El juego y el team-bulling en los centros educativos

Se define el team-building como el m??todo de trabajo basado en el aprendizaje a trav??s de la vivencia de actividades l??dicas que combinan la competitividad, el trabajo en equipo, el liderazgo, la gesti??n del tiempo y los recursos y la resoluci??n de conflictos. A partir de estas experiencias y su posterior an??lisis los participantes extraen conclusiones que les ayudan a mejorar su entorno personal y laboral. Se presenta su aplicaci??n en los centros educativos, en cuanto que las relaciones interpersonales de los docentes potencian las posibilidades educativas, optimizando su rendimiento como trabajadores de la ense??anza y mejorando la calidad de la educaci??n.

Campanha de comunicação - violência no trabalho: campanha de comunicação para a Associação Portuguesa de Apoio à Vítima

O presente trabalho de projeto centra-se numa questão silenciosa na sociedade portuguesa: a violência no trabalho. A proposta apresentada visa dar visibilidade a um problema humano, social e económico com reflexos no quotidiano de milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Consciencializar as organizações e os/as trabalhadores/as para a necessidade de atitudes preventivas é o principal objetivo da estratégia de comunicação aqui apresentada. Esta estratégia baseia-se numa revisão de literatura e analise da situação da violência no trabalho em Portugal.

Performance comparison of an active matrix flat panel imager, computed radiography system, and a screen-film system at four standard radiation qualities.

Four standard radiation qualities (from RQA 3 to RQA 9) were used to compare the imaging performance of a computed radiography (CR) system (general purpose and high resolution phosphor plates of a Kodak CR 9000 system), a selenium-based direct flat panel detector (Kodak Direct View DR 9000), and a conventional screen-film system (Kodak T-MAT L/RA film with a 3M Trimax Regular screen of speed 400) in conventional radiography. Reference exposure levels were chosen according to the manufacturer's recommendations to be representative of clinical practice (exposure index of 1700 for digital systems and a film optical density of 1.4). With the exception of the RQA 3 beam quality, the exposure levels needed to produce a mean digital signal of 1700 were higher than those needed to obtain a mean film optical density of 1.4. In spite of intense developments in the field of digital detectors, screen-film systems are still very efficient detectors for most of the beam qualities used in radiology. An important outcome of this study is the behavior of the detective quantum efficiency of the digital radiography (DR) system as a function of beam energy. The practice of users to increase beam energy when switching from a screen-film system to a CR system, in order to improve the compromise between patient dose and image quality, might not be appropriate when switching from screen-film to selenium-based DR systems.

Performance comparison of two commercial BGO-based PET/CT scanners using NEMA NU 2-2001.

Combined positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) scanners play a major role in medicine for in vivo imaging in an increasing number of diseases in oncology, cardiology, neurology, and psychiatry. With the advent of short-lived radioisotopes other than 18F and newer scanners, there is a need to optimize radioisotope activity and acquisition protocols, as well as to compare scanner performances on an objective basis. The Discovery-LS (D-LS) was among the first clinical PET/CT scanners to be developed and has been extensively characterized with older National Electrical Manufacturer Association (NEMA) NU 2-1994 standards. At the time of publication of the latest version of the standards (NU 2-2001) that have been adapted for whole-body imaging under clinical conditions, more recent models from the same manufacturer, i.e., Discovery-ST (D-ST) and Discovery-STE (D-STE), were commercially available. We report on the full characterization both in the two- and three-dimensional acquisition mode of the D-LS according to latest NEMA NU 2-2001 standards (spatial resolution, sensitivity, count rate performance, accuracy of count losses, and random coincidence correction and image quality), as well as a detailed comparison with the newer D-ST widely used and whose characteristics are already published.

Treatment of penile carcinoma: to cut or not to cut?

