Ki-67 and CD100 immunohistochemical expression is associated with local recurrence and poor prognosis in soft tissue sarcomas, respectively

Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors of >50 subtypes. However, STSs represent <1% of types of cancer. Despite this low frequency, the disease is aggressive and treatment, when possible, is based on traditional chemotherapies. A number of cases of resistance to adjuvant therapies have been reported. Metastases are commonly identified in STS patients during diagnosis and the development of effective clinical parameters is crucial for correct management of the disease. The use of biological markers in cancer is a useful tool to determine patient prognosis. Ki--67 is a protein marker for proliferation of somatic cells and is widely used in prognostic studies of various types of tumor, including STSs. Cluster of differentiation 100 (CD100) is a member of the semaphorin family. The family was initially described as axon guidance molecules important for angiogenesis, organogenesis, apoptosis and neoplasia. CD100 was previously utilized as a prognostic factor in tumors and also in STSs. In the present study, protein expression of Ki--67 and CD100 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in samples of STS patients of the Barretos Cancer Hospital (Barretos, Brazil) to establish prognostic criteria of the disease. Results demonstrate a correlation between CD100 expression and poor prognosis, consistent with a previous study. Moreover, the expression of Ki-67 was identified to correlate with presence of local or locoregional recurrence. To the best of our knowledge, no large casuistic study has revealed this correlation between Ki--67 and local recurrence in STSs. The use of Ki--67 and CD100 as markers in clinical pathological analysis may be suitable as a prognostic criterion in disease progression.

Relationship between surface segregation and rapid propane electrical response in Cd-doped SnO2 nanornaterials

Controlling the surface properties of nanoparticles using ionic dopants prone to be surface segregated has emerged as an interesting tool for obtaining highly selective and sensitive sensors. In this work, the surface segregation of Cd cations on SnO2 nanopowders prepared by the Pechini`s method was studied by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and specific surface area analysis. We observed that the surface chemistry modifications caused by the surface segregation of Cd and the large specific surface area were closely responsible for a rapid and regular electrical response of 5 mol% Cd-doped SnO2 films to 100 ppm propane and NO, diluted in dry air at relatively low temperature (100 degrees C). (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Direct and Simultaneous Determination of Cd Cu, and Se in Blood Samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method is proposed for the direct and simultaneous determination of Cd, Cu, and Se in human blood. Samples were diluted 1:10 (v/v) in 0.5% (v/v) HNO(3) + 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100 solution. For 12 mu L injected sample volume + 5 mu L, of 1000 mg L(-1) Pd(NO(3))(2) + 3 mu L of 1000 mg L(-1) Mg(NO(3))(2), the calculated characteristic masses (mo) were 0.9 pg Cd, 16 pg Cu, and 39 pg Se, which are close to those mo values for single-element conditions for THGA furnace (1.3 pg Cd, 17 pg Cu, and 45 pg Se). Calibration curves with linear correlations better than 0.999 were obtained. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.03 mu g L(-1) Cd, 0.075 mu g L(-1) Cu and 0.3 mu g L(-1) Se, and the relative standard deviations (n= 12) were 2.5%, 0.3%, and 1.5%, respectively. The method was applied for Cd, Cu, and Se determination in 10 human blood samples and the results were in agreement at the 95% confidence level with those obtained by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Concentrations of analytes in the selected blood samples varied from 1.7 to 3.2 mu g L(-1) Cd, 700 to 921.7 mu g L(-1) Cu, and from 68.6 to 350 mu g L(-1) Se. The accuracy of the proposed method was also evaluated by an addition-recovery experiment and recoveries of Cd, Cu, and Se added to blood samples ranged from 99-109%, 91-103%,and 93-103%, respectively.

Fitorremediação de águas residuais contaminadas com Cd e Ni por três genótipos de Miscanthus

Fitorremediação, o uso de vegetação para a descontaminação de diferentes matrizes, é uma estratégia de baixo custo e tem sido apontada como uma metodologia passível de atenuar e estabilizar águas residuais. Neste contexto, este estudo tem como principal objectivo avaliar a capacidade fitorremediadora de três genótipos de Miscanthus (duas espécies - Miscanthus sinensis e Miscanthus floridulus, e um híbrido – Miscanthus x giganteus) a águas residuais contaminadas com cádmio e níquel (2,0 mg Ni/L e 0,2 mg Cd/L). Os resultados demonstraram que a irrigação com águas residuais contaminadas com Cd e Ni não afecta a produtividade dos três genótipos de Miscanthus em estudo e que o M. x giganteus e o M. floridulus registaram produtividades mais elevadas que o M. sinensis. Contudo, o M. x giganteus, demonstrou tendencialmente uma redução da sua produção com a contaminação de Cd. A biomassa obtida dos ensaios irrigados com águas residuais contaminadas apresentaram maior teor de Cd e Ni, do que a biomassa recolhida dos ensaios Controlo. O sistema Miscanthus-solo registou valores de remoção de Cd de 100%, e de Ni de 96-100%, no caso do M. x giganteus e do M. sinensis. O M. floridulus, contudo, demonstrou menos potencial de fitorremediação no que diz respeito à remoção de Ni das águas residuais: apenas 58% de Ni foi removido pelo sistema “biofiltrador”. Ainda assim, verificou-se a acumulação de Cd e Ni no perfil superior do solo devido à irrigação com as águas residuais contaminadas, o que demonstra a necessidade de controlo desta técnica de modo a prevenir possíveis efeitos negativos no ambiente.

