Psychological safety, authentic leadership and social networks : A psycho-structural approach to the study of groups

Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia na área de especialização de Psicologia das Organizações apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY IN BRAZIL: Pioneer Works, Recent Developments

The evolution of the historiography of psychology in Brazil is surveyed, to describe how the field has evolved from the seminal works of the pioneer, mostly self-taught, psychologists, to the now professional historians working from a variety of theoretical models and methods of inquiry. The first accounts of the history of psychology written by Brazilians and by foreigners are surveyed, as well as the recent works made by researchers linked to the Work Group on the History of Psychology of the Brazilian Association of Research and Graduate Education in Psychology and published in periodicals such as Memorandum and Mnemosine. The present historiography focuses mainly the relationship of psychological knowledge to specific social and cultural conditions, emphasizing themes such as women`s participation in the construction of the field, the development of psychology as a science and as a profession in education and health, and the development of psychology as an expression of Brazilian culture and of the experience of resistance of local communities to domination. To reveal this process of identity construction, a cultural historiography is an important tool, coupled with methodological pluralism.

Relações entre ansiedade-estado e ansiedade-traço, sintomas depressivos e sensibilidade ao stresse em puérperas

RESUMO: A Dissertação teve por objectivos comparar e estudar as relações entre os fenómenos psicológicos observados no puerpério, nomeadamente a ansiedade-estado e ansiedade-traço, os sintomas depressivos e a sensibilidade ao stresse. A amostra foi composta de 200 puérperas, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 42 anos (M = 28,88; DP = 5,87), que sabiam ler e falar Língua Portuguesa, possuíam pelo menos quatro anos de escolaridade, residiam em Portugal há mais de um ano e tinham tido um parto de termo. As participantes responderam a um protocolo de avaliação constituído por um Questionário de dados sociodemográficos, um Questionário de dados clínicos e os instrumentos DASS e STAI. Com a DASS pretendia-se avaliar os construtos ansiedade hiperfisológica, depressão e stresse; através da STAI observou-se a ansiedade-traço e ansiedade-estado. Os resultados demonstraram que as primíparas, quando comparadas com as multíparas, possuíam maior ansiedade-estado. Constatou-se que as mulheres que tiveram um parto distócico mostraram mais sensibilidade ao stresse. Também se concluiu que as puérperas que manifestaram patologias médicas durante a gestação apresentaram, no puerpério, ansiedade-traço, sintomas depressivos e sensibilidade ao stresse. Por último, confirmou-se que as mulheres com um trabalho de parto mais longo revelaram maior ansiedade-estado. Espera-se, com esta investigação, contribuir para um maior conhecimento psicológico das puérperas. ABSTRACT: The aims of this Dissertation were to compare and to ascertain the relationships between postpartum psychological phenomena, namely state-anxiety, trait-anxiety, depressive symptoms and stress sensitivity. The sample encompassed 200 puerperas aged 18 to 42 (M = 28,88; SD = 5,87), who were able to read and write in Portuguese, attended at least four years at school, lived in Portugal for at least one year and had a term delivery. Participants were requested to answer an evaluation protocol composed by a sociodemographic Questionnaire, clinical data Questionnaire, DASS and STAI instruments. DASS enabled the evaluation of hyperphysiological anxiety, depression and stress constructs; through STAI state-anxiety and trait-anxiety were scrutinized. Results revealed that primiparas had greater state-anxiety than multiparas. Women who had a dystocic delivery showed increased stress sensitivity. Postpartum women who suffered medical intercurrences during pregnancy exhibited traitanxiety, depressive symptoms and stress sensitivity. Women who underwent protracted labour had greater state-anxiety. This research is expected to attain a greater psychological knowledge regarding postpartum women.

