Early memories,

Includes index.

Characterization and predictors of paranoid ideation in youths

Trabalho apresentado em ICAP 2015: 17th International Conference on Applied Psychology, Session 13, Tokyo, Japan, May 28-29, 2015.

Atacar será a melhor defesa? A influência das experiencias precoces e da paranoia na agressividade dos jovens açorianos

Trabalho apresentado em XIII Congreso Internacional Galego-Portugués de Psicopedagoxía, Área 5 Familia, Escuela y Comunidad. Universidad da Coruña, 2 de Setembro de 2015.

Homo e Heterossexuais: o papel das memórias de vergonha, das memórias precoces de calor e segurança, e qualidade de vinculação ao pai, à mãe e ao par amoroso

As experiências precoces de vergonha, na infância e adolescência, cujas memórias assumem características traumáticas, e de centralidade para a identidade, estão associadas a maior propensão para a vergonha e psicopatologia na adultez. O presente estudo visou clarificar o impacto das características traumáticas e da centralidade, das memórias de vergonha, e das memórias precoces de calor e segurança, na qualidade de vinculação aos pais e ao par amoroso, apreciando a orientação sexual. Nesse sentido, 123 sujeitos, homossexuais masculinos (N = 53) e heterossexuais masculinos e femininos (N = 70), completaram a bateria de questionários de autorresposta, para avaliar as caraterísticas traumáticas e a centralidade das memórias de vergonha, as memórias precoces de calor e segurança, a qualidade de vinculação ao pai, à mãe e ao par amoroso, recolhidos a partir de amostra de conveniência não aleatória da população geral. Os resultados mostram que os homossexuais, comparativamente com os heterossexuais, apresentam níveis mais elevados de caraterísticas traumáticas e de centralidade para a identidade, das memórias de vergonha, a par de níveis inferiores de memórias precoces positivas. As caraterísticas traumáticas e de centralidade, das memórias de vergonha, surgem associadas, com intensidade tendencialmente superior nos homossexuais, à restrição da aquisição de autonomia, conferida pelo pai, à sua desvalorização e à ansiedade de separação materna. O vínculo inseguro, aos progenitores, perpetua-se à adultez e ao par amoroso. Relativamente aos heterossexuais, apurámos que o laço emocional e a ansiedade de separação e dependência, paterna e materna, surgem associados a maior confiança e menor evitamento, respetivamente, ao par amoroso. Paralelamente, a ansiedade de separação e dependência materna surge, ainda, associada a maior dependência daquela figura. Este estudo conclui que as experiências precoces de vergonha, na infância e adolescência, podem funcionar como memórias com caraterísticas traumáticas e autobiográficas, constituir marcos de referência centrais no que concerne à identidade e história de vida, sobretudo em homossexuais, com atribuição de significado a outras experiências de vida, nomeadamente no que respeita à vinculação ao par romântico. / Early experiences of shame, in childhood and adolescence, whose memories assume traumatic characteristics, and centrality to identity, are associated with greater propensity to shame and psychopathology in adulthood. The present study aimed to clarify the impact of traumatic features and centrality to identity of shame memories, and of early memories of warmth and safety, on quality of attachment to parents and the loving couple`s bond, considering sexual orientation. Accordingly, 123 subjects, male homosexuals (N = 53) and male and female (N = 70) heterosexuals, completed the battery of self-report questionnaires, to assess trauma characteristics and centrality of shame memories, early memories of warmth and safeness, quality of attachment to the father, mother and loving couple, collected from a non-random convenience sample from general population. The results point that homosexual men, compared with heterosexuals, show higher levels of traumatic characteristics and centrality to identity of shame memories, along with lower levels of early positive memories. Traumatic characteristics and centrality of shame memories arise associated, tendentiously with higher intensity in homosexuals, to restriction of autonomy`s acquisition, conferred by the father, his devaluation and maternal separation anxiety. The unsecured bond, to parents, perpetuates into adulthood and loving couple. Regarding heterosexuals, we found that emotional bond and separation anxiety and dependency, paternal and maternal, arise associated with greater confidence, and less avoidance, respectively, to the loving couple. Further, separation anxiety and mother`s dependency also appears associated with greater dependency to that figure. This study concludes that early experiences of shame, in childhood and adolescence, might function as memories with traumatic and autobiographical characteristics, produce landmarks of central reference regarding identity and life`s history, particularly in homosexual, with attribution of meaning to other life experiences, particularly in the linking to the romantic couple.

