The relationship of immigrant status to perceptions of reading and reading literacy among young Black students: A test of the Cultural -Ecological Theory of School Performance

This study tests Ogbu and Simons' Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance using data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study of 2001 (PIRLS), a large-scale international survey and reading assessment involving fourth grade students from 35 countries, including the United States. This theory argues that Black immigrant students outperform their non-immigrant counterparts, academically, and that achievement differences are attributed to stronger educational commitment in Black immigrant families. Four hypotheses are formulated to test this theory: Black immigrant students have (a) more receptive attitudes toward reading; (b) a more positive reading self-concept; and (c) a higher level of reading literacy. Furthermore, (d) the relationship of immigrant status to reading perceptions and literacy persists after including selected predictors. These hypotheses are tested separately for girls and boys, while also examining immigrant students' generational status (i.e., foreign-born or second-generation). ^ PIRLS data from a subset of Black students (N=525) in the larger U.S. sample of 3,763 are analyzed to test the hypotheses, using analysis of variance, correlation and multiple regression techniques. Findings reveal that hypotheses a and b are not confirmed (contradicting the Cultural-Ecological Theory) and c and d are partially supported (lending partial support to the theory). Specifically, immigrant and non-immigrant students did not differ in attitudes toward reading or reading self-concept; second-generation immigrant boys outperformed both non-immigrant and foreign-born immigrant boys in reading literacy, but no differences were found among girls; and, while being second-generation immigrant had a relatively stronger relationship to reading literacy for boys, among girls, selected socio-cultural predictors, number of books in the home and length of U.S. residence, had relatively stronger relationship to reading self-concept than did immigrant status. This study, therefore, indicates that future research employing the Cultural-Ecological Theory should: (a) take gender and generational status into account (b) identify additional socio-cultural predictors of Black children's academic perceptions and performance; and (c) continue to build on this body of evidence-based knowledge to better inform educational policy and school personnel in addressing needs of all children. ^

A qualitative study about immigrant workers’ perceptions of their working conditions in Spain

Background: Spain has recently become an inward migration country. Little is known about the occupational health of immigrant workers. This study aimed to explore the perceptions that immigrant workers in Spain had of their working conditions.Methods: Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive study. Criterion sampling. Data collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews, with a topic guide. One hundred and fifty-eight immigrant workers (90 men/68 women) from Colombia (n = 21), Morocco (n = 39), sub-Saharan Africa (n = 29), Romania (n = 44) and Ecuador (n = 25), who were authorised (documented) or unauthorised (undocumented) residents in five medium to large cities in Spain.Results: Participants described poor working conditions, low pay and health hazards. Perception of hazards appeared to be related to gender and job sector. Informants were highly segregated into jobs by sex, however, so this issue will need further exploration. Undocumented workers described poorer conditions than documented workers, which they attributed to their documentation status. Documented participants also felt vulnerable because of their immigrant status. Informants believed that deficient language skills, non-transferability of their education and training and, most of all, their immigrant status and economic need left them with little choice but to work under poor conditions.Conclusions: The occupational health needs of immigrant workers must be addressed at the job level, while improving the enforcement of existing health and safety regulations. The roles that documentation status and economic need played in these informants' work experiences should be considered and how these may influence health outcomes.

Social support, risk, and adjustment of immigrant preadolescents

The current study was designed to explore the salience of social support, immigrant status, and risk in middle childhood and early adolescence across two time periods as indicated by measures of school adjustment and well-being. Participants included 691 children of public elementary schools in grades 4 and 6 who were interviewed in 1997 (Time 1) and reinterviewed two years later (Time 2); 539 were U.S.-born, and 152 were foreign-born. ^ Repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA's) were conducted to assess the effects of immigrant status and risk on total support, well-being, and school adjustment from Time 1 to Time 2. Follow-up analyses, including Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc tests, were used to test the significance of the differences among the means of support categories (low and high), immigrant status (U.S. born and non-U.S. born), risk (low and high) and time (time 1 and time 2). ^ Results showed that immigrant participants in the high risk group reported significantly lower levels of support than their peers. Further, children of low risk at Time 2 indicated the highest levels of support. Second, immigrant preadolescents, preadolescents who reported low levels of social support, and preadolescents of the high risk reported lower levels of emotional well-being. There was also an interaction of support by risk by time, indicating that children who are at risk and had low levels of social support reported more emotional problems at Time 1. Finally, preadolescents who are at risk and preadolescents who reported lower levels of support were more likely to show school adaptation problems. Findings from this study highlight the importance of a multivariable approach to the study of support, emotional adjustment, and academic adjustment of immigrant preadolescents. ^

