Inside the competences evaluation, the stress tolerance of students. An empirical study based on conservation of resources theory

Competence development is considered a preventive strategy of burnout. At an organizational context some competences could be linked as precursors or consequences. In self-assessment of competence development, students perceive stress tolerance as a priority competence to ameliorate. Moreover employers and recruitment consultants agree that this is a new authentic challenge for organizations. The main reasons of this result are debated, this study should consider the importance of competence development from a holistic point of view. In addition it considers the exploration of the relationship between stress tolerance and competence development, according to Conservation Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll 1988, 1989, 1998, 2004) where the resource loss is considered the principal component in the stress process

La santé psychologique au travail : une modélisation ancrée dans la théorie de la conservation des ressources

Si la santé psychologique au travail retient de plus en plus l’attention de la communauté scientifique et des milieux de pratique, certains aspects du phénomène restent néanmoins à explorer. Notamment, les études se sont peu attardées au fonctionnement de l’individu dans l’organisation, focalisant plutôt sur les expériences subjectives associées au bien-être et à la détresse psychologiques. En outre, l’état des connaissances sur les mécanismes sous-jacents à la santé psychologique au travail demeure embryonnaire. Faute d’écrits sur la question, la compréhension du construit s’avère partielle. Devant ce constat, la présente thèse vise à modéliser la santé psychologique au travail en y intégrant des indicateurs du fonctionnement de l’employé. Dans cette optique, cinq études, regroupées en deux articles, ont été menées auprès de quatre échantillons indépendants (Article 1 : NA = 296, NB = 350, NC = 139; Article 2 : NB = 330, NC = 128; ND = 389). Le premier article a pour objet de développer une conceptualisation et une mesure du fonctionnement de l’individu dans l’organisation. Prenant appui sur les travaux en socialisation organisationnelle et sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), l’ajustement cognitif au travail est proposé à titre d’indicateur additionnel de la santé psychologique au travail. Des analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires, de même que des analyses de cohérence interne, d’invariance temporelle et de régression, confirment les qualités psychométriques de l’instrumentation et étayent la validité de l’ajustement cognitif au travail comme indicateur de la santé psychologique au travail. Le second article s’appuie sur la conceptualisation du fonctionnement de l’employé présentée dans le premier article pour tester une modélisation de la santé psychologique au travail. Se fondant sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001), la santé psychologique au travail est modélisée comme un processus incluant quatre indicateurs, soit le bien-être psychologique, la détresse psychologique, l’ajustement cognitif et les réponses comportementales de stress au travail. Deux mécanismes distincts sont mis de l’avant pour expliquer les relations unissant les indicateurs positifs de santé psychologique au travail (c.-à-d., le bien-être psychologique et l’ajustement cognitif) et celles caractérisant les indicateurs négatifs (c.-à-d., la détresse psychologique et les réponses comportementales de stress). Des analyses acheminatoires et d’invariance transculturelle révèlent la présence des deux mécanismes et montrent que, au-delà de l’influence des demandes en emploi, le bien-être psychologique exerce un effet médiateur sur la relation positive entre des ressources personnelles (c.-à-d., optimisme et résilience) et organisationnelle (c.-à-d., climat de travail) et l’ajustement cognitif au travail. Les résultats mettent également en exergue le rôle médiateur de la détresse psychologique sur la relation négative entre les mêmes ressources et les réponses comportementales de stress au travail. Une discussion générale précise la portée des résultats présentés dans le cadre des deux articles.

Uneasy lies the head that bears the trust:the effects of feeling trusted on emotional exhaustion

The construct of feeling trusted reflects the perception that another party is willing to accept vulnerability to one's actions. Although this construct has received far less attention than trusting, the consensus is that believing their supervisors trust them has benefits for employees' job performance. Our study challenges that consensus by arguing that feeling trusted can be exhausting for employees. Drawing on Stevan Hobfoll's conservation of resources theory, we develop a model in which feeling trusted fills an employee with pride a benefit for exhaustion and performance while also increasing perceived workload and concerns about reputation maintenance burdens for exhaustion and performance. We test our model in a field study using a sample of public transit bus drivers in London, England. Our results suggest that feeling trusted is a double-edged sword for job performance, bringing with it both benefits and burdens. Given that recommendations for managers generally encourage placing trust in employees, these results have important practical implications.

