History of South America and Mexico; comprising their discovery, geography, politics, commerce and revolutions.

Earlier edition published anonymously under title: "A view of South America and Mexico ... By a citizen of the United States."

Mexico coming into light

Boston University Theology Library

An investigative and interpretive study, with paintings, drawings and prints, of "All Saints' Day" and "All Souls" Day" in Mexico

"In Mexico, the first two days of November are set aside each year for the commemoration of the dead. This fete, called All Saints' Day and All Souls' Day, is observed throughout the world; however, in Mexico, it is celebrated in a manner peculiar to that country and to the various localities within that country . This holiday is sanctioned by both government and church; and is celebrated by practically all Mexicans, whether they be Catholic, pagan, relilious or irreligious. These are the two days when that contrast which is the essence of Mexico becomes obvious: the "triste~alegria" (sad-happiness). During these days , art objects are abundant and arresting ; and religious ceremonies, rites and fiestas blossom forth! Urban and folk arts, in every field, find full expression at this time. The religious, social, political, and artistic manifestations of the holiday are not only stimulating in themselves, but are exciting as subjects for painting, drawings, prints, and any other form of artistic expression!"

The Spanish pioneers and the California missions.

http://www.archive.org/details/spanishpioneersa009682mbp

En busca de un pasado nacional : La escritura de la historia en México en el siglo XIX

La escritura de la historia en las primeras etapas de construcción del Estado nacional mexicano estuvo marcada por los múltiples efectos negativos que supuso la inestabilidad política y la invasión extranjera; no obstante, hubo diversos esfuerzos para considerar la necesidad y la utilidad de una historia nacional, así como la urgencia de implementar instituciones que fomentaran y crearan las condiciones de factibilidad para estudiar el pasado nacional mexicano; para ejemplificar estas situaciones se indicarán los esfuerzos de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, las propuestas de Manuel Larráinzar y la publicación de México a través de los siglos.

En busca de un pasado nacional : La escritura de la historia en México en el siglo XIX

La escritura de la historia en las primeras etapas de construcción del Estado nacional mexicano estuvo marcada por los múltiples efectos negativos que supuso la inestabilidad política y la invasión extranjera; no obstante, hubo diversos esfuerzos para considerar la necesidad y la utilidad de una historia nacional, así como la urgencia de implementar instituciones que fomentaran y crearan las condiciones de factibilidad para estudiar el pasado nacional mexicano; para ejemplificar estas situaciones se indicarán los esfuerzos de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, las propuestas de Manuel Larráinzar y la publicación de México a través de los siglos.

En busca de un pasado nacional : La escritura de la historia en México en el siglo XIX

La escritura de la historia en las primeras etapas de construcción del Estado nacional mexicano estuvo marcada por los múltiples efectos negativos que supuso la inestabilidad política y la invasión extranjera; no obstante, hubo diversos esfuerzos para considerar la necesidad y la utilidad de una historia nacional, así como la urgencia de implementar instituciones que fomentaran y crearan las condiciones de factibilidad para estudiar el pasado nacional mexicano; para ejemplificar estas situaciones se indicarán los esfuerzos de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, las propuestas de Manuel Larráinzar y la publicación de México a través de los siglos.

The presence of a woman : images of La Malinche in el Lienzo de Tlaxcala

La Malinche’s serene face and beautifully dressed figure dominates the first half of the lost sixteenth century manuscript El Lienzo de Tlaxcala, which exists today in the form of a copy made after the original. In this paper I propose an expanded study of these twenty-one representations of La Malinche as they offer insight into the Tlaxcalan’s reverence, respect, and spiritual belief in La Malinche. The Tlaxcalan leaders recognized her influence on both the Spanish and indigenous leaders during the conquest and cleverly designed a painted narrative to reinforce their connection with La Malinche to enhance their position with the Spanish. Through a multi layered study that consists of a detailed account of her biography in contrast to gender roles in Pre-Hispanic America, as well as formal and iconographic analysis of rarely examined images from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala that link La Malinche to the Virgin Mary, and a review of the ethnographic research on religious beliefs among contemporary Tlaxcalans, I will demonstrate that the mutable history of this woman made her the ideal supernatural protagonist for the people of Tlaxcala.