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome in patients with penile cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 60 patients with penile carcinoma were included. Of the patients, 45 (n = 27) underwent surgery, and 51 underwent definitive (n = 29) or postoperative (n = 22) radiotherapy (RT). Median follow-up was 62 months. RESULTS: Median time to locoregional relapse was 14 months. Local failure was observed in 3 of 23 patients (13%) treated with surgery with or without postoperative RT vs. in 19 of 33 patients (56%) given organ-sparing treatment (p = 0.0008). Of 22 local failures, 16 (73%) were salvaged with surgery. Of the 33 patients treated with definitive RT (n = 29) and the 4 patients refusing RT after excisional biopsy, local control was obtained with organ preservation in 13 (39%). In the remaining 20, 4 patients with local failure underwent salvage conservatively, resulting in an ultimate penis preservation rate of 17 of 33 (52%) patients treated with definitive RT. The 5-year and 10-year probability of surviving with an intact penis was 43% and 26%, respectively. There was no survival difference between the patients treated with definitive RT and primary surgery (56% vs. 53%; p = 0.16). In multivariate analysis, independent factors influencing survival were N-classification and pathologic grade. Surgery was the only independent predictor for better local control. CONCLUSION: Based on our study findings, in patients with penile cancer, local control is superior with surgery. However, there is no difference in survival between patients treated with surgery and those treated with definitive RT, with 52% organ preservation.

A comparison of the performance of modern screen-film and digital mammography systems.

This work compares the detector performance and image quality of the new Kodak Min-R EV mammography screen-film system with the Fuji CR Profect detector and with other current mammography screen-film systems from Agfa, Fuji and Kodak. Basic image quality parameters (MTF, NPS, NEQ and DQE) were evaluated for a 28 kV Mo/Mo (HVL = 0.646 mm Al) beam using different mAs exposure settings. Compared with other screen-film systems, the new Kodak Min-R EV detector has the highest contrast and a low intrinsic noise level, giving better NEQ and DQE results, especially at high optical density. Thus, the properties of the new mammography film approach those of a fine mammography detector, especially at low frequency range. Screen-film systems provide the best resolution. The presampling MTF of the digital detector has a value of 15% at the Nyquist frequency and, due to the spread size of the laser beam, the use of a smaller pixel size would not permit a significant improvement of the detector resolution. The dual collection reading technology increases significantly the low frequency DQE of the Fuji CR system that can at present compete with the most efficient mammography screen-film systems.

Influence of scatter reduction method and monochromatic beams on image quality and dose in mammography.

In mammography, the image contrast and dose delivered to the patient are determined by the x-ray spectrum and the scatter to primary ratio S/P. Thus the quality of the mammographic procedure is highly dependent on the choice of anode and filter material and on the method used to reduce the amount of scattered radiation reaching the detector. Synchrotron radiation is a useful tool to study the effect of beam energy on the optimization of the mammographic process because it delivers a high flux of monochromatic photons. Moreover, because the beam is naturally flat collimated in one direction, a slot can be used instead of a grid for scatter reduction. We have measured the ratio S/P and the transmission factors for grids and slots for monoenergetic synchrotron radiation. In this way the effect of beam energy and scatter rejection method were separated, and their respective importance for image quality and dose analyzed. Our results show that conventional mammographic spectra are not far from optimum and that the use of a slot instead of a grid has an important effect on the optimization of the mammographic process. We propose a simple numerical model to quantify this effect.

Feasibility and efficacy of accelerated weekly concomitant boost postoperative radiation therapy combined with concomitant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess feasibility and efficacy of weekly concomitant boost accelerated postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) with concomitant chemotherapy (CT) in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer (LAHNC). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Conformal or intensity-modulated 66-Gy RT was performed in 5.5 weeks in 40 patients. Cisplatin was given at days 1, 22, and 43. Median follow-up was 36 months. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Grade 3 mucositis, dysphagia, and erythema was observed in ten (25%), nine (23%), and six (13%) patients, respectively. Grade 3 or more anemia was observed in two (6%) patients, and leukopenia in five (13%) patients. No grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia was observed. Grade 3 nephrotoxicity was observed in one patient (3%). No treatment-related mortality was observed. Grade 2 or more xerostomia and edema were observed in ten (25%) and one (3%) patient, respectively. Locoregional relapse occurred in eight patients, and seven patients developed distant metastases. Median time to locoregional relapse was 6 months. Three-year overall, disease-free survival, and locoregional control rates were 63%, 62%, and 81%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the only prognostic factor was nodal status. CONCLUSION: Reducing overall treatment time using accelerated PORT/CT by weekly concomitant boost (six fractions per week) combined with concomitant cisplatin CT is easily feasible with acceptable morbidity.