Exploring Perceived Employability of University Students and Graduates

Employability represents a critical resource for new entrants in the labour market to deal with fragile employment prospects and have a psychologically sustainable transition to work. Although research has devoted remarkable attention to Employability in Higher Education, more empirical research is needed to investigate it. This dissertation aimed to deepen the understanding of Employability among Italian university students and graduates, focusing on Perceived Employability, considered a personal resource within the Conservation of Resources Theory. Three studies conducted with students and graduates who completed an online questionnaire investigated some underexplored aspects of Perceveid Employability. Study 1—a two-wave time-lagged study with 223 students—tested whether Support from Teaching staff and Career Engagement influence Perceived Employability. Study 2—a three-wave time-lagged study with 158 students and graduates— tests whether Job Interview Self-efficacy predicts Perceived Employability and whether Career Identity predicts this relationship. Studies 1 and 2 investigate Perceived Employability psychological outcomes, namely Confidence in Career future and Psychological Well-being. In both studies, a mediating role of Perceived Employability connecting its antecedents and consequences is posited. Study 3—a three-wave longitudinal study with 376 students and graduates—tested the reciprocal relationships between Perceived Employability and Psychological well-being. The data confirmed the expected relationships, providing a noteworthy theoretical contribution. Studies 1 and 2 expand the knowledge of Perceived Employability antecedents, stressing contextual and career self-management factors. Moreover, Perceived Employability also appears to have a positive psychological impact, confirming its benefits for new entrants. Study 3 shows that Perceived Employability and Psychological well-being influence each other over time, providing novel insights into Perceived Employability. At a practical level, the results inform actions to foster Perceived Employability in Higher Education, to help new entrants manage the transition to work and experience benefits at a psychological level, in coherence with the need for a psychologically sustainable transition.

Examen des contributions d’une approche relationnelle de la socialisation organisationnelle

Tant auprès des chercheurs que des praticiens, la socialisation organisationnelle semble représenter un sujet d’intérêt à l’heure actuelle (Fang, Duffy, & Shaw, 2011). Dans cette lignée, la présente thèse cherche à approfondir notre compréhension de la socialisation organisationnelle, afin d’en dresser un portrait plus complet et étayé, mais aussi d’y arrimer des pratiques porteuses pour les organisations et leurs employés. Plus précisément, les aspects relationnels inhérents au vécu des nouveaux employés, largement ignorés à ce jour dans la documentation (Ashforth, Sluss, & Harrison, 2007), sont examinés à partir de données recueillies à trois temps de mesure distincts auprès d’un échantillon de 224 nouveaux employés. Avec comme point de départ la théorie de l’échange social (Blau, 1964) et le concept de confiance affective (McAllister, 1995), le premier des deux articles qui composent la thèse démontre que, par rapport aux approches dites classiques (i.e., exprimant une vision cognitive de la socialisation organisationnelle), une approche relationnelle de la socialisation organisationnelle permet de mieux rendre compte du lien psychologique qui s’établit entre les nouveaux employés et l’organisation, alors que les approches cognitives classiques sont davantage explicatives de la performance des employés. Les deux approches semblent donc complémentaires pour expliquer l’adaptation des nouveaux employés. Le second article s’appuie sur la démonstration effectuée dans le premier article et cherche à approfondir davantage les aspects relationnels inhérents au vécu des nouveaux employés, de même que leur influence sur l’adaptation de ces derniers. À cette fin, la théorie de la conservation des ressources (Hobfoll, 1989) est considérée et l’engagement affectif (Meyer & Herscovitch, 2001) est mis de l’avant comme concept focal. Les résultats suggèrent que l’engagement affectif envers le supérieur compense pour un déclin de l’engagement affectif envers l’organisation, tel qu’il résulte d’un bris de la relation avec l’organisation. Les relations semblent donc, dans certaines circonstances, avoir une portée qui dépasse leurs protagonistes directs. La présente thèse démontre donc que les aspects relationnels inhérents au vécu des nouveaux employés ont une influence distincte, prépondérante et complexe sur leur adaptation en emploi. Ce faisant, elle s’insère dans un courant de recherche visant à remettre à l’avant-plan et mieux comprendre la sphère relationnelle dans les organisations (Ragins & Dutton, 2007). Les implications théoriques et pratiques qui en découlent seront discutées.

Crisis Coming Home? Firm Performance During the Economic Crisis and Managers‘ Work-Family Conflict

The economic crisis over the past years has challenged managers in many ways. In our longitudinal study during the global recession, we examine how perceived firm performance interacts with sources of supervisor support and stress to affect managers’ work-family conflict. First, we draw from Conservation of Resources theory to analyze how sources of supervisor support and stress relate to managers’ work-family conflict. Second, we explore how perceived firm performance modifies the relationships between these factors and work-family conflict. Our surveys of 182 managers before and during the crisis reveal that perceived firm performance significantly alters the effectiveness of sources of supervisor support in relieving work-family conflict. Additionally, perceived poor firm performance was found to intensify the negative effect of stressors on work-family conflict. Our results highlight the need to consider an organization’s perceived health when studying managers’ attitudes and career outcomes.

