Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Child Version (OCI-CV) in a Spanish community sample of children and adolescents

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in medical students: prevalence, severity, and correlates

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms among alcoholics in outpatient treatment: prevalence, severity and correlates

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Self-, parent-report and interview measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents

Self-report measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents are needed for practical evaluation of severity and treatment response. We compared the self- and parent-report Obsessional Compulsive Inventory Revised (CHOCI-R) to the interview-based Child Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) in a clinical sample of 285 children and adolescents with OCD. Classical test theory and item-response theory were applied to compare the instruments. The self- and parent-report CHOCI-R had good internal consistency and were strongly related to each other. The self- and parent-report CHOCI-R severity scores correlated with the CY-BOCS (Pearson's r 0.55 and 0.45 respectively). The CY-BOCS discriminated better at the severe end of the spectrum. The CHOCI-R provided better discrimination in the mild to moderate range. The time-efficient self- and parent-report alternatives will enable routine measurement of OCD severity in clinical practice. Estimates of equivalent summed scores are provided to facilitate comparison. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

More adaptive versus less maladaptive coping: What is more predictive of symptom severity? Development of a new scale to investigate coping profiles across different psychopathological syndromes

BACKGROUND: Lack of adaptive and enhanced maladaptive coping with stress and negative emotions are implicated in many psychopathological disorders. We describe the development of a new scale to investigate the relative contribution of different coping styles to psychopathology in a large population sample. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the supposed positive correlation between maladaptive coping and psychopathology would be stronger than the supposed negative correlation between adaptive coping and psychopathology. We also examined whether distinct coping style patterns emerge for different psychopathological syndromes. METHODS: A total of 2200 individuals from the general population participated in an online survey. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory revised (OCI-R) and the Paranoia Checklist were administered along with a novel instrument called Maladaptive and Adaptive Coping Styles (MAX) questionnaire. Participants were reassessed six months later. RESULTS: MAX consists of three dimensions representing adaptive coping, maladaptive coping and avoidance. Across all psychopathological syndromes, similar response patterns emerged. Maladaptive coping was more strongly related to psychopathology than adaptive coping both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The overall number of coping styles adopted by an individual predicted greater psychopathology. Mediation analysis suggests that a mild positive relationship between adaptive and certain maladaptive styles (emotional suppression) partially accounts for the attenuated relationship between adaptive coping and depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS: Results should be replicated in a clinical population. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that maladaptive and adaptive coping styles are not reciprocal. Reducing maladaptive coping seems to be more important for outcome than enhancing adaptive coping. The study supports transdiagnostic approaches advocating that maladaptive coping is a common factor across different psychopathologies.

Response to Sham and Active Gamma Ventral Capsulotomy in Otherwise Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

This case regards a 34-year-old woman with severe and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder, who was enrolled in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of radiosurgery. She was at first submitted to a sham radiosurgical procedure, and 1 year later to an active intervention. Opposite clinical responses were observed in the follow-up of these different phases. During the sham surgery follow-up, no improvements were observed, but a remarkable amelioration was seen a few months after the active procedure. Detailed descriptions of psychopathological changes and neuroimaging findings as well as a discussion regarding the surgical technique are provided. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

Treatment of Resistant Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Ventral Capsular/Ventral Striatal Gamma Capsulotomy: A Pilot Prospective Study

A subgroup of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients remains refractory to conventional treatments. For them, a new stereotactic radiosurgery has been recently developed: the ventral capsular/ventral striatal (VC/VS) gamma capsulotomy. The authors aim to report efficacy and adverse events of VC/VS gamma capsulotomy. Five refractory OCD patients were selected. The authors assessed OCD, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and side effects pre- and postoperatively. Three patients (60%) met response criteria 48 months after surgery. Adverse effects were episodic and transient. Ventral capsular/ventral striatal gamma capsulotomy holds therapeutic promise, with few adverse effects. (The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009; 21:381-392)

A Randomized Clinical Trial to Examine Enhancing Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Motivational Interviewing and Thought Mapping

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by repeated and persistent attempts to control thoughts and actions with rituals. These rituals are used in order to prevent feared or personally distressing outcomes. Cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) has been reported to be effective for treating OCD patients. However, about one-third (30%) of patients do not benefit from CBGT. Some of these patients do not show significant improvement and continue to use rituals following CBGT, partially because they fail to complete the exposure and ritual prevention (ERP) exercises. Consequently, it is important to motivate patients to fully engage in CBGT treatment and complete the ERP exercises. Aims: A randomized behavioral trial examined 12 weeks of manual directed CBGT, with the addition of individual sessions of Motivational Interviewing (MI) and Thought Mapping (TM), and compared treatment outcome to the effectiveness of CBGT group alone. Method: Subjects were randomized (n = 93) into a CBGT group or a CBGT group with MI+TM. Results: When the two groups were compared, both groups reduced OCD symptoms. However, symptom reduction and remission were significantly higher in the MI+TM CBGT group. Positive outcomes were also maintained, with additional symptom reduction at the 3-month follow-up for the MI TM CBGT group. Conclusions: Adding two individual sessions of MI and TM before CBGT successfully reduced OCD symptoms and was more effective than using CBGT group alone.