Der Einfluss von Ankern auf Verkaufsergebnisse in telefonischen Verkaufsgesprächen

Numerische Urteile wie Schätzungen oder Prognosen sind anfällig für Ankereffekte. Ein in eine Entscheidungssituation willkürlich eingeführter numerischer Wert – der Anker – beeinflusst oft das Urteil im Sinne einer Assimilation des Urteils an diesen Wert. Bei Kaufentscheidungen fließt das Ergebnis eines Vergleichs des Produktpreises mit einem Referenzpreis, einem numerischen Wert, in die Kaufentscheidung mit ein. Unter Orientierung an die Prospekttheorie von Kahneman & Tversky kann dieser Referenzpreis in Form eines implementierten Ankers variiert werden. Die vorgelegte interdisziplinäre Arbeit wendet psychologisches Fachwissen in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften an. Sie beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten bei telefonischen Verkaufsgesprächen, gezielt Anker zu Erhöhung der Verkaufsquote einzusetzen. Der Anker wird in drei unterschiedlichen Experimenten entweder durch den Preis eines zusätzlich angebotenen Produkts, durch das Einbringen eines belanglos scheinenden numerischen Wertes, wie die Anzahl an bereits getätigten Anrufen, oder in Form einer Schätzfrage in das Verkaufsgespräch implementiert. Es wird dabei festgestellt, dass durch einen im Vergleich zum verkaufenden Produkt höheren numerischen Wert, dem Anker, die Verkaufsquote erhöht werden kann. Das Neuartige an der Arbeit liegt vor allem im Aufzeigen der Einfachheit solcher ökonomisch effektiver Ankersetzungen in Verkaufsgesprächen. Willkürlich in eine Kaufsituation eingeführte numerische Werte können - analog zu ihrem Einfluss in Urteilssituationen - auch Kaufentscheidungen in einem realen Markt beeinflussen.

Os argumentos transcendentais: kant e o problema de hume

This work whose title is "The transcendental arguments: Kant Andy Hume's problem" has as its main objective to interpret Kant's answer to Hume's problem in the light of the conjunction of the causality and induction themes which is equivalent to skeptical- naturalist reading of the latter. In this sense, this initiative complements the previous treatment seen in our dissertation, where the same issue had been discussed from a merely skeptical reading that Kant got from Hume thought and was only examined causality. Among the specific objectives, we list the following: a) critical philosophy fulfills three basic functions, a founding, one negative and one would argue that the practical use of reason, here named as defensive b) the Kantian solution of Hume's problem in the first critisism would fulfill its founding and negative functions of critique of reason; c) the Kantian treatment of the theme of induction in other criticisms would will fulfill the defense function of critique of reason; d) that the evidence of Kant's answer to Hume's problem are more consistent when will be satisfied these three functions or moments of criticism. The basic structure of the work consists of three parts: the first the genesis of Hume's problem - our intention is to reconstruct Hume's problem, analyzing it from the perspective of two definitions of cause, where the dilution of the first definition in the second match the reduction of psychological knowledge to the probability of following the called naturalization of causal relations; whereas in the second - Legality and Causality - it is stated that when considering Hume in the skeptic-naturalist option, Kant is not entitled to respond by transcendental argument A􀁴B; A⊢B from the second Analogy, evidence that is rooted in the position of contemporary thinkers, such as Strawson and Allison; in third part - Purpose and Induction - admits that Kant responds to Hume on the level of regulative reason use, although the development of this test exceeds the limits of the founding function of criticism. And this is articulated in both the Introduction and Concluding Remarks by meeting the defensive [and negative] function of criticism. In this context, based on the use of so-called transcendental arguments that project throughout the critical trilogy, we provide solution to a recurring issue that recurs at several points in our submission and concerning to the "existence and / or the necessity of empirical causal laws. In this light, our thesis is that transcendental arguments are only an apodictic solution to the Hume s skeptical-naturalist problem when is at stake a practical project in which the interest of reason is ensured, as will, in short, proved in our final considerations

O trabalho docente em psicólogo e o enfrentamento da violência contra crianças e adolescentes: uma experiência teresinense

