Conifer defence against insects: microarray gene expression profiling of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) induced by mechanical wounding or feeding by spruce budworms (Choristoneura occidentalis) or white pine weevils (Pissodes strobi) reveals large

Conifers are resistant to attack from a large number of potential herbivores or pathogens. Previous molecular and biochemical characterization of selected conifer defence systems support a model of multigenic, constitutive and induced defences that act on invading insects via physical, chemical, biochemical or ecological (multitrophic) mechanisms. However, the genomic foundation of the complex defence and resistance mechanisms of conifers is largely unknown. As part of a genomics strategy to characterize inducible defences and possible resistance mechanisms of conifers against insect herbivory, we developed a cDNA microarray building upon a new spruce (Picea spp.) expressed sequence tag resource. This first-generation spruce cDNA microarray contains 9720 cDNA elements representing c. 5500 unique genes. We used this array to monitor gene expression in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) bark in response to herbivory by white pine weevils (Pissodes strobi, Curculionidae) or wounding, and in young shoot tips in response to western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis, Lepidopterae) feeding. Weevils are stem-boring insects that feed on phloem, while budworms are foliage feeding larvae that consume needles and young shoot tips. Both insect species and wounding treatment caused substantial changes of the host plant transcriptome detected in each case by differential gene expression of several thousand array elements at 1 or 2 d after the onset of treatment. Overall, there was considerable overlap among differentially expressed gene sets from these three stress treatments. Functional classification of the induced transcripts revealed genes with roles in general plant defence, octadecanoid and ethylene signalling, transport, secondary metabolism, and transcriptional regulation. Several genes involved in primary metabolic processes such as photosynthesis were down-regulated upon insect feeding or wounding, fitting with the concept of dynamic resource allocation in plant defence. Refined expression analysis using gene-specific primers and real-time PCR for selected transcripts was in agreement with microarray results for most genes tested. This study provides the first large-scale survey of insect-induced defence transcripts in a gymnosperm and provides a platform for functional investigation of plant-insect interactions in spruce. Induction of spruce genes of octadecanoid and ethylene signalling, terpenoid biosynthesis, and phenolic secondary metabolism are discussed in more detail.

Evaluation of existing and new insecticides including spirotetramat and pyridalyl to control Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on peppers in Queensland.

Insecticides are used by growers to control Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips) in Australian vegetable crops. However, limited information was available on the efficacy of some insecticides used against F. occidentalis and data on new insecticides that could be included in a resistance management program were required. The efficacy of 16 insecticides in controlling F. occidentalis was tested in four small plot trials in chillies and capsicums. Spinosad, fipronil and methamidophos were effective against adults and larvae. Spirotetramat had no efficacy against adults but was very effective against larvae. Pyridalyl was moderately effective against larvae. Methidathion showed limited effectiveness. Abamectin, amorphous silica, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, emamectin benzoate, endosulfan, imidacloprid, methomyl and insecticidal soap were not effective. Laboratory bioassays on F. occidentalis collected from the field trials showed resistance to bifenthrin but not to the other insecticides tested. The trials demonstrated that some insecticides permitted for use against F. occidentalis are not effective and identified a number of insecticides, including the new ones spirotetramat and pyridalyl, that are effective and that could be used to manage the pest within a resistance management program.

Biological control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in gerberas, chrysanthemums and roses

