Chemopreventive effect of PSP through targeting of prostate cancer stem cell-like population

Recent evidence suggested that prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSC) are responsible for cancer initiation as well as disease progression. Unfortunately, conventional therapies are only effective in targeting the more differentiated cancer cells and spare the CSCs. Here, we report that PSP, an active component extracted from the mushroom Turkey tail (also known as Coriolus versicolor), is effective in targeting prostate CSCs. We found that treatment of the prostate cancer cell line PC-3 with PSP led to the down-regulation of CSC markers (CD133 and CD44) in a time and dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, PSP treatment not only suppressed the ability of PC-3 cells to form prostaspheres under non-adherent culture conditions, but also inhibited their tumorigenicity in vivo, further proving that PSP can suppress prostate CSC properties. To investigate if the anti-CSC effect of PSP may lead to prostate cancer chemoprevention, transgenic mice (TgMAP) that spontaneously develop prostate tumors were orally fed with PSP for 20 weeks. Whereas 100% of the mice that fed with water only developed prostate tumors at the end of experiment, no tumors could be found in any of the mice fed with PSP, suggesting that PSP treatment can completely inhibit prostate tumor formation. Our results not only demonstrated the intriguing anti-CSC effect of PSP, but also revealed, for the first time, the surprising chemopreventive property of oral PSP consumption against prostate cancer.

基于SPEM扩展元模型的PSP实施方法

提出了一种支持PSP过程的SPEM扩展元模型P-SPEM,并给出了基于P-SPEM的PSP实施过程及支持该过程的原型工具。其中使用PROBE方法帮助个体进行项目计划和估算,用DEA分析方法综合评价工程师的过程性能,有效地指导工程师实施PSP。

亚历山大藻（非PSP产毒株）毒理的初步研究

本文以一株不产PSP毒素的相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）为对象，研究了该藻株对褶皱臂尾轮虫、卤虫、黑褐新糠虾急性毒性效应和对糠虾的慢性毒性影响，同时对AFT毒素成分进行了研究，研究结果如下： 通过相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）对褶皱臂尾轮虫、卤虫、黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性影响研究，发现随着相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）密度的升高，轮虫、卤虫、糠虾的存活率逐渐降低，其96hLC50分别为：1500cells/ml，90cells/ml，5000cells/ml。比较研究三种生物对相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）敏感性可以看出，三种生物对该藻的敏感性顺序为：卤虫>轮虫>糠虾。 相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）对黑褐新糠虾的生长及种群繁殖有显著影响，我们发现在密度为50cells/ml藻液中，糠虾的繁殖就受到了不利影响。实验进行到63d结束时，糠虾日最高产虾数、总产幼虾数、总产虾天数都明显减少，初次产虾时间推迟，繁殖中断增加。且该藻对黑褐新糠虾亲虾的存活、生长也有一定的影响，糠虾亲虾的存活率为对照的71%，而体长和体重分别为对照组的87.3%和97.8%，但差异尚不显著（P>0.05）。 研究相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）各组分的毒性（藻液、藻细胞重悬液、藻细胞培养过滤液、内容物），发现藻液和藻细胞重悬液对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群数量及轮虫、卤虫、糠虾的存活率均有显著影响，表明相关亚历山大藻活体藻细胞的毒性最强。过滤液和内容物也显著降低了轮虫和卤虫的存活率，其对糠虾也有影响，但不显著，表明AFT毒素可能来源于细胞内，能分泌到细胞培养液中。 研究相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）AFT毒素的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性、去蛋白组分毒性、分子量范围、极性、多糖组分鉴定，表明AFT毒素为极性较强的多糖类物质，对热和酸碱是稳定的，其分子量范围在5K~50K之间。 以上结果表明相关亚历山大藻（AC-1）虽然不产生PSP毒素，但能产生极性多糖类毒素，对甲壳类等浮游动物的种群数量和资源补充产生不利影响。本研究为以后进一步研究AFT毒素的作用机制和毒素的化学结构奠定了基础，为全面评价亚历山大藻赤潮的危害提供了科学依据。

A survey for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in Vancouver Harbour

Shellfish samples were collected from seven inter-tidal and two sub-tidal sites between 23 May and 8 June 1999 in Vancouver Harbour and were analysed for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) using a mouse bioassay. PSP was detected in mussels collected at four sampling sites in English Bay and Burrard Inlet, at a concentration below 20 mug saxitoxin equivalents (STXeq)/100 g wet weight. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A modified HPLC method for analysis of PSP toxins in algae and shellfish from China

Improvements to an established HPLC method are introduced. The modified method is more efficient for separation and detection of the toxins responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The PSP toxin content of two strains of Alexandrium tamarense and approximately forty shellfish samples collected from different locations in China have been analyzed with this HPLC method. Only one shellfish sample, collected from Lianyungang, China, contained PSP toxins.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxin binders for optical biosensor technology: problems and possibilities for the future: a review

This review examines the developments in optical biosensor technology, which uses the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance, for the detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. Optical biosensor technology measures the competitive biomolecular interaction of a specific biological recognition element or binder with a target toxin immobilised onto a sensor chip surface against toxin in a sample. Different binders such as receptors and antibodies previously employed in functional and immunological assays have been assessed. Highlighted are the difficulties in detecting this range of low molecular weight toxins, with analogues differing at four chemical substitution sites, using a single binder. The complications that arise with the toxicity factors of each toxin relative to the parent compound, saxitoxin, for the measurement of total toxicity relative to the mouse bioassay are also considered. For antibodies, the cross-reactivity profile does not always correlate to toxic potency, but rather to the toxin structure to which it was produced. Restrictions and availability of the toxins makes alternative chemical strategies for the synthesis of protein conjugate derivatives for antibody production a difficult task. However, when two antibodies with different cross-reactivity profiles are employed, with a toxin chip surface generic to both antibodies, it was demonstrated that the cross-reactivity profile of each could be combined into a single-assay format. Difficulties with receptors for optical biosensor analysis of low molecular weight compounds are discussed, as are the potential of alternative non-antibody-based binders for future assay development in this area.