In this thesis I discuss the role of the psychologist as a university professor and as intellectual from a specific context and also from a specific query. The context is the city of Teresina, capital city of Piauí state, which is peripheral in Brazil s northeast region. The defiance here is to build a critical psychological tradition that will deal with the challenges imposed by the reality of poverty and socio-economic backwardness of the region. The greatest difficulty is the lack of a public institution of learning that carries out instruction, research and extension with commitment to social transformation, and with the production of a psychological knowledge that is able to understand local reality. I take it that the undergraduate course in Psychology at UESPI [State University of Piauí] is the only one in Teresina that can take over such mission. The query is confronting violence against children and adolescents that defies us to ethically and politically commit to solidarity toward fragile human beings in need of adult involvement in order to survive this daily inhumanity. The involvement of psychologists from Teresina in this must result from a social commitment and a technical competence to deal with prevention and therapeutic consideration toward the victims. This dissertation is divided into three parts: the first is a study on the curriculum and the performance of psychologists, which revises the academic output in Brazil and envisages new queries to the theme, such as the role of teaching inside the curriculum, and presents social security (including Medicare) as the privileged field in which Brazilian psychologists perform. The second part contains a study on the concepts of childhood, adolescence and violence, which presents a consideration on the strategies to confront violence against children and adolescents. In the last part I discuss the role of the psychologist as teacher and intellectual in the context undergraduate course in Psychology at UESPI [State University of Piauí] from the commitment to the protection of children and adolescents

O trabalho docente em psicólogo e o enfrentamento da violência contra crianças e adolescentes: uma experiência teresinense

In this thesis I discuss the role of the psychologist as a university professor and as intellectual from a specific context and also from a specific query. The context is the city of Teresina, capital city of Piauí state, which is peripheral in Brazil s northeast region. The defiance here is to build a critical psychological tradition that will deal with the challenges imposed by the reality of poverty and socio-economic backwardness of the region. The greatest difficulty is the lack of a public institution of learning that carries out instruction, research and extension with commitment to social transformation, and with the production of a psychological knowledge that is able to understand local reality. I take it that the undergraduate course in Psychology at UESPI [State University of Piauí] is the only one in Teresina that can take over such mission. The query is confronting violence against children and adolescents that defies us to ethically and politically commit to solidarity toward fragile human beings in need of adult involvement in order to survive this daily inhumanity. The involvement of psychologists from Teresina in this must result from a social commitment and a technical competence to deal with prevention and therapeutic consideration toward the victims. This dissertation is divided into three parts: the first is a study on the curriculum and the performance of psychologists, which revises the academic output in Brazil and envisages new queries to the theme, such as the role of teaching inside the curriculum, and presents social security (including Medicare) as the privileged field in which Brazilian psychologists perform. The second part contains a study on the concepts of childhood, adolescence and violence, which presents a consideration on the strategies to confront violence against children and adolescents. In the last part I discuss the role of the psychologist as teacher and intellectual in the context undergraduate course in Psychology at UESPI [State University of Piauí] from the commitment to the protection of children and adolescents

Animais de estimação e objetos transicionais: uma aproximação psicanalítica sobre a interação criança-animal

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

A Psicologia em Anísio Teixeira

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Anísio Teixeira e a Psicologia: o valor da mensuração

This article analyzes the ideas and the work of Anísio Teixeira in the 1920s and 1930s, focusing on his views about the value of measurement for educational reform in Brazil. Considering that the thinking and practices of Teixeira should be understood in the context in which it was developed, the study presents the history of the presence of psychological knowledge in education, with special attention to the entrance of the Psychometrics in the New School movement. The paper concludes that, by defending the use of measurement, Teixeira has remained true to the goal of the New School that required to diagnoses scientifically the school universe, which was necessary to respond to the growing demand for schooling and the educational disabilities of the Brazilian educational institutions.

A revisão das antinomias na psicologia: do racionalismo cientificista ao estruturalismo

In this essay, we sustain the idea that structuralist thinking is part of spontaneous criticism against the reductionisms that surround psychology. We depart from the radical split-up between the scientific viewpoint and that of metaphysics, expressed in the end-19th century scientific psychology projects. Next, we highlight the importance of the structuralist perspective in the review of the antinomic relations between the subjective and objective, operated at the heart of psychology throughout the 20th century. We show that the rejection of unilineal causality in favor of network causality curbed the advancement of unilateral or reductionist theories in psychology. Moreover, we consider the idea of structure as a point of convergence between psychology and philosophy. More than its explanatory nature, the notion of structure reveals an epistemological register capable of re-approximating psychology to the relativization of the ideal of scientific neutrality. The importance of structuralist thinking in psychology makes us consider the history of psychological knowledge as a type of research that belongs to cultural history.

