Dos cuestiones pendientes de la sintaxis de los pronombres átonos: enclisis como fenómeno asociado a las oraciones matrices y doble clítico en las construcciones perifrásticas = The Remainders of the Syntax of Clitics: Enclisis as a Root Phenomenon, and Clitic Doubling in Periphrastic Constructions

Conferència centrada en dos aspectes concrets de la sintaxi dels pronoms àtons: l' enclisis que es dona en algunes oracions subordinades de les variants iberromàniques modernes de l'oest peninsular i les configuracions de doble cíclic en les construccions perifràstiques

Clitics, affixes, and wordhood in Garifuna (Arawak): A multidimensional continuum of morphosyntactic boundness

Recent research on wordhood and morphosyntactic boundness suggests that the domains word and clitic do not lend themselves to cross-linguistic categorization but must be defined language specifically. In most languages, it is necessary to define word on two separate levels, the phonological word (p-word) and the grammatical word (g-word), and to describe mismatches between the two. This paper defines those domains for Garifuna, an Arawak language spoken in Honduras, Central America. Garifuna has auxiliary and classifier constructions which make up two p-words, and only one g-word. P-words made up of more than one g-word involve second position enclitics, word scope clitics, and proclitic connectives and prepositions. Garifuna clitics are typically unstressed, able to attach to hosts of any word class and able to string together into clusters. Enclitics are used to express tense-aspect, modality, and adverbial meanings, among others. In other languages, clitic clusters tend to display a fixed order; Garifuna clitic order seems quite free, although certain orders are preferred. Also, contrary to cross-linguistic tendencies, proclitic connectives can act as hosts for enclitic clusters, contradicting the commonly used definition of clitics as phonologically weak elements that need to attach to a host to form a p-word; such clitic-only p-words are problematic for traditional definitions of clitics.

Análise sociolinguística da aprendizagem dos clíticos de 3º pessoa por crianças do 4º ano do ensino fundamental

Diversas pesquisas apontam um contínuo desuso dos clíticos de 3ª pessoa (lhe, o, a, os, as e suas variantes) na modalidade oral do Português Brasileiro (PB), sendo substituídos pelo pronome reto, pelo objeto nulo ou pela repetição do sintagma a que eles fazem referência. Por outro lado, os clíticos de 3ª pessoa aparecem comumente em textos escritos veiculados pela mídia, bem como nos estilos mais formais da língua falada, o que faz com que esses elementos constem dos programas da disciplina Língua Portuguesa, nas escolas brasileiras. Dessa feita, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo descrever esse processo de aprendizagem do ponto de vista linguístico e social, procurando investigar como as crianças interpretam o uso dessas formas – e, por conseguinte, da variedade padrão da língua –, e se e/ou como a escola favorece a aprendizagem dessas formas. Para respondermos a essas perguntas, procedemos a uma pesquisa sociolinguística, que analisa os fatores linguísticos e sociais que poderiam influenciar essa aprendizagem. Para tanto, os clíticos de 3ª pessoa foram trabalhados gradualmente durante um ano letivo. Assim, o corpus desta pesquisa compõe-se de textos escritos livremente e de testes de compreensão – que visava verificar a compreensão dos clíticos presentes em textos infantis – e de desempenho – que consistia na substituição de expressões pelos clíticos adequados. Os dados foram colhidos em uma turma de 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental durante 10 meses letivos, numa escola pública de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, cujos alunos pertencem a diferentes níveis socioeconômicos. Os resultados obtidos revelam que: i) o contexto em que o clítico é inserido contribui significativamente para a sua compreensão; ii) com relação aos fatores extralinguísticos, os alunos, independentemente de sua origem social e sexo/gênero, apresentam dificuldades em compreender os clíticos; entretanto, há uma leve tendência de um melhor aproveitamento quanto aos meninos da classe socioeconômica favorecida

A realização do sujeito em complementos infinitivos de verbos causativos e percetivos no português língua de herança

Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências da Linguagem

L'ús dels clítics pronominals del català i la seva adquisició per parlants de romanès i de tagal

El nostre estudi ha analitzat els mecanismes de transferència de la L1 en dos grups de parlants, un que té el romanès i l’altre el tagal com a llengües mare, en el procés d’aprenentatge del català com a L2. En concret ens hem centrat en l’estudi de l’ús dels clítics pronominals, una de les parts de la gramàtica catalana més apassionant per les seves idiosincràsies i la seva diversitat formal. L’ús d’aquest tipus de pronoms és un aspecte que resulta complicat d’adquirir per parlants de llengües en què no existeixen o on l’ús que en fan és diferent. En el nostre estudi, ens hem basat inicialment en la descripció de les característiques fonamentals dels clítics pronominals del català, del romanès i del tagal, a partir de bibliografia especialitzada i més general, i, en el cas del català, fent servir també la pròpia competència. Després d’aquest apartat més descriptiu, hem utilitzat un corpus d’entrevistes fetes en català a dos grups de parlants, el primer amb aprenents de català que tenen el romanès com a L1 i el segon amb aprenents de català que tenen el tagal com a L1, per analitzar quantitativament i qualitativament l’ús dels clítics pronominals. Un altre grup d’entrevistes, aquesta vegada a persones autòctones (català L1), ens ha servit com a grup de control. El nostre estudi dóna suport a la hipòtesi que atorga una importància especial a la transferència de la L1 en l’adquisició d'una segona llengua en general, i en la dels clítics pronominals d’una llengua romànica, en particular. Els resultats mostren que hi ha diferències entre els dos grups d'aprenents que són estadísticament significatives (ús del programa SPSS) i poden ser atribuïdes a les característiques de la L1.