Validação da Escala de Memórias Precoces de Calor e Segurança em Relação ao Grupo de Pares (EMPCS-Pares)

A presente investigação pretendeu validar para a população portuguesa de adolescentes a Escala de Memórias Precoces de Calor e Segurança em Relação ao Grupo de Pares (EMPCSPares) bem como ver cumpridos os seus principais objetivos: 1) Adaptação da escala de memórias precoces de calor e segurança (EMPCS), enquanto medida global, para o contexto de interação com o grupo de pares; 2) Explorar a validade de construto através da análise fatorial exploratória (estudo da dimensionalidade); 3) Analisar a consistência interna do instrumento e explorar a qualidade dos itens; 4) Examinar a validade convergente e divergente através da associação com outras variáveis semelhantes e distintas do construto em análise; 5) Analisar possíveis efeitos das variáveis sociodemográficas, como a idade, género e escolaridade nos resultados da escala, bem como a sua associação com a perceção global de qualidade vida; 6) Comparar as memórias precoces emocionais em função da qualidade de vinculação (segura e insegura). A amostra é constituída por 354 jovens (152 rapazes e 202 raparigas), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 18 anos (M= 15,81; DP = 1,58) a frequentar o ensino básico e secundário do sistema regular de ensino público (7ºano de escolaridade ao 12º ano de escolaridade). Do protocolo constam os seguintes instrumentos: escala de memórias precoces de calor e segurança no contexto familiar (EMPCSFamília) e na interação com o grupo de pares (EMPCSPares); escala de auto-compaixão (SCS-A); escala de vergonha externa (OAS – A); questionário de vinculação (AQ-C); escala de ansiedade, depressão e stress (EADS-21). Os resultados obtidos mostram que a escala tem uma estrutura unidimensional, possui uma excelente consistência interna, uma estabilidade temporal adequada, assim como uma boa validade convergente e divergente. Revelou igualmente discriminar os jovens com uma vinculação segura dos que apresentam uma vinculação insegura. Apesar da necessidade de mais estudos, nomeadamente a realizar em amostras clínicas, a EMPCSPares mostrou ser um instrumento robusto e útil na avaliação de memórias emocionais no contexto de interação com os pares, constituindo um contributo relevante para a investigação e prática clínica com adolescentes. / This research intends to validate for the Portuguese population of adolescents the Early Memories Scale Heat and Safety Relative to Peer Group (EMPCSPares) and see fulfilled its main objectives: 1) The early warm and security memories scale adaptation (EMPCS), as a global measure for the interaction context with the peer group; 2) Explore the construct validity by exploratory factor analysis (study of dimensionality); 3) To analyze the internal consistency of the instrument and explore the quality of the items; 4) Examine the convergent and divergent validity by association with other similar and different variables of the construct in question; 5) Analyze possible effects of sociodemographic variables such as age, gender and education in the scale results, as well as its association with the global perception of quality of life; 6) compare the emotional early memories due to the link quality (secure and insecure). The sample consists of 354 children (152 boys and 202 girls), aged between 12 and 18 years (M = 15.81, SD = 1.58) attending basic and secondary education in the regular public education system (7th grade to 12th grade). The Protocol contains the following instruments: Scale of early heat and security memories in the family context (EMPCSFamily) and interaction with the peer group (EMPCSPairs) ; Self - compassion scale (SCS-A); external shame scale (OAS - A); linking questionnaire (AQ- C) ; scale of anxiety, stress and depression (EADS 21) . The results obtained show that the scale has a one-dimensional structure, has an excellent internal consistency, an adequate temporal stability as well as good convergent and divergent validity. It also showed discriminate young people with a secure attachment of those who have an insecure attachment. Despite the need for further studies, including the conduct of clinical samples, the EMPCSPares proved to be a robust and useful tool in the evaluation of emotional memories in the context of interaction with peers, constituting an important contribution to research and clinical practice with adolescents.

