Anàlisi de l'scatter intraindividual en la psicometria dels deficients mentals. Perfil psicomètric dels deficients mentals. 'Análisis del scatter intraindividual en la psicometría de los deficientes mentales. Perfil psicométrico de los deficientes mentales'.

Contrastar empíricamente una definición de deficiencia mental desarrollada en términos de un perfil psicométrico concreto. 1027 sujetos de edades comprendidas entre los cinco y los treinta años, con coeficientes intelectuales que oscilan entre 30 y 135, provenientes de diversas consultas y centros terapéuticos. Plantea un marco teórico y una investigación empírica consistente en la comprobación de 6 hipótesis refererentes a los perfiles psicométricos caraterísticos de los deficientes mentales. Obtiene los datos a partir de la aplicación de una batería de tests sobre actividad mental superior y mecánica, percepción y motricidad fina de la mano. Valida la batería en su conjunto. Pondera los datos y obtiene una puntuación normativa. Divide la muestra en 16 grupos según la edad y el CI. Calcula los índices estadísticos de cada subtest para cada grupo y los compara con la puntuación normativa. Historiales médicos de los sujetos y una batería compuesta por subtests del WISC, L de Bender, test Rey, punteado, torres y recortable de Ozeretski. Índices de tendencia central y de variabilidad, índices de fiabilidad y validez, índices de correlación, análisis factorial y representaciones gráficas. Los deficientes son inferiores en peso y talla a los patrones normales de la población de referencia. El ritmo de desarrollo mental es más lento y se para cuanto más grave es la deficiencia. La actividad escolar se basa en formas de pensamiento concreto, sensomotor e intuitivo. El perfil psicométrico de los deficientes es significativamente diferente del perfil patrón. Las diferencias mayores se dan en las pruebas de percepción y en las de velocidad. La dispersión de las puntuaciones es más amplia cuanto más bajo es el CI global. Quedan confirmadas las hipótesis planteadas y validada la definición de deficiencia mental propuesta.

Psicometría das diferenças significativas de tres grupos de escolares. 'Psicometría de las diferencias significativas de tres grupos de escolares'.

Verificar si realmente existen diferencias significativas entre tres grupos de alumnos del centro escolar a estudiar. Buscar nuevas perspectivas para los seminarios siendo conscientes que el problema es delicado y complejo que necesita la ayuda de los responsables de los seminarios y centros de enseñanza con espíritu de comunicación personal para crear una atmósfera necesaria en la renovación y adaptación tan necesarias a un mundo, a una realidad en tensión y velocidad. Seminario-colegio do Santo Cristo de Ponta Delgada- Azores- Portugal. Curso tercero, cuarto y quinto. Alumnos de trece a dieciocho años de edad. El número de alumnos es de ciento once: cuarenta y cinco externos, cuarenta y cinco seminaristas y veintiuno internos. RMT de Rothwell-Miller; Test de Trazado IIIc; ciento veinte profesores pertenecientes a doce categorias distribuidos en doce cuadros; Test de frases incompletas CEB; cuarenta y ocho Items; ocho análisis de valores; gráficas. Los alumnos externos se especifican por su mayor impulsividad y espontaneidad. Los internos se mueven en zonas especiales más pequeñas. Los seminaristas se manifiestan más tímidos y con más control. Las categorías pretendidas para los alumnos externos y los internos son las científicas, cosa que, por otro lado,los seminaristas las preferien sociales. Del reactivo CFB podemos concluir que los alumnos externos tienen espontaneidad, desconcentración, espíritu de iniciativa; los alumnos internos son semejantes a los externos con las influencias del ambiente seminarístico. Los alumnos seminaristas son más tímidos, menos espontáneos, menos humanos, con problemas morales, sociales y religiosos.

La Teoría de la personalidad en el análisis transaccional : una aproximación desde la Psicometría.

