Evaluation of Experimental Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease in Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis): Investigation of the State of Virus Carrier.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of vaccination against Newcastle Disease (ND) in lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis) and to investigate the state of carrier of the virus (NDV) in this species. There were used 48 lovebirds, distributed at random into 4 experimental groups: GI (Ulster 2C strain), Gil (B1 strain), Gill (LaSota strain) and GIV (non-vaccinated group). At 12 months of age, all groups were challenged with a pathogenic virus (NDV) suspension (ElD50 = 1081510.1 mL) and a group of Specific-Pathogen-Free (SPF) chicks were used as control of the virus. Cloaca) swabs from each bird were collected after 9, 14 and 21 days post-challenge for detection of genome viral excretion by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR. Lovebirds of GI, Gil and Gill did not demonstrate any signs of ND. They were refractory to the clinical disease. In lovebirds from the control group, NDV genome was detected 9 and 21 days after challenge. Therefore it was demonstrated the state of carrier of NDV by lovebirds. In birds from the vaccinated groups, genome viral excretion was not detected by RT-PCR. It was also demonstrated the importance of the vaccination in the suppression of the state of virus carrier of ND in lovebirds.

Evaluation of experimental vaccination in chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) against newcastle disease: Investigation of the state of virus carrier

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Investigation of the state of virus carrier of newcastle disease in budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo de parâmetros clínicos e imunitários da vacinação contra a doença de Newcastle e sua importância epidemiológica em periquitosaustralianos (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Origin of carrier-type reversal in Pb-Ge-Se glasses: A detailed thermal, electrical, and structural study

A long-standing and important problem in glass science has been carrier-type reversal (CTR) in semiconducting glasses. This phenomenon is exhibited by Pb-Ge-Se glasses also. It has been addressed here by carrying out detailed electrical, thermal, and spectroscopic investigations. PbxGe42-xSe58 (x = 0-20) glasses were prepared by a two stage melt-quenching process and characterized using x-ray diffraction, high-resolution electron microscropy, and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays. Thermoelectric power and high-pressure electrical resistivity have been measured. IR, Raman, and X-ray adsorption near edge structure spectroscopies have been used for examining the glass structures as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for studying the thermal properties. A structural model based on the chemical nature of the constituents has been proposed to account for the observed properties of these glasses. Effect of Pb incorporation on local structures and qualitative consequences on the energy band structures of Ge-Se glasses has been considered. The p -->n transition has been attributed to the energetic disposition of the sp(3)d(2) band of Pb atoms, which is located closely above the lone pair band of selenium. This feature makes Pb unique in the context of p -->n transition of chalcogenide glasses. The model can be extended successfully to account for the CTR behavior observed in Bi containing chalcogenide glasses also.

BER Analysis of Uplink OFDMA in the Presence of Carrier Frequency and Timing Offsets on Rician Fading Channels

In orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) on the uplink, the carrier frequency offsets (CFOs) and/or timing offsets (TOs) of other users with respect to a desired user can cause multiuser interference (MUI). Analytically evaluating the effect of these CFO/TO-induced MUI on the bit error rate (BER) performance is of interest. In this paper, we analyze the BER performance of uplink OFDMA in the presence of CFOs and TOs on Rician fading channels. A multicluster multipath channel model that is typical in indoor/ultrawideband and underwater acoustic channels is considered. Analytical BER expressions that quantify the degradation in BER due to the combined effect of both CFOs and TOs in uplink OFDMA with M-state quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) are derived. Analytical and simulation BER results are shown to match very well. The derived BER expressions are shown to accurately quantify the performance degradation due to nonzero CFOs and TOs, which can serve as a useful tool in OFDMA system design.

Effect of carrier concentration of InN on the transport behavior of InN/GaN heterostructure based Schottky junctions

We present the study involving the dependence of carrier concentration of InN films, grown on GaN templates using the plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy system, on growth temperature. The influence of InN carrier concentration on the electrical transport behavior of InN/GaN heterostructure based Schottky junctions is also discussed. The optical absorption edge of InN film was found to be strongly dependent on carrier concentration, and was described by Kane's k.p model, with non-parabolic dispersion relation for carrier in the conduction band. The position of the Fermi-level in InN films was modulated by the carrier concentration in the InN films. The barrier height of the heterojunctions as estimated from I-V characteristic was also found to be dependent on the carrier concentration of InN. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of Carrier Gas Flux on ZnO Nanorod Arrays Grown by MOCVD

ZnO nanorod arrays with different morphologies were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition （MOCVD）. The diameters of nanorods range from 150 nm to 20 nm through changing the carrier gas flux during the growth process. Measurements such as scanning electron microscope （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Raman scattering and photoluminescence （pL） spectrum were employed to analyze the differences of these nanorods. It was found that when both carrier gas flux of Zn and O reactant are 1 SLM, we can obtain the best vertically aligned and uniform nanorods. Furthermore, the PL spectrum reveals a blueshift of UV emission peak, which may be assigned to the increase of surface effect.