Characterization and Predictors of Paranoid Ideation in Youths

Paranoid ideation is a common thought process that constitutes a defense against perceived social threats. The current study aimed at the characterization of paranoid ideation in youths and to explore the possible predictors involved in the development of paranoid ideations. Paranoid ideation, shame, submission, early childhood memories and current depressive, anxious and stress symptomatology were assessed in a sample of 1516 Portuguese youths. Higher frequencies of paranoid ideation were observed, particularly in females and youths from lower socioeconomic status. The main predictors identified relates to submissive behaviors and adverse childhood experiences, and especially to shame feelings. The current study emphasizes that the predictors are similar to findings in adults and clinical populations, and future implications to research and clinical practice aiming at paranoid ideations are discussed, as well as the pertinence of the study of mediating factors that allow a wider understanding of this thought process in younger populations and the prevention of psychopathology in adulthood.

Aprendizaje durante la ontogenia temprana: Estudio de la participación del sistema opioide en la modulación de aprendizajes mediados por el etanol. LEARNING AND EARLY ONTOGENY: ANALYSIS OF THE INVOLVEMENT OF OPIOID SYSTEM IN FETAL AND INFANTILE ETHANOL-MEDIATED EXPERIENCIES.

Este plan de trabajos es continuidad de una línea de investigación centrada en evaluar los mecanismos responsables de la adquisición, expresión y persistencia de experiencias con el etanol. A partir de ello, indagar acerca de los efectos de esta experiencia sobre comportamientos de búsqueda y autoadministración de etanol en neonatos e infantes de rata. Se pretende analizar la participación del sistema opiáceo en los mecanismos implicados en una memoria fetal y/o infantil, generada como consecuencia de la exposición etílica. En una primera etapa, nos proponemos establecer de qué manera experiencias prenatales con la droga modulan el patrón de auto-administración de alcohol y otros reforzadores, como sacarosa. En este primer bloque de experimentos realizaremos manipulaciones fetales para determinar con mayor grado de especificidad la posible acción del sistema opiáceo en los mecanismos de adquisición de una memoria etílica prenatal. Se realizarán administraciones de etanol y el antagonista opiáceo, directamente a nivel fetal, y se evaluará esta experiencia en un paradigma de condicionamiento neonatal positivo, mediado por la droga. De acuerdo a la evidencia previa, esperamos que la exposición prenatal con la droga facilite la expresión de conductas de consumo y búsqueda del etanol o hacia las claves que señalizan al psicotrópico, tanto durante la infancia como en el neonato. A su vez, cuando la droga es presentada bajo los efectos de un antagonista opiáceo esperamos que estas conductas muestren un perfil similar a las desplegadas por sujetos controles. El segundo bloque de experimentos ha sido ideado con el objeto de indagar acerca de la posible participación del sistema opiáceo en la modulación de los aspectos reforzantes de la droga, a través de un esquema de auto-administración etílica infantil. Se utilizará un paradigma de condicionamiento instrumental adaptado para ratas infantes que consta de dos instancias, una de adquisición de la conducta instrumental (DPs 14-17) en la cual los animales reciben un pulso de refuerzo, como consecuencia de la ejecución de la conducta operante. En una segunda fase se analiza el patrón de búsqueda del reforzador ya que se registra la respuesta instrumental, sin que ocurra el refuerzo por la misma. Para analizar la participación del sistema opiáceo, durante la fase de adquisición de la conducta operante (DPs 16 y 17) los animales serán re-expuestos a mínimas cantidades del reforzador, bajo los efectos de un antagonista opiáceo, momentos previos al ensayo instrumental correspondiente para cada uno de estos días (Exp. 3). Esperamos que el bloqueo del sistema opiáceo, durante esta re-exposición al etanol, sea suficiente para disminuir el patrón de respuesta instrumental hacia el refuerzo etílico. Un último experimento incorporará un tercer evento de re-exposición al etanol -bajo los efectos del antagonista- previo al ensayo de extinción de la conducta instrumental (DP 18). Este nuevo evento tiene por objeto analizar la participación de este sistema neurobiológico en los mecanismos de búsqueda de etanol. Si el sistema opiáceo participa en la modulación de patrones tanto de búsqueda como consumatorios del reforzamiento por etanol, se espera que la re-exposición a la droga bajo los efectos del antagonista, inhiba estas respuestas tanto durante la sesión de adquisición, como de extinción de la conducta operante. Este proyecto intenta profundizar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos que regulan reconocimiento, aceptación, búsqueda y consumo de etanol, como consecuencia de experiencias tempranas con la droga. A su vez, es importante identificar y estudiar los sistemas neurobiológicos involucrados en estos mecanismos. Es por ello que se intenta determinar el rol que ejerce el sistema opiáceo en la adquisición de estas experiencias etílicas a nivel fetal e infantil, que se conoce promueven la búsqueda y el consumo de la droga. Our work is directed to analyze the involvement of the opioid system in the generation of pre- and early postnatal ethanol-related memories. As a first step, maternal manipulations with ethanol will be done. Infants will be evaluated in a paradigm of infantile self-administration of different reinforcers (ethanol, sucrose or water), employing a model of operant conditioning adapted to infant rats. A second experiment will be conducted in order to analyze if a central administration of ethanol, directly to the fetus, modifies subsequent patterns of neonatal conditioned responses to an artificial nipple, mediated by ethanol reinforcing effects. Fetal presentation of ethanol will be accompanied with the injection of an opioid antagonist in order to analyze the involvement of this system in acquisition processes of a fetal ethanol-mediated memory. A second set of studies will be conducted to analyze appetitive and consummatory behaviors in an infant model of ethanol self-administration. Involvement of opioid system in the acquisition or expression of this experience will be also inquired. Infant rats (PDs14-17) have to display a target behavior (nose-poke) to gain access to 5% sucrose or 3.75% ethanol. On PD18 an extinction session will be included. At PDs16-17, 6-hr before training, pups will be re-exposed to ethanol under opioid antagonism effects (naloxone). In a follow up experiment, a re-exposure trial will be included at PD18. Prior extinction, pups will receive naloxone and will be re-exposed to ethanol. We aim to observe if opioid system is modulating etha¬nol reinforcing effects, in terms of both appetitive and consummatory behaviors.