Libro quinto de la Arca de este Juzgado de Testamentos de Valladolid ..., 1778-1784

Testamentarias; --Concursos y acreedores; --Capellanias; --Obras pias.

Early-life-history profiles, seasonal abundance, and distribution of four species of Clupeid larvae from the northern Gulf of Mexico, 1982 and 1983

We present data on ichthyoplankton distribution, abundance, and seasonality and supporting environmental information for four species of coastal pelagics from the family Clupeidae: round herring Etrumeus teres, scaled sardine Harengula jaguana, Atlantic thread herring Opisthonema oglinum, and Spanish sardine Sardinella aurita. Data are from 1982 and 1983 cruises across the northern Gulf of Mexico sponsored by the Southeastern Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP). This is the first such examination for these species on a multiyear and gulfwide scale. Bioproflles on reproductive biology, early life history, meristics, adult distribution, and fisheries characteristics are also presented for these species. During the summer, larval Atlantic thread herring and scaled and Spanish sardines were abundant on the inner shelf <40 m depth), but were rare or absent in deeper waters. Scaled sardine and thread herring were found virtually everywhere inner-shelf waters were sampled, but Spanish sardines were rare in the north-central Gulf. During 1982, larval Atlantic thread herring were the most abundant of the four target c1upeid species, whereas Spanish sardine were the most abundant during 1983. On the west Florida shelf, Spanish sardine dominated larval c1upeid populations both years. Scaled sardine larvae were the least abundant of the four species both years, but were still captured in 25% of inner-shelf bongo net collections. Round herring larvae, collected February-early June (primarily March-April), were abundant on the outer shelf (40-182 m depth) and especially off Louisiana. Over the 2-year period, outer-shelf mean abundance for round herring was 40.2 larvae/10 m2; inner-shelf mean abundances for scaled sardine, Atlantic thread herring, and Spanish sardine were 14.9, 39.2, and 41.9 larvae/l0 m2, respectively. (PDF file contains 66 pages.)

The lakes of Michoacan (Mexico): A brief history and alternative point of view

This article is intended to open a discussion about the historical development of lakes Zirahuen, Patzcuaro and Cuitzeo in the state of Michoacan, and the postulated relationships between lake ecology and evolution. Dr Fernando De Buen was the first man dedicated to limnology in Mexico who came to the country in the 1930s. He was adviser at the Estacion Limnologica de Patzcuaro and wrote outstanding papers dealing with Mexican lakes. The lakes of Michoacan probably formed in the late Pliocene or Holocene, and were part of a tributary to the Lerma River, which became isolated by successive volanic barriers to form lake basins. Lake Zirahuen is a warm monomictic waterbody with unique water dynamics amongst the Michoacan lakes. Because it is relatively deep (max depth 40m), seasonal patterns of alternating circulation and thermal stratification develop in the lake, a feature not shared by the other two polymictic shallow lakes, Patzcuaro and Cuitzeo.

History of the Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians, Fisheries and Habitats in eastern North America, Massachusetts through northeastern Mexico

This is a broad historical overview of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians, fishery on the East and Gulf Coasts of North America (Fig. 1). For a little over a century, from about the mid 1870’s to the mid 1980’s, bay scallops supported large commercial fisheries mainly in the U.S. states of Massachusetts, New York, and North Carolina and on smaller scales in the states in between and in western Florida. In these states, the annual harvests and dollar value of bay scallops were far smaller than those of the other important commercial mollusks, the eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, and northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, but they were higher than those of softshell clams, Mya arenaria (Table 1). The fishery had considerable economic importance in the states’ coastal towns, because bay scallops are a high-value product and the fishery was active during the winter months when the economies in most towns were otherwise slow. The scallops also had cultural importance as a special food, an ornament owing to its pretty shell design, and an interesting biological component of