Geographic analysis on the occurrence of human and canine leptospirosis in the city of Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: Leptospirose é uma zoonose que tem como hospedeiros primários os animais silvestres, sinantrópicos e domésticos. Os humanos comportam-se como hospedeiros terminais e acidentais. Sua prevalência depende dos animais portadores que disseminam o agente, de sua sobrevivência ambiental e do contato de pessoas susceptíveis. Cada sorovar tem um ou mais hospedeiros com diferentes níveis de adaptação. Os focos de leptospirose devem-se aos animais infectados, doentes e assintomáticos, considerados como fontes de infecção ambiental. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar áreas de risco da infecção leptospírica em cães errantes e pacientes com diagnóstico de leptospirose nos anos de 2006 a 2008, em Maringá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 335 cães errantes e 25 pacientes. Os soros, tanto dos animais como dos pacientes, foram examinados pela prova de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), para pesquisa de anticorpos antileptospíricos. Para determinar áreas de risco e a distribuição espacial da doença foram elaborados mapas temáticos. RESULTADOS: Foram observados 41(12,2%) cães positivos para um ou mais sorovares de leptospiras, e os mais frequentes foram: Pyrogenes (43,9%), Canícola (21,9%) e Copennhageni (19,5%). Nos humanos, a positividade foi de 2 (8%) para os sorovares, Pyrogenes e Hardjo Prajitno e, Pyrogenes e Cynopteri. CONCLUSÕES: A análise espacial revelou que o risco de cães e humanos, no município de Maringá, se infectar com leptospiras está presente tanto em áreas centrais como periféricas, fato que reforça a relevância deste estudo e de ações contínuas de vigilância epidemiológica e ambiental para o controle da doença tanto nos animais como no homem.

Relevance of Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in Experimental Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease.

This study was carried out to clarify the real role that was played by the budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in the epidemiological plan, under the perspective of its being an infection source of the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). For this, the study used Specific-Pathogen-Free chicks (SPF) that were housed with budgerigars that were inoculated with a pathogenic strain (velogenic viscerotropic) of NDV (EID5o =10815/0.1 mL) pathogenic to chickens, by the ocular-nasal via. Each group was composed by 10 SPF chicks and 5 budgerigars. After 5 days of the inoculation of the budgerigars with NDV, SPF chicks were put together with each group of budgerigars, so that there was a direct contact between both species. Cloaca) swabs and blood samples were collected in both species (budgerigars and SPF chicks) after 13 and 19 days post-challenge, respectively, for genome viral excretion by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR) and antibody's search by the inhibition of hemmaglutination test (HI). Budgerigars did not demonstrate any clinical signs of Newcastle Disease (ND). They were refractory to the clinical disease with the NDV. However, antibody titres from inhibition of Hemagglutination (HI) test were detected 9 and 21 days after challenge. Therefore, it was demonstrated the state of carrier of NDV in this species. In SPF chicks allocated with infected budgerigars, NDV genome was detected 13 and 19 days after challenge. Thus, the transmission of the pathogenic virus from the budgerigars to SPF chicks that were housed together was evident until 19 days of the experimental infection with this pathogen. This reveals the importance of the budgerigars from the epidemiological point of view as a potential source of infection of the NDV to commercial chickens that could be raised near this species.

On the Absence of Carrier Drift in Two-Terminal Devices and the Origin of Their Lowest Resistance per Carrier RK= h/q^2

After a criticism on today’s model for electrical noise in resistors, we pass to use a Quantum-compliant model based on the discreteness of electrical charge in a complex Admittance. From this new model we show that carrier drift viewed as charged particle motion in response to an electric field is unlike to occur in bulk regions of Solid-State devices where carriers react as dipoles against this field. The absence of the shot noise that charges drifting in resistors should produce and the evolution of the Phase Noise with the active power existing in the resonators of L-C oscillators, are two effects added in proof for this conduction model without carrier drift where the resistance of any two-terminal device becomes discrete and has a minimum value per carrier that is the Quantum resistance RK/(2pi)