Violência contra as mulheres pelos parceiros íntimos amorosos: análise sociológica das denúncias efectuadas à PSP no concelho de Lisboa

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Sociologia

Étude de l'activité anti-cancéreuse du PCK3145, un peptide dérivé de PSP-94, sur les cancers hématologiques

Le PCK3145 est un peptide de 15 acides aminés inhibant la sécrétion de MMP-9 et démontrant une activité anti-tumorale contre le cancer de la prostate. Comme les cancers hématologiques sécrètent MMP-9, nous avons donc évalué l’effet du PCK3145 sur ces cancers. Nous avons démontré que les lignées humaines de lymphome non- Hodgkinien (LNH) SR et de myélome multiple RPMI-8226 ainsi que la lignée murine de mastocytome P815 ont une prolifération réduite suite à une exposition au PCK3145. Ce peptide diminue également la clonogénicité de ces cellules. In vivo, le PCK3145 diminue significativement la croissance des tumeurs sous-cutanées P815 comparativement au PBS (p<0.001) et aux peptides contrôles (« scrambled peptide » (p<0.05) et PCK5266 (p<0.01)). De plus, le traitement au PCK3145 diminue le nombre de métastases au niveau du foie par rapports aux contrôles (p<0.05). Les niveaux de MMP-9 dans le sang des souris traitées au PCK3145 sont similaires à ceux dans le sang des souris sans tumeur. Par contre, chez les souris recevant le PBS ou le « scrambled peptide », les niveaux de MMP-9 étaient significativement plus élevés que dans les souris sans tumeur et les souris traitées au PCK3145 (p<0.05). De surcroît, dans un modèle de xénogreffe, le PCK3145 diminue significativement la croissance des lymphomes SR par rapport au PBS (p<0.01) et au « scrambled peptide » (p<0.001). Ces résultats indiquent que le PCK3145 possède une activité anti-tumorale et pourrait représenter un agent intéressant pour le traitement de plusieurs cancers hématologiques.

Diagnóstico de necessidades de competências do agente da psp no atendimento à mulher vítima de violência conjugal

A presente dissertação têm como problemática a violência conjugal sobre a mulher por parte do seu companheiro masculino, e como objeto empírico de investigação, o diagnóstico de necessidades de competências do Agente da PSP para efetuar um atendimento eficaz à mulher vítima de violência conjugal. Em termos específicos pretende estabelecer-se um perfil de competências profissionais, ao nível dos conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes, que o profissional da PSP deve possuir para efetuar este atendimento com eficácia, dignidade e respeitando todos os aspetos dos direitos destas vítimas. Cientificamente, a realização de um diagnóstico de necessidades de competências conjetura várias etapas que objetivam definir as competências necessárias, as que se encontram em falta, e expor as que atualmente se possuem. Para atingir tal propósito auscultaram-se as visões dos diferentes atores que intervém neste crime através de três amostras distintas, respetivamente, Especialistas, Vítimas e Polícia. Em concreto catorze reconhecidos especialistas nacionais da área da violência doméstica, cem mulheres vítimas deste crime com denúncia efetuada à PSP, e cem profissionais desta Força de Segurança que acuam neste crime. O procedimento que delimita estas etapas anuncia no seu âmago os objetivos específicos. Neste âmbito, pediu-se aos especialistas o delinear das competências necessárias, as vítimas que descrevessem as lacunas do atendimento, e aos Agentes para elencar as competências atuais. Com a triangulação dos dados obtidos foi possível obter o diagnóstico de competências e responder à pergunta de partida: Quais as competências que existem e quais as que se evidenciam como necessárias no Agente da PSP para o atendimento à mulher vítima de violência conjugal? Neste âmbito, Várias questões se levantaram de forma a responder a esta pergunta de partida: Quais as competências necessárias aos Agentes da PSP para efetuarem um eficaz atendimento perante este crime? Será que estas vítimas se encontram satisfeitas com o atendimento dos elementos policiais que responderam à denúncia do crime? Será que estes Agentes se sentem preparados para intervir com competência a este tipo de crime? Ao nível metodológico, após a pesquisa exploratória, utilizou-se uma metodologia transversal, quali-quantitativa e quantitativa, com recolha de dados assente no método de Delphi, com inquéritos por questionários semiestruturados e estruturados e a análise de conteúdo de dados estatísticos. Perante a análise dos resultados, o diagnóstico de necessidades competências efetuado permitiu concluir que existe um conjunto de competências que têm de ser melhoradas, outro que têm de ser adquiridas pelo Agente da PSP, definido por estes e pelas vítimas.