Assessing changes in Cd phytoavailability to tomato in amended calcareous soils.

A plot study was conducted to assess changes in Cd phytoavailability to a tomato cultivar in an agricultural soil in Southeastern Spain amended in two different ways (A and B), under controlled conditions. The experimental soil corresponded to a fine-loamy carbonatic thermic Calcidic Haploxeroll (Soil Survey Staff, 1998). A) Soil was amended with a single application of sewage sludge from a municipal source that had a total Cd concentration of 0.5 mg kg-1 at a rate that represented a final average concentration in the mixture of soil and sludge of less than 50 µg Cd kg-1. B) The amendment consisted of the addition of a mineral fertiliser with the same amount of NPK as in the sewage sludge application. The final levels of Cd were supposed to be negligible. A plot series without amendments was also performed (C). DTPA plus triethanolamine, and ammonium acetate extractable fractions in soils were analysed for all the plots. The time-dependent Cd accumulation in different parts of the tomato plants was studied by means of a Cd salt treatment. For each block (A, B, and C) four levels of Cd (0, 3, 30, 100 mg kg-1) were added as CdCl2. There was a significant increase in plant Cd after the initial cropping. Tomato stems, leaves and fruits were analysed separately for Cd determination. Differential Cd distribution and accumulation in tomato parts was detected.

Resposta antioxidante, formação de fitoquelatinas e composição de pigmentos fotoprotetores em Brachiaria decumbens Stapf submetida à contaminação com Cd e Zn

In order to evaluate the response of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf to Cd and Zn, plants were hydroponically exposed to 50 and 100 mmol L-1 of Cd and 500 and 2000 mmol L-1 of Zn. Metal content of shoots and roots was determined, as well as alterations in photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments, antioxidant metabolites and phytochelatin synthesis. Plants concentrated elevated levels of Cd and Zn, especially in roots. Zinc exposure negatively affected chlorophyll and β-carotene content, whereas the highest dose of Cd reduced VAZ cycle pigments and tocopherol levels in plant shoots. Cadmium was the maximum inducer of the phytochelatin synthesis pathway.

Simultaneous preconcentration of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) on silica-polyethylene glycol and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A simultaneous solid phase extraction procedure for enrichment of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) has been developed. The method is based on adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II) ions on polyethylene glycol-silica gel pre-conditioned with acetate buffer (pH 5.5). The adsorbed metal ions are eluted with nitric acid (1 mol L -1) and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 2-140 ng mL-1 for Cu(II), 1-40 ng mL-1 for Cd(II) and 4-100 ng mL-1 for Mn(II). The limits of detection were 0.66, 0.33 and 1.20 ng mL-1 for Cu(II), Cd(II) and Mn(II), respectively.

DETERMINAÇÃO DE Cd E Pb EM AMOSTRAS DE GOMA XANTANA POR GF AAS

This paper describes the evaluation of a method for determination of Cd and Pb in xanthan gum samples by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS) using NH4H2PO4 as the chemical modifier. The sample preparation was performed using a reflux system adapted in the digestion tubes. With this system it was possible to increase the temperature of the digester block above the boiling point of the reaction medium, preventing loss of analyte and excessive evaporation of acids during heating. Samples were digested with HNO3 for 3 h in a digester block at 220 ºC. The limits of detection for Cd and Pb were 2.2 and 33.8 ng g-1, respectively. The RSDs for both analytes were, on average, lower than 5.0% and accuracy was verified by recovery tests, yielding values in the 83-100% range.