Pronoms àtons i tònics en funció d’objecte a les estructures de doblament de clític del català antic

En aquest treball descriurem algunes de les estructures que integren pronoms tònics en funció d’objecte directe o d’objecte indirecte i examinarem les dades relatives a les configuracions de doblament de clític i de pronom tònic aïllat en català antic. L’apartat 2 presenta la identificació i descripció de les dades que estudiarem, les quals han estat extretes del Corpus del Català Antic constituït sota el projecte Vers una Sintaxi Històrica del Català. A l’apartat 3 s’examina la freqüència de les estructures esmentades i les dues seccions següents se centren en l’estudi de la forma ell en contrast amb a ell. A 6 s’ofereix una explicació general de la posició que ocupen els pronoms tònics dins la frase i a 7 es fa una comparació de les dades del català antic amb les del portuguès antic. Finalment, a 8 se citen els resultats d’aquest estudi preliminar

Mesoclitic Romance futures and conditionals vs participle preposing

(INFINITIVE + CLITIC + AUX) is an evidential configuration in Old Spanish and Old Catalan, whereas (PARTICIPLE + CLITIC + AUX) is an instance of weak or unmarked focus fronting. The evidentiality of mesoclitic structures can be put forward on the bases of three main arguments: a) mesoclisis is not compulsory (i.e., whenever you have a clitic, you can either have mesoclisis or proclisis/enclisis); b) mesoclitic futures and conditionals areattested in interrogative sentences (with wh- elements); and c) they are not found in derived adverbial clauses (which is what you expect if they have an evidential value, since they bring about intervention effects corresponding to the derivational account of conditional and temporal sentences, for example - see Haegeman 2007 and ff.), and are related to high modal expressions (thus interfering with MoodPIrrealis)

On the morphological nature of spanish adverbs ending in -mente

The morphological status of adverbs ending in -mente in Spanish (-ly in English) has been the object of many studies and continues to be the subject of debate. The two main proposals regarding the morphology of these adverbs treat them as either compounds or derivatives as the result of suffixation, but bothhypotheses present problems. In this study an analysis will be defended which treats -mente as a phrasal affix (cf. Zwicky 1987, Nevis 1985 and Miller 1992). The notion of phrasal affix has been used to describe clitics which, from a morphological standpoint, are similar to affixes but which, simultaneously manifest characteristics of independent words. The argument for analyzing -mente as a phrasal affix is based on both synchronic and diachronic data, including some similarities with object clitic pronouns.

The acquisition of pronouns by French children: A parallel study of production and comprehension

This study examines syntactic and morphological aspects of the production and comprehension of pronouns by 99 typically developing French-speaking children aged 3 years, 5 months to 6 years, 5 months. A fine structural analysis of subject, object, and reflexive clitics suggests that whereas the object clitic chain crosses the subject chain, the reflexive clitic chain is nested within it. We argue that this structural difference introduces differences in processing complexity, chain crossing being more complex than nesting. In support of this analysis, both production and comprehension experiments show that children have more difficulty with object than with reflexive clitics (with more omissions in production and more erroneous judgments in sentences involving Principle B in comprehension). Concerning the morphological aspect, French subject and object pronouns agree in gender with their referent. We report serious difficulties with pronoun gender both in production and comprehension in children around the age of 4 (with nearly 30% errors in production and chance level judgments in comprehension), which tend to disappear by age 6. The distribution of errors further suggests that the masculine gender is processed as the default value. These findings provide further insights into the relationship between comprehension and production in the acquisition process.

OCP effects in catalan cliticization

In Catalan, sequences of sibilants are never pronounced as such. In most contexts all varieties coincide in the «strategies» used to avoid these sequences, namely epenthesis or deletion. Variation is only found in the domain of pronominal clitics (but not with other types of clitics). One source of variation is accounted for by decomposing a general constraint into two specific ones, which implies partial constraint reranking. The other source of variation, which involves a case of apparent opacity, is explained through an Output-Output constraint that makes reference to paradigmatic relations.

L’ ordre de clítics en català antic: morfologia i sintaxi dels clítics pronominals en català medieval

L'ordre dels cíclics en la llengua catalana medieval