Resource entitlements of indigenous minorities, their poverty and conservation of nature: Status of Australian Aborigines, comparisons with India's tribals, theory and changing policies globally

Considers the relevance of A.K. Sen’s theory of entitlements to the situation facing indigenous tribal people, its relationship to institutionalism, and to theories of property rights. Changing world views about the resource entitlements that should be given to local communities are outlined concentrating on the views expressed by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). These changing views have relevance for the resource entitlements of indigenous tribal communities and are reflected in differences in the policy approaches inherent in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the more recent Convention on Biological Diversity. The latter embodies the view that provision of greater resource entitlements to local communities can provide economic incentives for nature conservation. There is a case for Indigenous Australians to be given greater rights to market the natural produce from their lands. Despite progress with land rights, they are not entitled to market much of the natural produce from their land. The socioeconomic status of Australian Aborigines is outlined. Their standard of living and their life expectancy are low by world standards and in comparison to other Australians. This is partly a result of historical events that have restricted their rights. These events are outlined briefly. Views differ about the appropriate development paths for Indigenous Australians and these are assessed. Concern on environmental and economic grounds is expressed about the view that the economic development of Australian Aboriginal communities would be accelerated by replacing their communal land titles by private land titles and encouraging Western-style agriculture and commercial development of their lands. Some comparisons are also made with the situation of India’s Tribals.

Identification and conservation of remnant genetic resources of brown trout in relict populations from Western Mediterranean streams

Brown trout is a cold-adapted freshwater species with restricted distribution to headwater streams in rivers of the South European peninsulas, where populations are highly vulnerable because Mediterranean regions are highly sensitive to the global climatic warming. Moreover, these populations are endangered due to the introgressive hybridization with cultured stocks. Individuals from six remnant populations in Western Mediterranean rivers were sequenced for the complete mitochondrial DNA control region and genotyped for 11 nuclear markers. Three different brown trout lineages were present in the studied region. Significant genetic divergence was observed among locations and a strong effect of genetic drift was suggested. An important stocking impact (close to 25%) was detected in the zone. Significant correlations between mitochondrial-based rates of hatchery introgression and water flow variation suggested a higher impact of stocked females in unstable habitats. In spite of hatchery introgression, all populations remained highly differentiated, suggesting that native genetic resources are still abundant. However, climatic predictions indicated that suitable habitats for the species in these rivers will be reduced and hence trout populations are highly endangered and vulnerable. Thus, management policies should take into account these predictions to design upstream refuge areas to protect remnant native trout in the region

Sustainability of Medicinal Plants in Kerala Economic Considerations in Domestication and Conservation of Forest Resources

The present study on the sustainability of medicinal plants in Kerala economic considerations in domestication and conservation of forest resources. There is worldwide consensus on the fact that medicinal plants are important not only in the local health support systems but in rural income and foreign exchange earnings. Sustainability of medicinal plants is important for the survival of forest dwellers, the forest ecosystem, conserving a heritage of human knowledge and overall development through linkages. More equitable sharing of the benefits from commercial utilization of the medicinal plants was found essential for the sustainability of the plants. Cultivation is very crucial for the sustainability of the sector. Through a direct tie-up with the industry, the societies can earn more income and repatriate better collection charges to its members. Cultivation should be carried out in wastelands, tiger reserves and in plantation forests. In short, the various players in the in the sector could find solution to their specific problems through co-operation and networking among them. They should rely on self-help rather than urging the government to take care of their needs. As far as the government is concerned, the forest department through checking over- exploitation of wild plants and the Agriculture Dept. through encouraging cultivation could contribute to the sustainable development of the medicinal plant sector.

Studies on the exploratory trawl fishing and significance of selectivity in trawl fishing gear for conservation of marine fishery resources with special reference to the inshore waters off Mangalore

School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology

The significance, utilization and conservation of crop genetic resources (Draft)

This paper was prepared by FAO in collaboration with Sir Otto Frankel, Consultant. WS/B96IO

Estrategia para la conservación de los recursos marinos vivientes y los procesos asociados en la región del Caribe = Strategy for the conservation of living marine resources and processes in the Caribbean region

Incluye Bibliografía

Mountain watershed management in the development and conservation of natural resources

Includes bibliography