USO DO PLANEJAMENTO EXPERIMENTAL PARA OTIMIZAÇÃO DE UM PROCEDIMENTO VOLTAMÉTRICO PARA DETERMINAÇÃO SIMULTÂNEA DAS CONCENTRAÇÕES DOS METAIS Zn, Cd, Pb E Cu LIVRES EM ÁGUA DE COCO

Optimization of the main parameters of SWASV using boron-doped diamond electrode was described for the simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu free in coconut water. The values of electroanalytical parameters studied were optimized with the factorial design and center composite design. The optimized parameters for the preconcentration of metals were -1.50 V for potential, and 240 s for deposition time. For SWV, the optimized value was 11.56 mV for step potential. In addition, frequency and pulse height were defined at 100 Hz and 55 mV, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of the supporting electrolyte (acetate buffer, pH 4.7) was optimized in 0.206 mol L-1. The optimized procedure was applied in two samples of coconut water: natural and processed. The limits of detection (LOD) obtained for Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu were 7.2; 4.4; 3.3 and 1.5 µg L-1, respectively. The concentrations of Cd and Pb were not detected. On the other hand, the values found for the concentrations of Zn and Cu were: < LOD (29 µg L-1) and (6.8 ± 0.9) µg L-1 for the natural sample; and (85.8 ± 4.2) µg L-1 and (7.7 ± 0.6) µg L-1 for the processed sample, respectively.

Determinação de Cd por FAAS em meio aquoso após pré-concentração em linha sobre SiAT

Este trabalho descreve a síntese e caracterização da sílica gel modificada com grupos 2-aminotiazol (SiAT), os resultados de um estudo de adsorção e de pré-concentração (em batelada, e em fluxo utilizando-se a técnica de coluna) de íons Cd(II) em meio aquoso. A capacidade máxima de adsorção de íons Cd(II) determinada para SiAT foi de 1,12 mmol g-1 . Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos em fluxo, mostraram uma recuperação de 98% dos íons Cd(II) adsorvidos em coluna empacotada com 1 g de SiAT, utilizando-se 5 mL de HCl 1 mol L-1 como eluente. A metodologia proposta mostrou-se linear na faixa de concentração de 10 - 100 mg L-1, com limite de detecção de 0,80 mg L-1 e desvio padrão relativo de 3%. O fator de enriquecimento determinado foi de 29 vezes (considerando-se a percolação de 150 mL de solução 25 mg L-1 de Cd(II), 5 mL de eluato). A sorção-desorção quantitativa dos íons Cd(II), permitiram a aplicação do método na pré-concentração e posterior quantificação de traços de Cd(II) em amostras de águas naturais por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama.

Expressão da CASPASE-3 e CD-34 no adenocarcinoma de próstata

OBJETIVO: 1. Avaliar em qual percentual as células tumorais se marcam com caspase-3 e CD-34; 2. quantificá-los nas células tumorais; 3. verificar correlação entre quantificação e grau de malignidade tumoral; 4. correlacioná-los entre si. MÉTODOS: Estudaram-se 38 blocos com adenocarcinoma, classificados por Gleason e marcação imunoistoquímica para caspase-3 e CD-34. As proteínas imunomarcadas foram quantificadas no software Immuno do Sistema Samba 4000 de citofotometria de imagem, pelo índice de marcagem e densidade óptica. RESULTADOS: Imunomarcou-se 25 lâminas para caspase-3 e 34 para CD-34. As quantificações da caspase-3 para o índice de marcagem foram acima de 50 em 76% e, para densidade óptica, abaixo de 50 para 96%. Em relação ao CD-34, índice de marcagem foi acima de 50 em 59% e densidade óptica abaixo de 50 em 56%. As correlações entre expressões dos marcadores e a gravidade do tumor, assim como entre os marcadores, não evidenciaram significância estatística. Não se mostrou relação de expressão com o score de Gleason. CONCLUSÃO: A presença caspase-3 e CD-34 foi de 73,5% e 100%, respectivamente; 2. caspase-3 e CD-34 apresentaram alta expressão do índice de marcagem, e baixa para densidade óptica; 3. não houve correlação entre as quantificações com a classificação de Gleason; 4. não houve correlação das expressões dos dois marcadores entre si.

Primer libro de geografía de Smith, dispuesto para los niños y adornado con más de 100 grabados, 18 mapas y un cuadro de banderas

UANL

100 maths framework lessons : Year 1 : Scottish primary 2.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.

100 maths framework lessons : Year 2 : Scottish primary 3.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.

100 maths framework lessons : Year 3 : Scottish primary 4.

Recurso que ayuda a los profesores a vincular sus conocimientos a los aspectos clave del aprendizaje y del currículo. Está estructurado en cinco bloques que forman el marco principal renovado para Matemáticas. Cada uno de ellos consta de tres unidades que cubren un texto diferente dentro del bloque. Las unidades se enseñan en un número determinado de semanas que, a su vez, se dividen en días o lecciones. Una de las características principales del recurso es la flexibilidad de su estructura que permitirá a los profesores adaptarse a las necesidades de cada niño. Cuenta con un CD-ROM que incluye recursos multimedia como vídeo, audio, imágenes, actividades interactivas y páginas fotocopiables.