Risk perception about zoonoses in immigrants and Italian workers in Northwestern Italy

OBJETIVO: To assess factors associated with a low risk perception of zoonoses and to identify the gaps in knowledge about transmission and prevention of zoonoses in immigrant and Italian workers. MÉTODOS: A cross-sectional study with 175 workers in the agro-livestock and agro-food industry in Piemonte, Italy, was carried out. Data were collected with a semi-structured questionnaire based on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey. We calculated proportions and used chi-square tests and odds ratios to assess associations. Eight individual interviews with key informants on immigration and public health in Piemonte were carried out. RESULTADOS: Participants were 82 (47%) Italians and 93 (53%) immigrants. Immigrants were from Romania, Morocco, Albania, India, China, Argentina, Peru, Macedonia, Ivory Coast, Ukraine and Colombia. The study revealed significant differences in risk perception at work (p = 0.001). We found associations between "not having correct knowledge about zoonoses" and the following variables: i. "being immigrant" OR = 4.1 (95%CI 1.7;9.8 p ≤ 0.01); ii. "working in the livestock industry" OR = 2.9 (95%CI 1.2;15.4 p = 0.01); and iii. "being an unqualified worker" OR = 4.4 (95%CI 2.9;15.4 p ≤ 0.01). Another strong association was found between being immigrant and having a low job qualification OR = 6.7 (IC95% 2.9 - 15.4 p ≤ 0.01). Asian immigrants were the group with the highest frequency of risky behaviours and the lowest level of knowledge about zoonoses. CONCLUSÕES: Our results indicate that there were differences in risk perception of zoonoses between the groups participating in our study. These results suggest that immigrant status can be considered a risk factor for having lower risk perception and lower level of knowledge of zoonoses at work. There is a relationship between this specific knowledge of zoonoses and lack of training and instruction among migrant populations. Our results stress the need for developing education programs on zoonoses prevention among the immigrant population in Piemonte, Italy.