Construir un cuestionario que mida los estados del Yo (padre, adulto y niño), siguiendo los presupuestos teóricos de Berne (análisis transaccional) hipótesis: los sujetos que puntúen alto en los ítems que miden el estado padre, pueden presentar una patología estructural por exclusión. Sus conductas son protectoras o críticas apreciándose ausencias de manifestaciones del estado adulto y del estado niño. Los sujetos que puntúen de manera semejante en los tres estados tienen conductas equilibradas y no presentan ninguna patología estructural hay un total de 4 hipótesis. Muestra piloto: 94 sujetos de tercero de carrera de la Facultad de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Educación de San Sebastián. Muestra de investigación: 1374 sujetos, elegidos al azar, estudiantes de Vizcaya y Guipúzcoa, entre 15 y 21 años. Las variables que entran en el proceso son: los estados del Yo (padre, adulto y niño) medidas a través de los 57 ítems. Variable controlada: edad. Cuestionario de los estados del Yo: consta de 57 ítems, que miden la estructura de la personalidad según la teoría del análisis transaccional. Método esencialmente psicométrico: análisis de contenido: indica el grado en que los ítems representan la totalidad del contenido. Análisis de la estructura interna del tests: análisis de los ítems: índice de dificultad y de discriminación de cada uno. Consistencia interna del tests: índice de homogeneidad y la fiabilidad. Análisis factorial: explica las dimensiones más importantes que saturan la varianza en nuestras observaciones; así se podrán descubrir los factores que subyacen a las variables observables. Se han extraído cinco factores que explican los tres estados del Yo y sus correspondientes subestados tal como los presenta Eric Berne. Por tanto, la teoría de los estados del Yo reposa en una base científica y las observaciones fenomenológicas realizadas por Berne en su trabajo como terapeuta han sido comprobadas empíricamente con la construcción del test. También quedan confirmadas las hipótesis derivadas, que representan la patología estructural. En trabajos posteriores, se incrementarán los ítems correspondientes a los estados del niño hasta alcanzar un número de ítems similar al de otros estados.

Aplicaciones informáticas de psicometría en investigación educativa.

El artículo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a investigaciones

Validación de la versión española del cuestionario sobre la práctica basada en la evidencia en enfermería

Background: The lack of adequate instruments prevents the possibility of assessing the competence of health care staff in evidence-based decision making and further, the identification of areas for improvement with tailored strategies. The aim of this study is to report about the validation process in the Spanish context of the Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ) from Upton y Upton. Methods: A multicentre, cross-sectional, descriptive psychometric validation study was carried out. For cultural adaptation, a bidirectional translation was developed, accordingly to usual standards. The measuring model from the questionnaire was undergone to contrast, reproducing the original structure by Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA), including the reliability of factors. Results: Both EFA (57.545% of total variance explained) and CFA (chi2=2359,9555; gl=252; p<0.0001; RMSEA=0,1844; SRMR=0,1081), detected problems with items 7, 16, 22, 23 and 24, regarding to the original trifactorial version of EBPQ. After deleting some questions, a reduced version containing 19 items obtained an adequate factorial structure (62.29% of total variance explained), but the CFA did not fit well. Nevertheless, it was significantly better than the original version (chi2=673.1261; gl=149; p<0.0001; RMSEA=0.1196; SRMR=0.0648). Conclusions: The trifactorial model obtained good empiric evidence and could be used in our context, but the results invite to advance with further refinements into the factor “attitude”, testing it in more contexts and with more diverse professional profiles.

Psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of instruments to measure neck pain disability

BACKGROUND. The NDI, COM and NPQ are evaluation instruments for disability due to NP. There was no Spanish version of NDI or COM for which psychometric characteristics were known. The objectives of this study were to translate and culturally adapt the Spanish version of the Neck Disability Index Questionnaire (NDI), and the Core Outcome Measure (COM), to validate its use in Spanish speaking patients with non-specific neck pain (NP), and to compare their psychometric characteristics with those of the Spanish version of the Northwick Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). METHODS. Translation/re-translation of the English versions of the NDI and the COM was done blindly and independently by a multidisciplinary team. The study was done in 9 primary care Centers and 12 specialty services from 9 regions in Spain, with 221 acute, subacute and chronic patients who visited their physician for NP: 54 in the pilot phase and 167 in the validation phase. Neck pain (VAS), referred pain (VAS), disability (NDI, COM and NPQ), catastrophizing (CSQ) and quality of life (SF-12) were measured on their first visit and 14 days later. Patients' self-assessment was used as the external criterion for pain and disability. In the pilot phase, patients' understanding of each item in the NDI and COM was assessed, and on day 1 test-retest reliability was estimated by giving a second NDI and COM in which the name of the questionnaires and the order of the items had been changed. RESULTS. Comprehensibility of NDI and COM were good. Minutes needed to fill out the questionnaires [median, (P25, P75)]: NDI. 4 (2.2, 10.0), COM: 2.1 (1.0, 4.9). Reliability: [ICC, (95%CI)]: NDI: 0.88 (0.80, 0.93). COM: 0.85 (0.75,0.91). Sensitivity to change: Effect size for patients having worsened, not changed and improved between days 1 and 15, according to the external criterion for disability: NDI: -0.24, 0.15, 0.66; NPQ: -0.14, 0.06, 0.67; COM: 0.05, 0.19, 0.92. Validity: Results of NDI, NPQ and COM were consistent with the external criterion for disability, whereas only those from NDI were consistent with the one for pain. Correlations with VAS, CSQ and SF-12 were similar for NDI and NPQ (absolute values between 0.36 and 0.50 on day 1, between 0.38 and 0.70 on day 15), and slightly lower for COM (between 0.36 and 0.48 on day 1, and between 0.33 and 0.61 on day 15). Correlation between NDI and NPQ: r = 0.84 on day 1, r = 0.91 on day 15. Correlation between COM and NPQ: r = 0.63 on day 1, r = 0.71 on day 15. CONCLUSION. Although most psychometric characteristics of NDI, NPQ and COM are similar, those from the latter one are worse and its use may lead to patients' evolution seeming more positive than it actually is. NDI seems to be the best instrument for measuring NP-related disability, since its results are the most consistent with patient's assessment of their own clinical status and evolution. It takes two more minutes to answer the NDI than to answer the COM, but it can be reliably filled out by the patient without assistance. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials Register NCT00349544.

Validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the DN4 (Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions) questionnaire for differential diagnosis of pain syndromes associated to a neuropathic or somatic component

BACKGROUND This study assesses the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of DN4 questionnaire as a tool for differential diagnosis of pain syndromes associated to a neuropathic (NP) or somatic component (non-neuropathic pain, NNP). METHODS A study was conducted consisting of two phases: cultural adaptation into the Spanish language by means of conceptual equivalence, including forward and backward translations in duplicate and cognitive debriefing, and testing of psychometric properties in patients with NP (peripheral, central and mixed) and NNP. The analysis of psychometric properties included reliability (internal consistency, inter-rater agreement and test-retest reliability) and validity (ROC curve analysis, agreement with the reference diagnosis and determination of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values in different subsamples according to type of NP). RESULTS A sample of 164 subjects (99 women, 60.4%; age: 60.4 +/- 16.0 years), 94 (57.3%) with NP (36 with peripheral, 32 with central, and 26 with mixed pain) and 70 with NNP was enrolled. The questionnaire was reliable [Cronbach's alpha coefficient: 0.71, inter-rater agreement coefficient: 0.80 (0.71-0.89), and test-retest intra-class correlation coefficient: 0.95 (0.92-0.97)] and valid for a cut-off value > or = 4 points, which was the best value to discriminate between NP and NNP subjects. DISCUSSION This study, representing the first validation of the DN4 questionnaire into another language different than the original, not only supported its high discriminatory value for identification of neuropathic pain, but also provided supplemental psychometric validation (i.e. test-retest reliability, influence of educational level and pain intensity) and showed its validity in mixed pain syndromes.

Validation of a new tool to assess health-related quality of life in psoriasis: the PSO-LIFE questionnaire.

BACKGROUND Several questionnaires have been used to measure health related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with psoriasis, few have been adapted for use in Spain; none of them was developed specifically for the Spanish population. The purpose of the study was to validate and assess the sensitivity to change of a new questionnaire to measure HRQOL in patients with psoriasis (PSO-LIFE). METHODS Observational, prospective, multicenter study performed in centers around Spain. Patients with active or inactive psoriasis completed the PSO-LIFE together with other Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI) and Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI). A control group of patients with urticaria or atopic dermatitis was also included. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the PSO-LIFE were assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Validity was assessed by examining factorial structure, the capacity to discriminate between groups, and correlations with other measures. Sensitivity to change was measured using effect sizes. RESULTS The final sample included for analysis consisted of 304 patients and 56 controls. Mean (SD) age of psoriasis patients was 45.3 (14.5) years compared to 38.8 (14) years for controls (p < 0.01). Cronbach's alpha for the PSO-LIFE was 0.95 and test-retest reliability using the ICC was 0.98. Factor analysis showed the questionnaire to be unidimensional. Mean (SD) PSO-LIFE scores differed between patients with psoriasis and controls (64.9 [22.5] vs 69.4 [17.3]; p < 0.05), between those with active and inactive disease (57.4 [20.4] vs 76.4 [20.6]; p < 0.01), and between those with visible and non-visible lesions (63.0 [21.9] vs. 74.8 [23.9]; p < 0.01). The correlation between PSO-LIFE and PASI scores was moderate (r = -0.43) while correlations with DLQI and PDI dimensions ranged from moderate to high (between 0.4 and 0.8). Effect size on the PSO-LIFE in patients reporting 'much improved' health status at study completion was 1.01 (large effect size). CONCLUSIONS The present results provide substantial support for the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the PSO-LIFE questionnaire in the population for which it was designed.

Bladder cancer index: cross-cultural adaptation into Spanish and psychometric evaluation.

