Evaluation of ventilation requirements and energy consumption in existing New York City school buildings /

Includes bibliographical references.

Le développement de l'instruction publique catholique à Magog : ses rapports avec le processus d'industrialisation, 1879-1943

La présente étude présente un exemple concret du développement d'une commission scolaire en fonction de l'amorce du processus d'industrialisation dans une ville des Cantons de l'Est, Magog. L'étude débute avec l'école catholique dissidente en 1879, un peu avant la mise en place du processus d'industrialisation à Magog. La recherche s'arrête en 1943, date de la loi sur la fréquentation scolaire obligatoire au Québec. Les conséquences démographiques issues de l'industrialisation viennent transformer considérablement le visage ethnique et religieux de Magog. Principalement constituée d'Américains protestants, la population magogoise subit une intense transformation ethnique et religieuse entre 1881 et 1891. De protestante et anglophone qu'elle était jusqu'alors, elle devient majoritairement catholique et francophone en moins de dix ans. L'appareil scolaire en place n'est pas sans subir l'impact de ces profonds changements. D'abord conçu pour une clientèle enfantine protestante, il s'adapte en fonction des nouveaux arrivants en créant une branche dissidente catholique en 1879. Les dissidents catholiques, à leur tour, s'organisent en commission scolaire en 1890. Afin de considérer le développement scolaire de Magog comme une phase de l'évolution d'une localité, l'étude est centrée autour de la problématique suivante: quels sont les principaux obstacles qui ont exercé une influence sur le développement scolaire de Magog? Basée essentiellement sur des sources quantitatives et qualitatives variées de la Commission scolaire de Memphrémagog, états financiers, registres d'appel, procès-verbaux et correspondance, notre démarche est de reconstituer le passer administratif de la corporation scolaire: ses ressources humaines, matérielles et financières, ses clientèles, ses services. L'objectif visé ici est de vérifier et caractériser la capacité d'adaptation de la commission scolaire face à des situations comme les hausses de clientèles, le développement des quartiers, les relations entre l'usine textile et les jeunes travailleurs et enfin, la nature des rapports entre les décideurs et les membres de la communauté locale. Le mémoire est divisé en quatre chapitres. Le premier chapitre consiste à situer notre démarche à l'intérieur des courants ou tendances en histoire de l'éducation au Québec. Un rapide survol de l'historiographie nous a permis d'identifier notre démarche à un courant historiographique nouveau et issu d'historiens ontariens insatisfaits de l'approche radicale du contrôle social qui a sous-estimé, aux yeux de certains, le rôle effectif des régions dans le développement de l'Instruction publique. Cette nouvelle approche théorique met donc l'accent sur le rôle important des communautés locales dans l'organisation des structures scolaires. Aussi, l'apport de la sociologie de l'éducation et de la théorie générale des systèmes (approche systémique) nous a permis d'axer notre étude non pas en regard d'un seul point d'intérêt, mais surtout à partir de l'interaction soutenue entre les différentes factions ou acteurs afin de faire évoluer le système scolaire en fonction de besoins manifestes de la communauté locale ou issus de politiques étatiques. Une deuxième partie du chapitre est consacrée au contexte historique qui met en place les structures éducatives sur le territoire. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à identifier les principaux acteurs qui oeuvrent au sein du système. Avec la création du régime municipal et de l'élargissement de ses pouvoirs dans la commission scolaire, l'État décentralise une bonne partie de l'administration scolaire et précise son rôle d'organisme subventionnaire aux corporations scolaires. Regroupés autour de leur commission scolaire, enfants, parents et citoyens contribuent à accroître les besoins scolaires. Pour équilibrer cette demande, le Conseil des commissaires oriente ses politiques vers un juste milieu entre les orientations gouvernementales, ses ressources matérielles et l'implication personnelle de chacun des commissaires. Le rôle de l'Église et de la petite bourgeoisie a contribué à concentrer l'effort du progrès de l'éducation vers des secteurs privilégiés de la ville, ne tenant pas toujours compte des besoins scolaires réels de l'ensemble de la population. Le chapitre IH présente le portrait concret du partage entre l'État et les communautés locales dans le financement du réseau public d'éducation et introduit un nouvel acteur dans le système: le milieu industriel local. Après une étude sur les revenus, les dépenses et les emprunts, il est démontré clairement que la communauté locale finance presque à elle seule les écoles publiques de Magog: 90% des recettes totales de la commission scolaire provient des contribuables catholiques. Les subventions du DIP sont nettement en-deçà de ce que l'État se proposait de soutenir au XIXe siècle (une subvention égale au montant total perçu en taxes scolaires). Un regard sur l'attitude des conseillers municipaux à accorder des arrangements politico-économiques à l'usine textile nous a permis d'identifier des conséquences non négligeables dans la perception des taxes scolaires de l'usine. Dans la période où l'usine textile demande des exemptions et commutations de taxes (de 1894 à 1943), les élus municipaux rajustent (ou conservent) l'évaluation du complexe industriel à une fraction seulement de l'évaluation réelle, ne tenant pas ainsi compte des nombreux ajouts et constructions qui affectent à la hausse l'évaluation foncière de la compagnie. Résultat: les commissaires catholiques ne perçoivent pas les sommes réelles qui leur sont dues. Cette disparité fiscale n'est pas sans affecter la commission scolaire aux prises avec de lourds emprunts issus des nombreuses constructions scolaires pour accueillir les enfants des nouveaux arrivants. L'étude des modalités du développement scolaire (quatrième chapitre) nous a permis de mettre en lumière la nature des rapports entre factions de la communauté locale et leurs représentants au Conseil des commissaires. Une étude sur les revendications et les affrontements entre les résidents du quartier ouvrier et membres du Conseil nous a permis de voir que les commissaires d'école ne prennent pas toujours les décisions politiques adéquates pour répondre aux besoins scolaires de la ville. L'appartenance sociale et géographique des commissaires justifient les priorités adoptées et qui se traduisent par un souci pour les écoles du centre-ville et particulièrement des garçons, plutôt que dans le quartier ouvrier, là où se manifestent depuis longtemps des besoins scolaires de plus en plus criants.