Active civic participation of immigrants in Portugal

Portugal’s historical past strongly influences the composition of the country’s immigrant population. The main third-country foreign nationals in Portugal originate traditionally from Portuguese-speaking African countries (namely Cape Verde, Angola, Guinea Bissau, and S. Tomé e Príncipe) and Brazil. In 2001, a newly created immigrant status entitled “permanence” authorization uncovered a quantitative and a qualitative change in the structure of immigrant population in Portugal. First, there was a quantitative jump from 223.602 foreigners in 2001 to 364.203 regularized foreigners in 2003. Secondly, there was a substantial qualitative shift in the composition of immigrants. The majority of the new immigrants began coming from Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Moldavia, Romania, and the Russian Federation. Thus, European countries outside the E.U. zone now rank second (after African countries) in their contribution of individuals to the stocks of immigrant population in Portugal. The differences between the new and traditional immigration flows are visible in the geographical distribution of immigrants and in their insertion into the labour market. While the traditional flows would congregate around the metropolitan area of Lisbon and in the Algarve, the new migratory flows tend to be more geographically dispersed and present in less urbanized areas of Portugal. In terms of insertion in the labour market, although the construction sector is still the most important industry for immigrant labour, Eastern European workers may also be found in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors. The institutional conditions that encourage immigrants’ civic participation are divided at three different levels: the state, the local, and the civil society levels. At the state level, the High Commissioner for Migrations and Ethnic Minorities is the main organizational structure along with a set of interrelated initiatives operating under specific regulatory frameworks, which act as mediators between state officials and the Portuguese civil society, and more specifically, immigrant communities. At the local level, some municipalities created consultative councils and municipal departments aiming at encouraging the participation and representation of interests from immigrant groups and association in local policies. In the civil society sphere, the main actors in Portugal spurring immigrants civic participation are immigrant associations, mainstream associations directed toward immigration topics, and unions. The legal conditions framing immigrants’ access to social housing, education, health, and social security in Portugal are also considered to be positive. Conditions restricting immigrants’ civic participation are mainly normative and include the Portuguese nationality law, the regulations shaping the political participation of immigrants, namely in what concerns their right to vote, and employment regulations restricting immigrants’ access to public administration positions. Part II of the report focuses on the active civic participation of third country immigrants. First, reasons for the lack of research on this issue in Portugal are explained. On the one hand, the recent immigration history and the more urgent needs regarding school and economic integration kept this issue out of the research spotlight. On the other hand, it was just in the beginning of the 1990s that immigrants took the very first steps toward collective mobilisation. Secondly, the literature review of Portuguese bibliography covers research on third country immigrants’ associative movement, research on local authorities’ policies and discussion about ethnic politics and political mobilisation of immigrants in Portugal. As political mobilisation of these groups has been made mainly through ethnic and/or migrant organisations, a brief history of immigrants' associative movement is given. Immigrant associations develop multiple roles, covering the social, the cultural, the economic and the political domains. Political claiming for the regularisation of illegal immigrants has been a permanent and important field of intervention since the mid-1990s. Research results reveal the com5 plex relations between ethnic mobilisation and the set of legal and institutional frameworks developed by local and national governmental authorities targeted to the incorporation of minority groups. Case studies on the Oeiras district and on the Amadora district are then presented. Conclusions underline that the most active immigrant groups are those from Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, since these groups have constituted a higher number of ethnic associations, give priority to political claiming and present a more politicised discourse. Reflecting on the future of research on civic participation of third country immigrants in Portugal, the authors state that it would be interesting and relevant to compare the Portuguese situation with those of other European countries, with an older immigration history, and analyse how the Portuguese immigrants’ associative movement will be affected by a changing legal framework and the emergence of new opportunities within the set of structures regarding the political participation of minority groups.

Statistical discrimination and employers' recruitment : Practices for low-skilled workers

This paper deals with the recruitment strategies of employers in the low-skilled segment of the labour market. We focus on low-skilled workers because they are overrepresented among jobless people and constitute the bulk of the clientele included in various activation and labour market programmes. A better understanding of the constraints and opportunities of interventions in this labour market segment may help improve their quality and effectiveness. On the basis of qualitative interviews with 41 employers in six European countries, we find that the traditional signals known to be used as statistical discrimination devices (old age, immigrant status and unemployment) play a somewhat reduced role, since these profiles are overrepresented among applicants for low skill positions. However, we find that other signals, mostly considered to be indicators of motivation, have a bigger impact in the selection process. These tend to concern the channel through which the contact with a prospective candidate is made. Unsolicited applications and recommendations from already employed workers emit a positive signal, whereas the fact of being referred by the public employment office is associated with the likelihood of lower motivation.

Les déterminants de l’état de faible revenu au Canada : l’effet modérateur du statut d’immigrant

