforested sites.
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The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.
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This work was done with the objective of studying some physical and mechanical characteristics of the sugarcane bagasse ash added to a soil-cement mixture, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The sugarcane bagasse ash pre-treatment included both sieving and grinding, before mixing with soil and cement. Different proportions of cement-ash were tested by determining its standard consistence and its compressive resistance at 7 and 28 days age. The various treatments were subsequently applied to the specimens molded with different soil-cement-ash mixtures which in turns were submitted to compaction, unconfined compression and water absorption laboratory tests. The results showed that it is possible to replace up to 20% of Portland cement by sugarcane bagasse ash without any damage to the mixture's compressive strength.
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The physical model was based on the method of Newton-Euler. The model was developed by using the scientific computer program Mathematica®. Several simulations where tried varying the progress speeds (0.69; 1.12; 1.48; 1.82 and 2.12 m s-1); soil profiles (sinoidal, ascending and descending ramp) and height of the profile (0.025 and 0.05 m) to obtain the normal force of soil reaction. After the initial simulations, the mechanism was optimized using the scientific computer program Matlab® having as criterion (function-objective) the minimization of the normal force of reaction of the profile (FN). The project variables were the lengths of the bars (L1y, L2, l3 and L4), height of the operation (L7), the initial length of the spring (Lmo) and the elastic constant of the spring (k t). The lack of robustness of the mechanism in relation to the variable height of the operation was outlined by using a spring with low rigidity and large length. The results demonstrated that the mechanism optimized showed better flotation performance in relation to the initial mechanism.
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The covering of the soil is an agricultural practice that intends to control the harmful herbs, to reduce the losses of water by evaporation of the soil, and to facilitate the harvest and the commercialization, once the product is cleaner and healthier. However, when the soil is covered important microclimatic parameters are also altered, and consequently the germination of seeds, the growth of roots, the absorption of water and nutrients, the metabolic activity of the plants and the carbohydrates storage. The current trial intended to evaluate the effect of soil covering with blue colored film on consumptive water-use in a lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa, L.). The experiment was carried out in a plastic greenhouse in Araras - São Paulo State, Brazil from March 3rd, 2001 to May 5th, 2001. The consumptive water-use was measured through two weighing lysimeter installed inside the greenhouse. Crop spacing was 0.25 m x 0.25 m and the color of the film above soil was blue. Leaf area index (IAF), was measured six times (7; 14; 21; 28; 35; 40 days after transplant) and the water-use efficiency (EU) was measured at the end. The experimental design was subdivided portions with two treatments, bare soil and covered soil. The average consumptive water-use was 4.17 mm day-1 to the bare soil treatment and 3.11 mm day-1 to the covered soil treatment. The final leaf area index was 25.23 to the bare soil treatment and 24.39 to the covered soil treatment, and there was no statistical difference between then.
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The main objective of this work is the study of the effect of rice husk addition on the physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement, in order to obtain an alternative construction material. The rice husk preparation consisted of grinding, sieving, and the pre-treatment with lime solution. The physical characteristics of the soil and of the rice husk were determined. Different amounts of soil, cement and rice husk were tested by compaction and unconfined compression. The specimens molded according to the treatments applied to the mixtures were subsequently submitted to compression testing and to tensile splitting cylinder testing at 7 and 28 days of age and to water absorption testing. After determining its physical and mechanical characteristics, the best results were obtained for the soil + 12% (cement + rice husk) mixture. The results showed a promising use as an alternative construction material.
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Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a reliable method for in-situ measurements of the humidity and the solution concentration at the same soil volume. Accurate interpretation of electrical conductivity (and soil humidity) measurements may require a specific calibration curve. The primary goal of this work was to establish a calibration procedure for using TDR to estimate potassium nitrate concentrations (KNO3) in soil solution. An equation relating the electrical conductivity measured by TDR and KNO3 concentration was established enabling the use of TDR technique to estimate soil water content and nitrate concentration for efficient fertigation management.