Reading the environment : narrative constructions of ecological subjectivities in Australian children's literature

Ways in which humans engage with the environment have always provided a rich source of material for writers and illustrators of Australian children's literature. Currently, readers are confronted with a multiplicity of complex, competing and/or complementing networks of ideas, theories and emotions that provide narratives about human engagement with the environment at a particular historical moment. This study, entitled Reading the Environment: Narrative Constructions of Ecological Subjectivities in Australian Children's Literature, examines how a representative sample of Australian texts (19 picture books and 4 novels for children and young adults published between 1995 and 2006) constructs fictional ecological subjects in the texts, and offers readers ecological subject positions inscribed with contemporary environmental ideologies. The conceptual framework developed in this study identifies three ideologically grounded positions that humans may assume when engaging with the environment. None of these positions clearly exists independently of any other, nor are they internally homogeneous. Nevertheless they can be categorised as: (i) human dominion over the environment with little regard for environmental degradation (unrestrained anthropocentrism); (ii) human consideration for the environment driven by understandings that humans need the environment to survive (restrained anthropocentrism); and (iii) human deference towards the environment guided by understandings that humans are no more important than the environment (ecocentrism). iv The transdisciplinary methodological approach to textual analysis used in this thesis draws on ecocriticism, narrative theories, visual semiotics, ecofeminism and postcolonialism to discuss the difficulties and contradictions in the construction of the positions offered. Each chapter of textual analysis focuses on the construction of subjectivities in relation to one of the positions identified in the conceptual framework. Chapter 5 is concerned with how texts highlight the negative consequences of human dominion over the environment, or, in the words of this study, living with ecocatastrophe. Chapter 6 examines representations of restrained anthropocentrism in its contemporary form, that is, sustainability. Chapter 7 examines representations of ecocentrism, a radical position with inherent difficulties of representation. According to the analysis undertaken, the focus texts convey the subtleties and complexities of human engagement with the environment and advocate ways of viewing and responding to contemporary unease about the environment. The study concludes that these ways of viewing and responding conform to and/or challenge dominant socio-cultural and political-economic opinions regarding the environment. This study, the first extended work of its kind, makes an original contribution to ecocritical study of Australian children's literature. By undertaking a comprehensive analysis of how texts for children represent human engagement with the environment at a time when important environmental concerns pose significant threats to human existence, I hope to contribute new knowledge to an area of children's literature research that to date has been significantly under-represented.