Notre recherche a comme objectif de déterminer si le statut d’immigrant agit comme modérateur de la relation entre l’état de faible revenu et ses déterminants au Canada. Elle est basée sur les données du Recensement de 2006. Notre étude cherche à comprendre s'il existe des différences selon l'appartenance à la population immigrante ou à la population native quant à la probabilité d’être dans un état de faible revenu. Également, nous avons accordé une attention particulière à la région d'origine des immigrants. Nos résultats soutiennent qu'effectivement l'effet des déterminants retenus sur la probabilité de connaître l’état de faible revenu varie entre les immigrants et les natifs ainsi qu’entre les immigrants selon leur région d'origine. C'est surtout chez les immigrants issus des pays non traditionnels que l'écart dans l'effet des variables est le plus marqué et ce, par rapport aux natifs. Les immigrants issus des pays traditionnels se trouvent dans une situation intermédiaire, soit entre les deux groupes. Par exemple, l'éducation a un effet négatif moins important sur la probabilité d’être dans un état de faible revenu chez les immigrants originaires des pays non traditionnels comparativement aux natifs et aux immigrants originaires des pays traditionnels. Par contre, l’appartenance à une minorité visible, le statut d’étudiant et l’intensité de travail produisent un effet plus important sur la probabilité en question chez les immigrants issus des pays non traditionnels comparativement aux autres groupes. La connaissance des langues officielles du Canada produit un effet négatif bien plus important dans le cas des immigrants issus des pays non traditionnels. C’est surtout les immigrants bilingues qui sont les moins exposés à l’état de faible revenu, alors que ceux qui ne parlent aucune langue officielle du Canada sont les plus touchés. Nous retrouvons les mêmes effets chez les immigrants issus des pays traditionnels, mais dans une moindre mesure. En somme, cette étude apporte des nouvelles connaissances dans le domaine et permet d’arriver à une meilleure compréhension de l’état de faible revenu chez les personnes âgées de 15 ans et plus au Canada.

La symptomatologie dépressive prénatale : une étude comparative des femmes canadiennes et immigrantes à Montréal.