The efficacy of single-trial multisensory memories.

This review article summarizes evidence that multisensory experiences at one point in time have long-lasting effects on subsequent unisensory visual and auditory object recognition. The efficacy of single-trial exposure to task-irrelevant multisensory events is its ability to modulate memory performance and brain activity to unisensory components of these events presented later in time. Object recognition (either visual or auditory) is enhanced if the initial multisensory experience had been semantically congruent and can be impaired if this multisensory pairing was either semantically incongruent or entailed meaningless information in the task-irrelevant modality, when compared to objects encountered exclusively in a unisensory context. Processes active during encoding cannot straightforwardly explain these effects; performance on all initial presentations was indistinguishable despite leading to opposing effects with stimulus repetitions. Brain responses to unisensory stimulus repetitions differ during early processing stages (-100 ms post-stimulus onset) according to whether or not they had been initially paired in a multisensory context. Plus, the network exhibiting differential responses varies according to whether or not memory performance is enhanced or impaired. The collective findings we review indicate that multisensory associations formed via single-trial learning exert influences on later unisensory processing to promote distinct object representations that manifest as differentiable brain networks whose activity is correlated with memory performance. These influences occur incidentally, despite many intervening stimuli, and are distinguishable from the encoding/learning processes during the formation of the multisensory associations. The consequences of multisensory interactions that persist over time to impact memory retrieval and object discrimination.

The role of auditory cortices in the retrieval of single-trial auditory-visual object memories.