Management strategies to harness cultural diversity on Australian constructions sites : a social identity perspective

Construction sites around the world employ large numbers of people from diverse cultural backgrounds. The effective management of this cultural diversity has important implications for the productivity, safety, health and welfare of construction workers and for the performance and reputation of firms which employ them. The findings of a three year, multi-staged study of cultural diversity management practices on construction sites are critiqued using social identity theory. This reveals that so called "best-practice" diversity management strategies may have an opposite effect to that intended. It is concluded that the management of diversity on construction projects would benefit from being informed by social identity research.

Social moralities and discursive constructions of female sex offenders

This article explores legal, scholarly and social responses to women identified as sex offenders. While much has been written on the male paedophile, rapist and sex offender, little research has been done on the role of gender and sexuality in sex offending. This article examines the ways in which the female sex offender is currently theorized and the discourses surrounding policy, legislative and media responses to their crimes. We identify contradictory public discourses where perceptions of female child abusers in particular often succumb to moral panic, in spite of many such offenders being given lenient sentences for their crimes. An examination of the discursive construction of female child abusers suggests that these contradictions are informed by underlying assumptions concerning harm and subjectivity in sex crimes. In exploring these contradictions we illustrate the ways in which such discourses are impacted by social moralities, and how social moralities construct offender and victim subjectivities differently, based on differences in gender, age and sexuality.

Constructions of children's needs in informal kinship care in rural China

Kinship care is the oldest form of alternative child care in the world. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the number of children being placed in kinship care across Western countries. However, in contrast to rapid knowledge advances about formal kinship care, far less is known about the needs of children in informal kinship care, especially in Asian contexts. This thesis and the study upon which it is formed sought to redress this knowledge gap. Qualitative approach was adopted to explore social constructions of children in informal kinship care in rural China. Parents in China seeking work in cities have left behind around 58 million rural children, mostly with relatives and without the involvement of the state. The present study examined caregivers’ and school personnel’s understandings of these school-age children’s needs through semi-structured interviews with 23 kin caregivers and five school personnel in Shijiapu Town, Jilin Province, China. The central question that guided the whole study is: What are the needs of children in informal kinship care in rural Jilin Province, China? Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to categorise and interpret the qualitative data. Based on participants’ constructions, this study developed a need model with eight themes. They are: (1) emotional needs and mental health, (2) relationships, (3) empowerment and agency, (4) safety, (5) education, (6) basic care, (7) physical health, and (8) personal development. These needs are grounded in the Chinese context, and therefore a good understanding of Chinese culture is essential to address them. The first four needs particularly capture children’s separations from their parents, and the rest are more general, and can be applied to most Chinese children. To meet the most important need for children left behind, namely education, these caregivers determined that others needs sometimes have to be compromised. Children left behind are a vulnerable group in contemporary rural China, and their diverse needs are attended to by several groups. This study found that as children’s closest kin while their parents are away, caregivers play a vital role in salving the children’s emotional loss. Caregivers’ love and familial obligations strongly motivate them to care for these children, and sensitivity to social stigma makes them strive to show their love and care to compensate for perceived differences between these children and their peers. Caregivers’ efforts to make children happy, however, were sometimes criticised by some school personnel, who see this as spoiling. The conflicting viewpoint between caregivers and school personnel indicate their different roles and perceptions in children’s lives, and the latter influence these children in a more authoritative way. Informal kinship care has several advantages of addressing children’s needs, especially their needs for emotional bonds with family. Community-based kin networks provide children with both emotional and material support. However, these advantages sometimes are restricted by caregivers’ child rearing capacity. Having developed a model of the needs of children left behind in China, this study suggests that caregivers, school personnel and government social services work in harmony to be child-centred and meet these children’s diverse needs. The unmet needs of children left behind mainly result from unbalanced development between urban and rural China, therefore, it is imperative to enhance state policies and programs that improve wellbeing for this growing part of China’s people.

Constructions of asylum seekers and refugees in Australian political discourse

Immigration to Australia has long been the focus of negative political interest. In recent times, the proposal of exclusionary policies such as the Malaysia Deal in 2011 has fuelled further debate. In these debates, Federal politicians often describe asylum seekers and refugees as ‘illegal’, ‘queue jumpers’, and ‘boat people’. This paper investigates how the political discourse constructs asylum seekers and refugees during debates surrounding the Malaysia Deal in the Federal Parliament of Australia in 2011. Hansard Parliamentary debates were analysed to identify the underlying themes and constructions that permeate political discourse about asylum seekers and refugees. This paper argues that a dichotomous characterisation of legitimacy pervades their construction with this group constructed either as legitimate humanitarian refugees or as illegitimate ‘boat arrivals’. These constructions result in the misrepresentation of asylum seekers as illegitimate, undermining their right to protection under Australia’s laws and international obligations. This construction also represents a shift in federal political discourse from constructing asylum seekers as a border or security threat, towards an increasing preoccupation with this categorisation of people as legitimate, or illegitimate.