The impact of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder on the treatment response of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Few case series studies have addressed the issue of treatment response in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and there are no prospective studies addressing response to conventional treatment in OCD patients with a history of trauma (HT). The present study aimed to investigate, prospectively, the impact of HT or PTSD on two systematic, first-line treatments for OCD. Two hundred and nineteen non-treatment-resistant OCD outpatients were treated with either group cognitive-behavioral therapy (GCBT n = 147) or monotherapy with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI n = 72). Presence of HT and PTSD were assessed at intake, as part of a broader clinical and demographical baseline characterization of the sample. Severity and types of OCD symptoms were assessed with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and the Dimensional YBOCS (DYBOCS), respectively. Depression and anxiety symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Both treatments had 12-week duration. Treatment response was considered as a categorical [35% or greater reduction in baseline YBOCS scores plus a Clinical Global Impression-Improvement rating of better (2) or much better (1)] and continuous variable (absolute number reduction in baseline YBOCS scores). Treatment response was compared between the OCD + HT group versus the OCD without HT group and between the OCD + PTSD group versus the OCD without PTSD group. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used when indicated. Data on HT and PTSD were available for 215 subjects. Thirty-eight subjects (17.67% of the whole sample) had a positive HT (OCD + HT group) and 22 subjects (57.89% of the OCD + HT group and 10.23% of the whole sample) met full DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. The OCD + HT and OCD without HT groups presented similar response to GCBT (60% of responders in the first group and 63% of responders in the second group, p = 1.00). Regarding SSRI treatment, the difference between the response of the OCD + HT (47.4%) and OCD without HT (22.2%) groups was marginally significant (p = 0.07). In addition, the OCD + PTSD group presented a greater treatment response than the OCD without PTSD group when treatment response was considered as a continuous variable (p = 0.01). The age when the first trauma occurred had no impact on treatment response. In terms of specific OCD symptom dimensions, as measured by the DYBOCS, OCD treatment fostered greater reductions for the OCD + PTSD group than for the OCD without PTSD group in the scores of contamination obsessions and cleaning compulsions, collecting and hoarding and miscellaneous obsessions and related compulsions (including illness concerns and mental rituals, among others). The OCD + PTSD group also presented a greater reduction in anxiety scores than the OCD without PTSD group (p = 0.003). The presence of HT or PTSD was not related to a poorer treatment response in this sample of non-treatment-resistant OCD patients. Unexpectedly, OCD patients with PTSD presented a greater magnitude of response when compared with OCD without PTSD patients in specific OCD symptom dimensions. Future studies are needed to clarify if trauma and PTSD have a more significant impact on the onset and clinical expression of OCD than on the conventional treatment for this condition, and whether OCD stemming from trauma would constitute a subtype of OCD with a distinct response to conventional treatment.

Neuropsychological Outcome of Ventral Capsular/Ventral Striatal Gamma Capsulotomy for Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study

Five refractory obsessive-compulsive patients were assessed using a neuropsychological battery after a modified gamma knife capsulotomy. The surgical technique was not associated with profound cognitive deficits. The authors found improvements in attention, vocabulary, learning, abstract reasoning, and memory. (The journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009; 21:393-397)

Brain structure and symptom dimension relationships in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a clinically heterogenous disorder characterized by temporally stable symptom dimensions. Past inconsistent results from structural neuroimaging studies of OCD may have resulted from the effects of these specific symptom dimensions as well as other socio-demographic and clinical variables upon gray matter (GM) volume. Methods: GM volume was measured in 25 adult OCD patients and 20 adult healthy controls using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), controlling for age and total brain GM volume. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were carried out between regions of GM difference and age, age of onset, medication load, OCD severity, depression severity, and separate symptom dimension scores. Results: Significant GM volumetric differences in OCD patients relative to controls were found in dorsal cortical regions, including bilateral BA6, BA46, BA9 and right BA8 (controls > patients), and bilateral midbrain (patients > controls). Stepwise regression analyses revealed highly significant relationships between greater total OCD symptom severity and smaller GM volumes in dorsal cortical regions and larger GM volumes in bilateral midbrain. Greater age was independently associated with smaller GM volumes in right BA6, left BA9, left BA46 and larger GM volumes in right midbrain. Greater washing symptom severity was independently associated with smaller GM volume in right BA6, while there was a trend association between greater hoarding symptom severity and lower GM volume in left BA6. Limitations: The sample was relatively small to examine the relationship between symptom scores and GM volumes. Multiple patients were taking medication and had comorbid disorders. Conclusions: These analyses suggest dorsal prefrontal cortical and bilateral midbrain GM abnormalities in OCD that appear to be primarily driven by the effects of total OCD symptom severity. The results regarding the relationship between GM volumes and symptom dimension scores require examination in larger samples. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Role of Obsessive Beliefs and Inferential Confusion in Predicting Treatment Outcomes for Different Subtypes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Essai doctoral d’intégration Présenté en vue de l’obtention du doctorat (D.Psy.)