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), western flower thrips (WFT), is a major worldwide pest of vegetables and ornamental crops. The biology of WFT was examined on gerberas, chrysanthemums and roses in relation to plant stage (flowering and non-flowering), pupation site, soil moisture and plant parts often inhabited by adult and immature thrips. Four foliage thrips predators ( Transeius montdorensis (Schicha), Orius armatus (Gross), Mallada signata (Schneider) and Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans)) and three soil predators ( Geolaelaps aculeifer (Canestrini), Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz)) were studied to determine their ability to reduce the numbers of WFT on gerberas, chrysanthemums and roses. There was no difference in the number of adults that emerged from growing media of high or low moisture content on any host plant. There were also no differences in the total numbers of WFT recaptured from flowering gerberas, chrysanthemums or roses. However, about seven times the number of thrips were collected from flowering chrysanthemums compared with non-flowering chrysanthemums, indicating that the flowering plants were more suitable hosts. Of all thrips recollected, the greatest percentage was immature (larval and pupal) thrips (70%, 71% and 43%) on the flowers for gerberas, chrysanthemums and roses, respectively. The mean percentage of thrips that emerged as adults from the soil was very low (5.31.2, 8.52.9, 20.59.1 and 28.25.6%) on gerberas, flowering and non-flowering chrysanthemums, and roses, respectively. Simultaneous release of foliage and soil predators did not reduce the number of thrips beyond that caused by foliage predators alone. Of the foliage predators, T. montdorensis, O. armatus and N. cucumeris performed best, significantly reducing the numbers of adult and immature thrips on flowers and foliage by 30-99%. Further research is required to determine the most cost-effective rates of release in cut flower crops.

Manejo del complejo plagas raspadores chupadores ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) y trips (Frankliniella occidentalis, Pergande.) en chiltoma (Capsicum annum L.) en campo abierto, Managua, Nicaragua 2014

El ácaro blanco ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank ) y Trips ( Frankliniella occidentalis , Pergande ) se han convertido en problemas fitosanitarios importantes en el cultivo de Chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.), e stas plagas han provocado importantes pérdidas e conómicas, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumentando los costos de producción. Se realizó un e studio entre los meses de octubre del 2014 y enero del 2015 en la finca el plantel de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, con el propósito de encontrar alternativas que den solución al problema. Se utilizó un diseño bifactorial en parcelas divididas con un arreglo en BCA. El factor cobertura plástica mulch con dos niveles (con y sin cobert ura) y el factor tipo de manejo con cuatro niveles (Químico sintético, Entomopatógenos , Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos y testigo) para un total de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el uso de plástico mulch en la parcela grande y el tipo de manejo en la parcela pequeña. El tipo de manejo Químico sintético (Spiromesifen, Imidacloprid, Spinosad, Muralla delt a y Abamectina), manejo Entomopatógenos ( Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae ) y un manejo con productos Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos . Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas en la interacción de los tratamientos para la variab le número de ácaros por planta . De acuerdo a la prueba de Tuckey aplicada para el factor manejo , los tratamientos evaluados se ubican en la misma categoría estadística a excepción del testigo . Los mismos factores y sus respectivos niveles evaluados , no t uvieron efecto sobre la variable número de Trips por planta. En el análisis de rendimiento mostró diferencias significativas en el factor cobertura ( α= 0.00013336 ) ; el uso de plástico mulch obtuvo mayor rendimiento con 7,405 kg/ha . Segú n la tasa de retorno marginal , el tratamiento más rentable fue con cobertura testigo ya que presentó una ta sa de retorno marginal de 743.82 %

Assessment of consumer acceptance of kilishi of African carp (Labeo coubie Rueppell) and Elephant snout (Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis, Guenther)

This study was carried out to assess consumers' acceptance of kilishi prepared from Labeo coubie and Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis in Sokoto. The organoleptic properties (texture, odour, taste and flavour) of kilishi in its fresh form and under storage for 16 weeks were determined. The mean scores for the organoleptic assessment (6.90 and 7.19 for kilishi of Labeo and Hyperopisus respectively) showed that fish kilishi was highly acceptable. Hyperopisus kilishi recorded slightly higher mean scores for the tested organoleptic properties. The declining pattern of the sensory assessment scores with length of storage indicated that the optimum storage period under the room temperature for kilishi made from the experimental fish species in the study area was 6-8 weeks. Further research on appropriate storage methods is desirable. However, preparation of fish kilishi could be explored as alternative preservation technique to reduce fish spoilage especially during the glut in supply and to diversify fish products

Effects of fermented fluted pumpkin leaf (Telfaria occidentalis) on the growth and nutrient utilization of Clarias (Clarias gariepinus)