Contexte : Environ 20 % des femmes enceintes présentent un risque élevé de dépression prénatale. Les femmes immigrantes présentent des symptômes dépressifs élevés pendant la grossesse, le début de la période suivant l'accouchement et comme mères de jeunes enfants. Tandis que les disparités ethniques dans la symptomatologie dépressive pendant la grossesse ont été décrites, la combinaison de la longueur du séjour dans le pays d’accueil et la région d'origine sont rarement évalués dans des études qui portent sur la santé des immigrants au Canada. En outre, les études auprès des femmes immigrantes enceintes ont souvent un échantillon de taille qui ne suffit pas pour démêler les effets de la région d'origine et de la durée du séjour sur la santé mentale. De plus, au Canada, presque une femme sur cinq est un immigrant, mais leur santé mentale au cours de la grossesse, les niveaux d'exposition aux facteurs de risque reconnus pour la dépression prénatale et comment leur exposition et la vulnérabilité face à ces risques se comparent à celles des femmes enceintes nés au Canada, sont peu connus. De plus, le processus d'immigration peut être accompagné de nombreux défis qui augmentent le risque de violence subie par la femme. Néanmoins, les preuves existantes dans la littérature sont contradictoires, surtout en ce qui concerne le type de violence évaluée, les minorités ethniques qui sont considérées et l'inclusion de l'état de santé mentale. Objectifs : Tout d'abord, nous avons comparé la santé mentale de femmes immigrantes et les femmes nées au Canada au cours de la grossesse en tenant compte de la durée du séjour et de la région d'origine, et nous avons évalué le rôle des facteurs socio-économiques et du soutien social dans la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale. Deuxièmement, nous avons examiné la répartition des facteurs de risque contextuels de la symptomatologie dépressive prénatale selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée du séjour au Canada. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'association entre ces facteurs de risque et les symptômes de dépression prénataux et ensuite comparé la vulnérabilité des femmes nés au Canada et les femmes immigrantes à ces facteurs de risque en ce qui concerne les symptômes de la dépression prénatale. En troisième lieu, nous avons décrit la prévalence de la violence pendant la grossesse et examiné l'association entre l'expérience de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse et la prévalence des symptômes de la dépression prénatale, en tenant compte du statut d’immigrant. Méthodes : Les données proviennent de l'étude de Montréal sur les différences socio-économiques en prématurité. Les femmes ont été recrutées lors des examens de routine d'échographie (16 à 20 semaines), lors de la prise du sang (8-12 semaines), ou dans les centres de soins prénatals. L’échelle de dépistage Center for Epidemiologic Studies (CES-D) a été utilisée pour évaluer la symptomatologie dépressive à 24-26 semaines de grossesse chez 1495 immigrantes et 3834 femmes nées au Canada. Les niveaux d'exposition à certains facteurs de risque ont été évalués selon le statut d'immigrant et la durée de séjour à l'aide des tests Chi-2 ou test- t. L'échelle de dépistage Abuse Assessment screen (AAS) a été utilisée pour déterminer la fréquence et la gravité de la violence depuis le début de la grossesse. La relation avec l'agresseur a été également considérée. Toutes les mesures d'association ont été évaluées à l'aide de régressions logistiques multiples. Des termes d'interaction multiplicative furent construits entre chacun des facteurs de risque et statut d'immigrant pour révéler la vulnérabilité différentielle entre les femmes nés au Canada et immigrantes. Résultats : La prévalence des symptômes de dépression prénatales (CES-D > = 16 points) était plus élevée chez les immigrantes (32 % [29,6-34,4]) que chez les femmes nées au Canada (22,8 % (IC 95 % [21.4-24.1]). Des femmes immigrantes présentaient une symptomatologie dépressive élevée indépendamment du temps depuis l'immigration. La région d'origine est un fort indice de la symptomatologie dépressive : les prévalences les plus élevées ont été observées chez les femmes de la région des Caraïbes (45 %), de l’Asie du Sud (43 %), du Maghreb (42 %), de l'Afrique subsaharienne (39 %) et de l’Amérique latine (33 %) comparativement aux femmes nées au Canada (22 %) et celle de l'Asie de l’Est où la prévalence était la plus faible (17 %). La susceptibilité de présenter une dépression prénatale chez les femmes immigrantes était attenuée après l’ajustement pour le manque de soutien social et de l'argent pour les besoins de base. En ce qui concerne la durée du séjour au Canada, les symptômes dépressifs ont augmenté avec le temps chez les femmes d’origines européenne et asiatique du sud-est, diminué chez les femmes venant du Maghreb, de l’Afrique subsaharienne, du Moyen-Orient, et de l’Asie de l'est, et ont varié avec le temps chez les femmes d’origine latine et des Caraïbes. Les femmes immigrantes étaient beaucoup plus exposées que celles nées au Canada à des facteurs de risques contextuels indésirables comme la mésentente conjugale, le manque de soutien social, la pauvreté et l'encombrement au domicile. Au même niveau d'exposition aux facteurs de risque, les femmes nées au Canada ont présenté une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en l'absence de soutien social (POR = 4,14 IC95 % [2,69 ; 6.37]) tandis que les femmes immigrées ont présentées une plus grande vulnérabilité à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale en absence d'argent pour les besoins de base (POR = 2,98 IC95 % [2.06 ; 4,32]). En ce qui concerne la violence, les menaces constituent le type de la violence le plus souvent rapporté avec 63 % qui ont lieu plus d'une fois. Les femmes immigrantes de long terme ont rapporté la prévalence la plus élevée de tous les types de violence (7,7 %). La violence par le partenaire intime a été la plus fréquemment rapportées (15 %) chez les femmes enceintes les plus pauvres. Des fortes associations ont été obtenues entre la fréquence de la violence (plus d'un épisode) et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5,21 [3,73 ; 7,23] ; ainsi qu’entre la violence par le partenaire intime et la symptomatologie dépressive (POR = 5, 81 [4,19 ; 8,08). Le statut d'immigrant n'a pas modifié les associations entre la violence et la symptomatologie dépressive. Conclusion: Les fréquences élevées des symptômes dépressifs observées mettent en évidence la nécessité d'évaluer l'efficacité des interventions préventives contre la dépression prénatale. La dépression chez les femmes enceintes appartenant à des groupes minoritaires mérite plus d'attention, indépendamment de leur durée de séjour au Canada. Les inégalités d’exposition aux facteurs de risque existent entre les femmes enceintes nées au Canada et immigrantes. Des interventions favorisant la réduction de la pauvreté et l'intégration sociale pourraient réduire le risque de la dépression prénatale. La violence contre les femmes enceintes n'est pas rare au Canada et elle est associée à des symptômes de la dépression prénatale. Ces résultats appuient le développement futur du dépistage périnatal de la violence, de son suivi et d'un système d'aiguillage culturellement ajusté.