BACKGROUND The Bladder Cancer Index (BCI) is so far the only instrument applicable across all bladder cancer patients, independent of tumor infiltration or treatment applied. We developed a Spanish version of the BCI, and assessed its acceptability and metric properties. METHODS For the adaptation into Spanish we used the forward and back-translation method, expert panels, and cognitive debriefing patient interviews. For the assessment of metric properties we used data from 197 bladder cancer patients from a multi-center prospective study. The Spanish BCI and the SF-36 Health Survey were self-administered before and 12 months after treatment. Reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha. Construct validity was assessed through the multi-trait multi-method matrix. The magnitude of change was quantified by effect sizes to assess responsiveness. RESULTS Reliability coefficients ranged 0.75-0.97. The validity analysis confirmed moderate associations between the BCI function and bother subscales for urinary (r = 0.61) and bowel (r = 0.53) domains; conceptual independence among all BCI domains (r ≤ 0.3); and low correlation coefficients with the SF-36 scores, ranging 0.14-0.48. Among patients reporting global improvement at follow-up, pre-post treatment changes were statistically significant for the urinary domain and urinary bother subscale, with effect sizes of 0.38 and 0.53. CONCLUSIONS The Spanish BCI is well accepted, reliable, valid, responsive, and similar in performance compared to the original instrument. These findings support its use, both in Spanish and international studies, as a valuable and comprehensive tool for assessing quality of life across a wide range of bladder cancer patients.

Transcultural adaptation and validation of the "Hip and Knee" questionnaire into Spanish.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study is to translate and validate the "Hip and Knee Outcomes Questionnaire", developed in English, into Spanish. The 'Hip and Knee Outcomes Questionnaire is a questionnaire planned to evaluate the impact in quality of life of any problem related to the human musculoskeletal system. 10 scientific associations developed it. METHODS The questionnaire underwent a validated translation/retro-translation process. Patients undergoing primary knee arthroplasty, before and six months postoperative, tested the final version in Spanish. Psychometric properties of feasibility, reliability, validity and sensitivity to change were assessed. Convergent validity with SF-36 and WOMAC questionnaires was evaluated. RESULTS 316 patients were included. Feasibility: a high number of missing items in questions 3, 4 and 5 were observed. The number of patients with a missing item was 171 (51.35%) in the preoperative visit and 139 (44.0%) at the postoperative. Internal validity: revision of coefficients in the item-rest correlation recommended removing question 6 during the preoperative visit (coefficient <0.20). Convergent validity: coefficients of correlation with WOMAC and SF-36 scales confirm the questionnaire's validity. Sensitivity to change: statistically significant differences were found between the mean scores of the first visit compared to the postoperative. CONCLUSION The proposed translation to Spanish of the 'Hip and Knee Questionnaire' is found to be reliable, valid and sensible to changes produced at the clinical practice of patients undergoing primary knee arthroplasty. However, some changes at the completion instructions are recommended. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level I. Prognostic study.

Desarrollo y evaluación psicométrica de una forma abreviada de la escala de posicionamiento ante el diagnóstico enfermero

El Position on Nursing Diagnosis (PND) es una escala que utiliza la técnica del diferencial semántico para medir las actitudes hacia el concepto diagnóstico enfermero. El estudio objetivó desarrollar una forma abreviada de la versión española de esta escala, evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas y eficiencia. Se utilizó un doble enfoque empírico-teórico para obtener una forma reducida del PND, el PND-7-SV, que fuera equivalente a la original. Mediante un diseño transversal a través de encuesta, se evaluó la fiabilidad (consistencia interna y fiabilidad test-retest), validez de constructo (análisis factorial exploratorio, técnica de grupos conocidos y validez discriminante) y de criterio (validez concurrente), sensibilidad al cambio y eficiencia del PND-7-SV en una muestra de 476 estudiantes de enfermería españoles. Los resultados avalaron la utilidad del PND-7-SV para medir las actitudes hacia el diagnóstico enfermero de manera equivalente a la forma completa de la escala y en un tiempo más reducido.

Psicopatología y evaluación en la práctica clínica

En este artículo se pone de relieve el auge en el desarrollo de medidas de evaluación psicopatológica para la práctica clínica diferentes de la psicometría tradicional. Se proporciona un cuadro en el que se describen las características de algunas de las entrevistas estructuradas y autoinformes de mayor uso y soporte bibliográfico. Se revisan los sistemas y métodos para la construcción de cuestionarios y escalas de evaluación, destacando la importancia de la validez predictiva y discriminante.

Construcción de una escala para medir la ansiedad con indicadores de efectividad [por] Miguel Angel Cañizales Mendoza

Tesis (Maestría en Psicología Laboral) U. A. N. L.

Relación entre puntaje de pruebas psicométricas, perfil deseado, rendimiento académico, escala de identificación y satisfacción

Tesis (Maestría en ciencias con especialidad en Orientación vocacional) U.A.N.L. Facultad de Psicología, 2006.

Evaluación TRI de la escala I-E de Rotter : un nuevo enfoque y algunas consideraciones.

Resumen tomado de la publicación