Clarias (Clarias gariepinus) (Burshell, 1821) fingerlings were fed isonitrogenous diets (38.9% crude protein) with fermented fluted pumpkin leaves (FFPL) replacing different proportion (0,50,75,100%) of extruded soybean meal (ESM) for 8 weeks. Growth responses at the different substitution levels measured. Increasing FFPL intake resulted in better weight gains and higher specific growth rates (SGR) of 0.29, 0.36 and 0.38% per day respectively. The increase in growth from feeding diets containing 75% and 100% of the ESM replaced with FFPL were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of other diets. Further more fish tissue protein deposition consistently increased with increasing level of FFPL concentration in their diets. Fish fed diets where whole ESM was replace 100% FFPL gave the best overall response in terms of their weight gain, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and specific growth rate. Economic considerations indicate the replacement of ESM with FFPL, which is a cheaper ingredient in feeds for Clarias

El cangrejo de los manglares Ucides Occidentalis (Ortman) en Tumbes, Perú. Primavera 2007

Estudia 172 estaciones biologicas, con la finalidad de analizar la zona de mayor concentración de cangrejos.

Primum acconensis, deinde Tusculani episcopi : libri duo quorum prior orientalis, sive hierosolymitanae, alter occidentalis alter historiae nomine inscribitur ([Reprod.])

[Historia Hierosolymitana abbreviata (latin). 1597]

Llibri duo, quorum prior orientalis, sive hierosolymitanae, alter occidentalis historiae nomine inscribitur ([Reprod.]) / omnia nunc primum studio & opera D. Francisci Moschi,... e tenebris & situ in lucem edita

[Historia Hierosolymitana abbreviata (latin). 1597]

Le cèdre blanc (Thuja occidentalis)dans le paysage culturel en amont de Montréal au XIXe siècle. Une approche dendroarchéologique

Ce mémoire porte sur le cèdre blanc (Thuja occidentalis) dans les contextes de colonisation et d’exploitation forestière de l’arrière-pays montréalais au XIXe siècle. Il vise, d’une part, à documenter les stratégies d’exploitation locale du cèdre blanc au XIXe siècle et l’évolution du paysage culturel domestique d’un établissement colonial depuis sa concession initiale. D’autre part, ce mémoire cherche à identifier les réseaux d’échanges du cèdre blanc acheminé à Montréal au XIXe siècle pour la construction des bâtiments et des infrastructures portuaires. En raison de la quasi-absence de documents historiques sur le sujet, il devient évident que seule l’application de la dendrochronologie et de la dendroprovenance permet d’atteindre ces objectifs. Nous vous présentons ici l’analyse détaillée de six sites ruraux situés dans les vallées de l’Outaouais et du haut Saint-Laurent. Les analyses dendrochronologiques effectuées permettent d’aborder l’établissement colonial d’une façon originale. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire se consacre aux analyses de dendroprovenance de sept sites montréalais préalablement étudiés par Poudret-Barré (2007) et le Groupe de recherche en dendrochronologie historique (GRDH). Pour ce faire, les sites ruraux discutés précédemment servent de point d’ancrage géographique afin de déterminer l’origine des pièces de cèdre blanc retrouvées à Montréal. L’étude du cèdre blanc et les résultats des analyses de dendrochronologie et de dendroprovenance réalisées dans le cadre de cette étude permettent d’aborder le patrimoine architectural et archéologique sous un angle nouveau. Venant compléter les données historiques disponibles, il ouvre la voie à de nouvelles recherches de ce genre.

Évaluation de suppléments alimentaires pour deux espèces d’acariens prédateurs, Amblyseius swirskii et Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) pour l’optimisation du contrôle biologique du thrips des petits fruits (Frankliniella occidentalis) en serriculture

Projet réalisé en cotutelle avec Jacques Brodeur et Les Shipp

Effects of Low Molecular Weight Sulfated Galactan Fragments From Botryocladia Occidentalis on the Pharmacological and Enzymatic Activity of Spla2 From Crotalus Durissus Cascavella

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Genotoxicity testing of Ambelania occidentalis (Apocynaceae) leaf extract in vivo

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)