Constructions of cheating immune secret sharing

The work addresses the problem of cheating prevention in secret sharing. Two cheating scenarios are considered. In the first one, the cheaters always submit invalid shares to the combiner. In the second one, the cheaters collectively decide which shares are to be modified so the combiner gets a mixture of valid and invalid shares from the cheaters. The secret scheme is said to be k-cheating immune if any group of k cheaters has no advantage over honest participants. The paper investigates cryptographic properties of the defining function of secret sharing so the scheme is k-cheating immune. Constructions of secret sharing immune against k cheaters are given.

New constructions of anonymous membership broadcasting schemes

An anonymous membership broadcast scheme is a method in which a sender broadcasts the secret identity of one out of a set of n receivers, in such a way that only the right receiver knows that he is the intended receiver, while the others can not determine any information about this identity (except that they know that they are not the intended ones). In a w-anonymous membership broadcast scheme no coalition of up to w receivers, not containing the selected receiver, is able to determine any information about the identity of the selected receiver. We present two new constructions of w-anonymous membership broadcast schemes. The first construction is based on error-correcting codes and we show that there exist schemes that allow a flexible choice of w while keeping the complexities for broadcast communication, user storage and required randomness polynomial in log n,. The second construction is based on the concept of collision-free arrays, which is introduced in this paper. The construction results in more flexible schemes, allowing trade-offs between different complexities.

To see and be seen : cinematic constructions of gender and spectatorship in contemporary screen-based art

To See and Be Seen: Cinematic Constructions of Gender and Spectatorship in Contemporary Screen-Based Art addresses how gendered representation can be structured within visual art practice through a series of creative moving-image works. Using the aesthetic language of French New Wave cinema as its primary point of departure, this research project investigates how gendered representations are constructed by cinematic language. In doing this, it proposes latent possibilities present within the dominant gaze created by patriarchal relations of power. This project, in a series of creative works, demonstrates how the 'masculine' authorial gaze is learnt culturally, and by examining the gendered syntax of film, reveals how this can be recontextualised by the female artist.

Strange and stranger ruralities: Social constructions of rural crime in Australia

Rural crime has largely been understood through social disorganization theory. The dominance of this perspective has meant that most research into rural crime has tried to resolve perceived strains in communities, rather than analyze how social problems are constituted in rural places. Using Elias and Scotson's (1994) account of established-outsider relations, the paper examines how the organizational capacity of specific social groups is significant in determining the quality of crime-talk and responses to crime in isolated and rural settings. In particular social 'oldness' and notions of what constitutes 'community' are significant in determining what activities and individuals or groups are marked as features of crime-talk in these settings.

'Genuine' refugees or illegitimate 'boat people' : political constructions of asylum seekers and refugees in the Malaysia Deal debate

Immigration to Australia has long been the focus of negative political interest. In recent times, the proposal of exclusionary policies such as the Malaysia Deal in 2011 has fuelled further debate. In these debates, Federal politicians often describe asylum seekers and refugees as ‘illegal’, ‘queue jumpers’, and ‘boat people’. This article examines the political construction of asylum seekers and refugees during debates surrounding the Malaysia Deal in the Federal Parliament of Australia. Hansard parliamentary debates were analysed to identify the underlying themes and constructions that permeate political discourse about asylum seekers and refugees. We argue that asylum seekers arriving in Australia by boat were constructed as threatening to Australia’s national identity and border security, and were labelled as ‘illegitimate’. A dichotomous characterisation of legitimacy pervades the discourse about asylum seekers, with this group constructed either as legitimate humanitarian refugees or as illegitimate ‘boat arrivals’. Parliamentarians apply the label of legitimacy based on implicit criteria concerning the mode of arrival of asylum seekers, their respect for the so-called ‘queue’, and their ability to pay to travel to Australia. These constructions result in the misrepresentation of asylum seekers as illegitimate, undermining their right to protection under Australia’s laws and international obligations.