La vente de contrefaçon d’objets de luxe à New York

Présente depuis le temps des Romains, et bien au-delà des simples «articles de Paris», la contrefaçon s’est introduite dans tous les domaines de fabrication. L’objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer quelles peuvent être les raisons et les motivations qui poussent un groupe d’immigrants à se spécialiser dans la vente de contrefaçon d’objet de luxe. Pour y répondre, nous proposons de suivre deux hypothèses. D'une part, le contexte politicoéconomique international est constitué de telle sorte qu'il favorise un groupe restreint de pays et limite en contrepartie les débouchés à bon nombre de pays en développement. Les pays développés modulent, ou font pression sur les organisations internationales à leur image afin d'en tirer davantage de bénéfices, et souvent au détriment des pays en développement. Et d'autre part, à l'intérieur de ces populations en mouvement, certains individus font le choix (inévitable ou stratégique) de se cantonner dans un commerce de la rue, parfois illégal, comme c'est le cas de la vente d'objet de luxe contrefait. D’un autre côté, l’adhésion d’un individu à un commerce illégal ne peut lui être totalement imposée par des forces extérieures. Ainsi, il est démontré dans ce travail, que la vente de contrefaçon répond aux particularités et aux exigences de certains individus: statut d’immigrants illégaux, peu ou pas d’expérience de travail compatible avec le pays d’accueil, travail sans contraintes d’horaire, travail à l’extérieur et, surtout, favorisant la vie sociale.

Predictors of oral health quality of life in older adults

There is limited information regarding oral health status and other predictors of oral health-related quality of life. An association between oral health status and perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHQOL) might help clinicians motivate patients to prevent oral diseases and improve the outcome of some dental public health programs. This study evaluated the relationship between older persons' OHQOL and their functional dentition, caries, periodontal status, chronic diseases, and some demographic characteristics. A group of 733 low-income elders (mean age 72.7 [SD = 4.71, 55.6% women, 55.1% members of ethnic minority groups in the U.S. and Canada) enrolled in the TEETH clinical trial were interviewed and examined as part of their fifth annual visit for the trial. OHQOL was measured by the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI); oral health and occlusal status by clinical exams and the Eichner Index; and demographics via interviews. Elders who completed the four-year assessment had an average of 21.5 teeth (SD = 6.9), with 8.5 occluding pairs (SD = 4.6), and 32% with occlusal contacts in all four occluding zones. Stepwise multiple regressions were conducted to predict total GOHAI and its subscores (Physical, Social, and Worry). Functional dentition was a less significant predictor than ethnicity and being foreign-born. These variables, together with gender, years since immigrating, number of carious roots, and periodontal status, could predict 32% of the variance in total GOHAI, 24% in Physical, 27% in Social, and 21% in the Worry subscales. These findings suggest that functional dentition and caries influence older adults' OHQOL, but that ethnicity and immigrant status play a larger role.

Diferencias obstétricas y neonatales entre mujeres autóctonas e inmigrantes

Objetivo: Identificar el perfil epidemiológico obstétrico y neonatal de las gestantes inmigrantes que parieron en el Hospital de Albacete durante los años 2004 y 2005. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado en 1.322 mujeres, 661 inmigrantes y 661 autóctonas. Se seleccionaron variables sociodemográficas, obstétricas y neonatales para ambos colectivos. Se practicó un análisis multivariante para aislar el efecto neto de ser inmigrante en los resultados obstétricos y neonatales. Resultados: El número de partos en inmigrantes se incrementó un 29,5% y supusieron un 12,2% del total de mujeres. No presentan partos de mayor riesgo que las autóctonas. A diferencia de las autóctonas, son más jóvenes y multíparas, y utilizan menos la epidural. Conclusiones: El perfil epidemiológico de los resultados obstétricos y neonatales en inmigrantes es similar al de las autóctonas. El tipo de parto y el ingreso en pediatría no están condicionados por la nacionalidad. Ser joven y multípara son los principales factores de protección.

