“IF ONLY I COULD�? ~ “THERE IS ALWAYS A LOOPHOLE"? Hope and hopelessness experienced by the severely depressive and nondepressive

The aim of this research was to structure a conceptual model of hope and hopelessness based on dictionary definitions, and to verify this model on the basis of the experiences of the severely depressive and non-depressive elderly. This research has produced a substantive theory of hope and hopelessness which is based on the experiences of the depressive and non-depressive elderly, and on the concept analysis of hope and hopelessness based on English dictionary definitions. The patients who participated in the research were 65 years old and older men and women (n=22) who had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital because of major depression, and another group: the non-depressive elderly (n=21), who were recruited from the pensioners’ clubs. The data were collected in interviews using the Clinical Assessment Tool, developed by Farran, Salloway and Clark (1990) and Farran, Wilken and Popovich (1992), and it produced 553 pages of written text, which were analysed using the ATLAS/ti programme. ATLAS/ti is a tool for analysing qualitative data and is based on Grounded Theory. The medical and nursing records of the depressive elderly completed source triangulation. The concept analysis of hope and hopelessness was made on the basis of the definitions of English dictionaries (n=103), using semantic analysis and the ATLAS/ti programme. The most important hope-promoting factors were human relations, health and managing in everyday living. Autonomy, self-determination and feeling of security were highly appreciated among the elderly. Hopelessness, on the other hand, was most often associated with the same factors: human relations, health and everyday living. Especially, losses of significant others were experienced as strongly hope-diminishing. Old age had brought freedom from duties concerning others, but now, when you finally had an opportunity to enjoy yourself, you could not accomplish anything; you were clasped in the arms of total inability, depression had come. The most obvious difference in the life course of the depressive and nondepressive elderly was the abundance of traumatic experiences in the childhood and youth of the depressive elderly. The continuous circulation of fearful thoughts was almost touchable, and suicidality was described in connection with these thoughts. You were afraid to be awake and also to go to sleep. Managing day by day was the goal. The research produced the Basic Social Process (BSP) of hope: achieving - maintaining - losing, which expresses a continuous balancing between Being without and Being with. The importance of the object of hope was combined with the amount of hope and disappointment. The process of approaching defined the realisation of hope and the process of withdrawal that of losing. Joy and security versus grief and insecurity defined the Being with and Being without. Two core categories were found. The first one “If only I could�? reflects lack of energy, lack of knowledge, lack of courage and lack of ability. The other one “There is always a loophole�? reflects deliberate tracing of possibilities and the belief in finding solutions, and managing.

The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.

Inequalities in old age - old news or new debate: Presentations

On October 20th, 2010, CARDI hosted an event entitled��'Inequalities in old age - old news or new debate?’. The event marked the launch of a CARDI funded research report Inequalities in Old Age: the impact of the recession on older people in Ireland, North and South��and the launch of a discussion paper prepared for CARDI by Dr. Maria Pierce and Dr.��Virpi Timonen, Trinity College Dublin��Theories of Ageing and Approaches to Welfare in Ireland, North and South [summary]. The event also featured a number of other presentations. Please find a selection of the presentations from the day below:Theories of Ageing: Lenses for Understanding, Signposts for Reforming Social Protection in Old Age by Dr Virpi Timonen, Director of SPARC and Dr Maria Pierce, Research Fellow, Trinity College Dublin.Inequalities, Pensions and the Recession by Prof Paddy Hillyard, Queen’s University Belfast and Dr Demi Patsios, Policy Research Consultant, Dr Francesca Lundstr̦m, Research Consultant.Pensions and Older Women by Dr Aine N�_ L̩ime, Programme Co-ordinator, ICSG (Irish Centre for Social Gerontology), NUI Galway.����

Pääsylippu kotikatsomoon : kuka voittaa, kun urheilusta tulee maksullista televisioviihdettä?

Televisiolla on medioista merkittävin rooli urheilun välittäjänä. Sen myötä urheilusta on tullut universaalia viihdettä, josta kuluttaja voi nauttia kotisohvaltaan ympäri vuorokauden. Samaan aikaan kun urheilussa tulokset paranevat, kehittyy myös television lähetystekniikka analogisesta digitaaliseen ja muuttaa televisiota kuluttajan kannalta yhä palvelevampaan muotoon - osittain maksulliseen sellaiseen. Tässä opinnäytetyössä perehdytään television ja urheilun suhteeseen ja selvitetään syitä, miksi juuri urheilu on otollista viihdettä maksukanaville. Opinnäytetyössä pyritään vastaamaan seuraaviin kysymyksiin: Keitä osapuolista, katsojaa, televisiotoiminnan harjoittajaa vai itse urheilua, lisämaksulliset kanavat parhaiten palvelevat? Kuka puolustaa jokamiehen ja -naisen oikeutta vapaaseen tiedonsaantiin ja miltä näyttää urheilun tulevaisuus maksullisilla ja vapaan katselun televisiokanavilla? Esimerkkitapauksena syvennytään Suomen jalkapallon A-maajoukkueen otteluiden kohtaloon televisiomarkkinoilla peilaten syitä ja seurauksia teoriaan urheilun ja television suhteesta. Näyttää siltä, että maksullisten kanavien tulo televisiomarkkinoille on lujittanut entisestään urheilun ja television suhdetta. Maksukanavayhtiöt ovat ottaneet urheilun pysyvästi yhdeksi myyntivaltikseen, mikä on johtanut siihen, että kansallisesti merkittävimpien urheilutapahtumien näkyminen vapaan katselun kanavilla on jouduttu takaamaan erillisillä toimenpiteillä. Penkkiurheilijan kannalta maksutelevisio tarkoittaa yleistyviä lisämaksullisia palveluita, mutta myös monipuolisempaa ja tasokkaampaa urheilutarjontaa. Urheilun kannalta taas maksutelevision läpimurto kaupallistaa urheilua yhä entisestään, nostaa televisiointioikeuksien hintoja ja kiristää eri lajien kilpailua televisionäkyvyydestä. Tämä opinnäytetyö on koottu asiantuntijoiden haastatteluiden, kirjallisuuden, verkkomateriaalin sekä lehtiartikkeleiden pohjalta.

Vuosina 1992-95 sioista eristettyjen E. coli -bakteerikantojen mikrobilääkeherkkyys ja kahden eri herkkyysmääritysmenetelmän vertailu käyttäen oksitetrasykliiniä

Virpi Ala-Risku, Marja Fossi ja Matti Nyberg

Individual-tree basal area growth models for scots pine, pubescent birch and Norway spruce on drained peatlands in Finland

Summary