Single-trial encounters with multisensory stimuli affect both memory performance and early-latency brain responses to visual stimuli. Whether and how auditory cortices support memory processes based on single-trial multisensory learning is unknown and may differ qualitatively and quantitatively from comparable processes within visual cortices due to purported differences in memory capacities across the senses. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) as healthy adults (n = 18) performed a continuous recognition task in the auditory modality, discriminating initial (new) from repeated (old) sounds of environmental objects. Initial presentations were either unisensory or multisensory; the latter entailed synchronous presentation of a semantically congruent or a meaningless image. Repeated presentations were exclusively auditory, thus differing only according to the context in which the sound was initially encountered. Discrimination abilities (indexed by d') were increased for repeated sounds that were initially encountered with a semantically congruent image versus sounds initially encountered with either a meaningless or no image. Analyses of ERPs within an electrical neuroimaging framework revealed that early stages of auditory processing of repeated sounds were affected by prior single-trial multisensory contexts. These effects followed from significantly reduced activity within a distributed network, including the right superior temporal cortex, suggesting an inverse relationship between brain activity and behavioural outcome on this task. The present findings demonstrate how auditory cortices contribute to long-term effects of multisensory experiences on auditory object discrimination. We propose a new framework for the efficacy of multisensory processes to impact both current multisensory stimulus processing and unisensory discrimination abilities later in time.

The Role of Sleep in the Selective Reconsolidation of Declarative Memories

While sleep has been shown to be involved in memory consolidation and the selective enhancement of newly acquired memories of future relevance (Wilhelm, et al., 2011), limited research has investigated the role of sleep or future relevance in processes of memory reconsolidation. The current research employed a list-method directed forgetting procedure in which participants learned two lists of syllable pairs on Night 1 and received directed forgetting instructions on Night 2. On Night 2, one group (Labile; n = 15) received a memory reactivation treatment consisting of reminders designed to return memories of the learned lists to a labile state. A second group (Stable, n = 16) received similar reminders designed to leave memories of the learned lists in their stable state. No differences in forgetting were found across the two lists or groups. However, a negative correlation between frontal delta (1 – 4 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) power during Early Stage 2 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and forgetting of to-beremembered material was found exclusively in the Labile group (r = -.61, p < .05). Further, central theta (4 – 8 Hz ) EEG power during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was found to correlate with directed forgetting exclusively in the Labile group (r = .81, p < .001) and total forgetting in the Stable group (r = .50, p < .05). These observed relationships support the proposed hypothesis suggesting that sleep processes are involved in the reconsolidation of labile memories, and that this reconsolidation may be selective for memories of future relevance. A role for sleep in the beneficial reprocessing of memories through the selective reconsolidation of labile memories in NREM sleep and the weakening of memories in REM sleep is discussed.

Unwanted memories of assault: what intrusion characteristics are associated with PTSD?

Intrusive memories are common in the immediate aftermath of traumatic events, but neither their presence or frequency are good predictors of the persistence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Two studies of assault survivors, a cross-sectional study (N = 81) and a 6-month prospective longitudinal study (N = 73), explored whether characteristics of the intrusive memories improve the prediction. Intrusion characteristics were assessed with an Intrusion Interview and an Intrusion Provocation Task. The distress caused by the intrusions, their "here and now" quality, and their lack of a context predicted PTSD severity. The presence of intrusive memories only explained 9% of the variance of PTSD severity at 6 months after assault. Among survivors with intrusions, intrusion frequency only explained 8% of the variance of PTSD symptom severity at 6 months. Nowness, distress and lack of context explained an additional 43% of the variance. These intrusion characteristics also predicted PTSD severity at 6 months over and above what could be predicted from PTSD diagnostic status at initial assessment. Further predictors of PTSD severity were rumination about. the intrusive memories, and the ease and persistence with which intrusive memories could be triggered by photographs depicting assaults. The results have implications for the early identification of trauma survivors at risk of chronic PTSD. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Experience-dependent upregulation of multiple plasticity factors in the hippocampus during early REM sleep