Neuropsychological predictors of treatment outcome in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Contexte: En dépit de la preuve substantielle pour l'efficacité générale de la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC), il existe une controverse à propos de l'amélioration de certains déficits neuropsychologiques dans ce trouble. Objectif: Le but de cette étude est d'évaluer: 1) la corrélation de la gravité du TOC et les résultats des tests neuropsychologiques et 2) l'amélioration clinique et neuropsychologique des patients souffrant de TOC qui ont terminé avec succès leur traitement. Méthode: Cette étude évalue les fonctions neurocognitives et l'état clinique de 27 participants du groupe TOC et 25 participants du groupe témoin. La fonction neurocognitive de chaque participant a été évaluée en utilisant le test de Rey-Osterreich Figure complexe (RCFT), le test de fluidité D-KEFS et l’essai Cardebat-D. Nous avons également, utilisé l'inventaire d'anxiété de Beck (IAB), l’Inventaire de dépression de Beck (IDB) et l'échelle d'obsession-compulsion de Yale-Brown (Y-BOCS) pour vérifier la présence de l'anxiété et de la dépression avec le TOC et la gravité des symptômes chez les patients souffrant de TOC. Résultats: Notre étude conclut qu’il y une différence significative de la fonction de la mémoire selon le score au sous test de copie entre les participants souffrant de TOC et le groupe témoin. De plus, nous avons constaté une différence considérable dans le score de rappel immédiat et différé du RCFT avant et après le traitement dans le groupe de TOC. Conclusion: En résumé, la présente étude a démontré que les patients atteints de TOC ont des troubles cognitifs spécifiques et que la thérapie cognitivo-comportementale serait un traitement qui pourrait améliorer, au moins, certaines dysfonctions neurocognitives.

Mental health, coping and family-functioning in parents of young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and with anxiety disorders

Objective. To compare mental health, coping and family-functioning in parents of young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and no known mental health problems. Method. Parents of young people with OCD (N=28), other anxiety disorders (N=28), and no known mental health problems (N=62) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1993), the Coping Responses Inventory (Moos, 1990), and the McMaster family assessment device (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983). Results. Parents of children with OCD and anxiety disorders had poorer mental health and used more avoidant coping than parents of non-clinical children. There were no group differences in family-functioning. Conclusion. The similarities across the parents of clinically referred children suggest that there is a case for encouraging active parental involvement in the treatment of OCD in young people.

Cognitive appraisals in young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background: A number of cognitive appraisals have been identified as important in the manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in adults. There have, however, been few attempts to explore these cognitive appraisals in clinical groups of young people. Method: This study compared young people aged between 11 and 18 years with OCD (N ¼ 28), young people with other types of anxiety disorders (N ¼ 28) and a non-clinical group (N ¼ 62) on three questionnaire measures of cognitive appraisals. These were inflated responsibility (Responsibility Attitude Scale; Salkovskis et al., 2000), thought–action fusion – likelihood other (Thought–Action Fusion Scale; Shafran, Thordarson & Rachman, 1996) and perfectionism (Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; Frost, Marten, Luhart & Rosenblate, 1990). Results: The young people with OCD had significantly higher scores on inflated responsibility, thought–action fusion – (likelihood other), and one aspect of perfectionism, concern over mistakes, than the other groups. In addition, inflated responsibility independently predicted OCD symptom severity. Conclusions: The results generally support a downward extension of the cognitive appraisals held by adults with OCD to young people with the disorder. Some of the results, however, raise issues about potential developmental shifts in cognitive appraisals. The findings are discussed in relation to implications for the cognitive model of OCD and cognitive behavioural therapy for young people with OCD. Keywords: Cognitive models, inflated responsibility, obsessive-compulsive disorder, perfectionism, thought–action fusion. Abbreviations: ADIS-C: Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children; ADIS-P: Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Parents; E/RP: Exposure/Response Prevention; LOI-CV: Leyton Obsessional Inventory – Child Version; MPS: Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale; OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; RAS: Responsibility Attitude Scale; TAF-LO: Thought–Action Fusion – (Likelihood Other).