Invisible work, unseen hazards: the health of women immigrant household service workers in Spain

Backgroud: Household service work has been largely absent from occupational health studies. We examine the occupational hazards and health effects identified by immigrant women household service workers. Methods: Exploratory, descriptive study of 46 documented and undocumented immigrant women in household services in Spain, using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. Data were separated for analysis by documentation status and sorted using a mixed-generation process. In a second phase of analysis, data on psychosocial hazards were organized using the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire as a guide. Results: Informants reported a number of environmental, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards and corresponding health effects. Psychosocial hazards were especially strongly present in data. Data on reported hazards were similar by documentation status and varied by several emerging categories: whether participants were primarily cleaners or carers and whether they lived in or outside of the homes of their employers. Documentation status was relevant in terms of empowerment and bargaining, but did not appear to influence work tasks or exposure to hazards directly. Conclusions:Female immigrant household service workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards that could be acted upon by improved legislation, enforcement, and preventive workplace measures, which are discussed.

Doctors without borders: The returns to an occupational license for Soviet immigrant physicians in Israel

Re-licensing requirements for professionals that move across borders arewidespread. In this paper, we measure the returns to an occupationallicense using novel data on Soviet trained physicians that immigrated toIsrael. An immigrant re-training assignment rule used by the IsraelMinistry of Health provides an exogenous source of variation inre-licensing outcomes. Instrumental variables and quantile treatmenteffects estimates of the returns to an occupational license indicate excesswages due to occupational entry restrictions and negative selectioninto licensing status. We develop a model of optimal license acquisitionwhich suggests that the wages of high-skilled immigrant physicians in thenonphysician sector outweigh the lower direct costs that these immigrantsface in acquiring a medical license. Licensing thus leads to lower averagequality of service. However, the positive earnings effect of entry restrictionsfar outweighs the lower practitioner quality earnings effect that licensinginduces.

Undocumented migrants in Switzerland: geographical origin versus legal status as risk factor for tuberculosis.

Undocumented migrants, meaning migrants without a legal residency permit, come to Geneva from countries with high tuberculosis (TB) incidence. We estimate here whether being undocumented is a determinant of TB, independently of origin. Cross-sectional study including undocumented migrants in a TB screening program in 2002; results were compared to 12,904 age and frequency matched participants in a general TB screening program conducted at various workplaces in Geneva, Switzerland from 1992 to 2002. A total of 206 undocumented migrants (36% male, 64% female, mean age 37.8 years (SD 11.8), 82.5% from Latin America) participated in the TB screening program. Compared to legal residents, undocumented migrants had an adjusted OR for TB-related fibrotic signs of 1.7 (95% CI 0.8;3.7). The OR of TB-related fibrotic signs for Latin American (vs. other) origin was 2.7 (95% CI 1.6;4.7) among legal residents and 5.5 (95% CI 2.8;10.8) among undocumented migrants. Chest X-ray screening identified a higher proportion of TB-related fibrotic signs among Latin Americans, independently of their residency status.

Iron deficiency in infancy: is an immigrant more at risk?

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: Iron deficiency with or without anaemia is the most common deficiency in the world. Its prevalence is higher in developing countries and in low socioeconomic populations. We aimed at determining and comparing the prevalence of iron deficiency in an immigrant and non-immigrant population. METHODS: Every child scheduled for a routine check-up at 12 months of age was allowed to participate in the study. Haemoglobin, ferritin, anthropometric data, familial and nutritional status were measured. RESULTS: 586 infants were eligible and 463 were included in the study as they had assessment data at 12 months. Children were divided into two groups: immigrants' children and non-immigrants' children. The global prevalence of iron deficiency was 5.7% at 12 months. A significant difference for iron deficiency was noticed between the groups at 12 months (p = 0.01). Among risk factors, immigration (odds ratio 2.91; 95% CI 1.05-8.04) and unemployment (odds ratio 6.08; 95% CI 1.18-31.30) had the higher odds in the multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of iron deficiency in the immigrant population is higher than in non-immigrants. Immigration and the category of employment are risk factors for iron deficiency, as starting baby cereals before 9 months is a protective factor. Good socioeconomic conditions in Switzerland, the quality of food for pregnant women and young infants may be the explanation. A study up to five years of age is necessary before drawing general conclusions on infancy.