A crítica da Psicologia e a tarefa da crítica na Psicologia

This article discusses the need to deepen Psychology criticism as a science, unveiling its ideological commitment to the demands posed by the capitalism development and, at the same time, develop the critical thinking in Psychology. Taking the dialectical historical materialism as a basis, the main elements which should be contemplated by the critical thinking are presented: the dialectical reflection; the knowledge criticism; the denounce of degradation, alienation and human heteronomy in the conditions posed by capitalism and the possibility of being used as an instrument in the social transformation process. The incorporation of these elements can guide the constitution process of psychological knowledge which will be able to provide more satisfactory answers to questions concerning the dialectical relationship between individuals and society and the possibilities of human emancipation in nowadays society.

Expertise in Clinical Psychology. The Effects of University Training and Practical Experience on Expertise in Clinical Psychology

How do university training and subsequent practical experience affect expertise in clinical psychology? To answer this question we developed methods to assess psychological knowledge and the competence to diagnose, construct case conceptualizations, and plan psychotherapeutic treatment: a knowledge test and short case studies in a first study, and a complex, dynamically evolving case study in the second study. In our cross-sectional studies, psychology students, trainees in a certified postgraduate psychotherapist curriculum, and behavior therapists with more than 10 years of experience were tested (100 in total: 20 each of novice, intermediate, and advanced university students, postgraduate trainees, and therapists). Clinical knowledge and competence increased up to the level of trainees but unexpectedly decreased at the level of experienced therapists. We discuss the results against the background of expertise research and the training of clinical psychologists (in Germany). Important factors for the continuing professional development of psychotherapists are proposed.

La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la psicología : Estudio de la práctica docente en profesores y principiantes

El proyecto de investigación "La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la psicología: estudio de la práctica docente en profesores y principiantes" tuvo entre sus propósitos iniciales indagar y comprender el sistema de creencias y representaciones de profesores y principiantes respecto a la enseñanza de la psicología, presuponiendo que los puntos de vista que los profesores tienen sobre el conocimiento psicológico afectan o inciden sobre el modo en que enseñan. Considerando que un número importante de profesores comparte la docencia con el ejercicio profesional, uno de los aspectos a explorar fue el impacto que sobre el pensamiento del profesor, genera la relación docencia-profesión. El proyecto se inscribe en un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, en el que la exploración y descripción no intentan señalar nexos causales del problema planteado sino comprender distintos aspectos del objeto de estudio. Ello posibilitó la aproximación a las prácticas de docentes expertos y principiantes, con el propósito de captar los constructos personales que mediatizan y significan la acción del docente en el aula.

La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la psicología : Estudio de la práctica docente en profesores y principiantes

El proyecto de investigación "La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la psicología: estudio de la práctica docente en profesores y principiantes" tuvo entre sus propósitos iniciales indagar y comprender el sistema de creencias y representaciones de profesores y principiantes respecto a la enseñanza de la psicología, presuponiendo que los puntos de vista que los profesores tienen sobre el conocimiento psicológico afectan o inciden sobre el modo en que enseñan. Considerando que un número importante de profesores comparte la docencia con el ejercicio profesional, uno de los aspectos a explorar fue el impacto que sobre el pensamiento del profesor, genera la relación docencia-profesión. El proyecto se inscribe en un enfoque de investigación cualitativo, en el que la exploración y descripción no intentan señalar nexos causales del problema planteado sino comprender distintos aspectos del objeto de estudio. Ello posibilitó la aproximación a las prácticas de docentes expertos y principiantes, con el propósito de captar los constructos personales que mediatizan y significan la acción del docente en el aula.