Sleep is beneficial to learning, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) proposes that the cognitive function of sleep is related to a generalized rescaling of synaptic weights to intermediate levels, due to a passive downregulation of plasticity mechanisms. A competing hypothesis proposes that the active upscaling and downscaling of synaptic weights during sleep embosses memories in circuits respectively activated or deactivated during prior waking experience, leading to memory changes beyond rescaling. Both theories have empirical support but the experimental designs underlying the conflicting studies are not congruent, therefore a consensus is yet to be reached. To advance this issue, we used real-time PCR and electrophysiological recordings to assess gene expression related to synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and primary somatosensory cortex of rats exposed to novel objects, then kept awake (WK) for 60 min and finally killed after a 30 min period rich in WK, slow-wave sleep (SWS) or rapid-eye-movement sleep (REM). Animals similarly treated but not exposed to novel objects were used as controls. We found that the mRNA levels of Arc, Egr1, Fos, Ppp2ca and Ppp2r2d were significantly increased in the hippocampus of exposed animals allowed to enter REM, in comparison with control animals. Experience-dependent changes during sleep were not significant in the hippocampus for Bdnf, Camk4, Creb1, and Nr4a1, and no differences were detected between exposed and control SWS groups for any of the genes tested. No significant changes in gene expression were detected in the primary somatosensory cortex during sleep, in contrast with previous studies using longer post-stimulation intervals (>180 min). The experience-dependent induction of multiple plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus during early REM adds experimental support to the synaptic embossing theory.

Integrating Visual and Verbal Literacies in the Early Childhood Classroom

Young children have the strong desire to use all of the communicative tools their cultures and families offer them. They want to be able to do all of the things that the powerful people they admire can do, including talking, writing, drawing, using the computer, and otherwise creating and sharing ideas, memories, solutions, even jokes and feelings. Today, we live in a time when the communicative tools are changing rapidly, practically exploding before our eyes in terms of the formats and media available to us in complex combinations not seen before. What do these technological changes mean for how we can support children's development toward literacy? An integrated arts curriculum has long been favored by many educators, but today there are more reasons than ever to implement such a philosophy. From communications theory comes a new understanding of how modern technologies demand that children learn to "read" and "write" messages involving complex combinations and integrations of visual and verbal formats. From psychology come insights about intelligence being multiple not unitary, as well as ecological perception theory offering a well-accepted framework for analyzing the affordances and expressive possibilities of different media. From education come fresh approaches to integrated curriculum, including a philosophy and pedagogy from Reggio Emilia, Italy, that combines well with current thinking by North Americans. Altogether, we have many rationales and exciting strategies at hand for launching young children toward an integrated visual and verbal literacy that involves substance, challenge, and discipline, as well as innovation, creativity, and freedom.

Reversible inactivation of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis induces disruption of cortical acetylcholine release and acquisition, but not retrieval, of aversive memories

The basal forebrain complex, which includes the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM), provides widespread cholinergic and γ-aminobutyric acid-containing projections throughout the brain, including the insular and pyriform cortices. A number of studies have implicated the cholinergic neurons in the mediation of learning and memory processes. However, the role of basal forebrain activity in information retrieval mechanisms is less known. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of reversible inactivation of the NBM by tetrodotoxin (TTX, a voltage-sensitive sodium channel blocker) during the acquisition and retrieval of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and to measure acetylcholine (ACh) release during TTX inactivation in the insular cortex, by means of the microdialysis technique in free-moving rats. Bilateral infusion of TTX in the NBM was performed 30 min before the presentation of gustative stimuli, in either the CTA acquisition trial or retrieval trial. At the same time, levels of extracellular ACh release were measured in the insular cortex. The behavioral results showed significant impairment in CTA acquisition when the TTX was infused in the NBM, whereas retrieval was not affected when the treatment was given during the test trial. Biochemical results showed that TTX infusion into the NBM produced a marked decrease in cortical ACh release as compared with the controls during consumption of saccharin in the acquisition trial. Depleted ACh levels were found during the test trial in all groups except in the group that received TTX during acquisition. These results suggest a cholinergic-dependent process during acquisition, but not during memory retrieval, and that NBM-mediated cholinergic cortical release may play an important role in early stages of learning, but not during recall of aversive memories.