Effects of computing parameters and measurement locations on the estimation of 3D NPS in non-stationary MDCT images.

The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of computing parameters and the location of volumes of interest (VOI) on the calculation of 3D noise power spectrum (NPS) in order to determine an optimal set of computing parameters and propose a robust method for evaluating the noise properties of imaging systems. Noise stationarity in noise volumes acquired with a water phantom on a 128-MDCT and a 320-MDCT scanner were analyzed in the spatial domain in order to define locally stationary VOIs. The influence of the computing parameters in the 3D NPS measurement: the sampling distances bx,y,z and the VOI lengths Lx,y,z, the number of VOIs NVOI and the structured noise were investigated to minimize measurement errors. The effect of the VOI locations on the NPS was also investigated. Results showed that the noise (standard deviation) varies more in the r-direction (phantom radius) than z-direction plane. A 25 × 25 × 40 mm(3) VOI associated with DFOV = 200 mm (Lx,y,z = 64, bx,y = 0.391 mm with 512 × 512 matrix) and a first-order detrending method to reduce structured noise led to an accurate NPS estimation. NPS estimated from off centered small VOIs had a directional dependency contrary to NPS obtained from large VOIs located in the center of the volume or from small VOIs located on a concentric circle. This showed that the VOI size and location play a major role in the determination of NPS when images are not stationary. This study emphasizes the need for consistent measurement methods to assess and compare image quality in CT.

A comparison of the imaging characteristics of the new Kodak Hyper Speed G film with the current T-MAT G/RA film and the CR 9000 system.

Three standard radiation qualities (RQA 3, RQA 5 and RQA 9) and two screens, Kodak Lanex Regular and Insight Skeletal, were used to compare the imaging performance and dose requirements of the new Kodak Hyper Speed G and the current Kodak T-MAT G/RA medical x-ray films. The noise equivalent quanta (NEQ) and detective quantum efficiencies (DQE) of the four screen-film combinations were measured at three gross optical densities and compared with the characteristics for the Kodak CR 9000 system with GP (general purpose) and HR (high resolution) phosphor plates. The new Hyper Speed G film has double the intrinsic sensitivity of the T-MAT G/RA film and a higher contrast in the high optical density range for comparable exposure latitude. By providing both high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, the new film significantly improves the compromise between dose and image quality. As expected, the new film has a higher noise level and a lower signal-to-noise ratio than the standard film, although in the high frequency range this is compensated for by a better resolution, giving better DQE results--especially at high optical density. Both screen-film systems outperform the phosphor plates in terms of MTF and DQE for standard imaging conditions (Regular screen at RQA 5 and RQA 9 beam qualities). At low energy (RQA 3), the CR system has a comparable low-frequency DQE to screen-film systems when used with a fine screen at low and middle optical densities, and a superior low-frequency DQE at high optical density.

Críticas y perspectivas de la ley 1010 de 2006: una aproximación desde la definición jurídica y psicológica del acoso laboral

El acoso laboral o mobbing, ha sido reconocido y regulado en Colombia a partir de la expedición de la Ley 1010 de 2006, a través de la cual se pretende identificar, prevenir y sancionar las situaciones de acoso que se den en el lugar de trabajo. Sin embargo, ante la novedad del tema y su regulación jurídica, han surgido numerosas dudas con respecto a su identificación, sanción y posibilidad de denuncia. La presente investigación busca entonces plantear las dudas principales e intenta darles una respuesta desde el punto de vista jurídico, no sin antes hacer un análisis de los principales autores en la materia que lo han abordado desde su aspecto psicológico. Igualmente en el presente trabajo se realiza un análisis jurisprudencial y se generan una serie de propuestas que contribuirían a la prevención y sanción de este fenómeno y principalmente hacia su conocimiento por parte de los diferentes actores del acoso laboral.

Formación en competencias socioemocionales : libro del formador.

Contiene un CD-ROM con recursos y materiales para las sesiones. Se complementa con el libro del alumno

Los conflictos escolares desde la perspectiva familiar.

Estudiar la influencia de las variables familiares asociadas a la conflictividad familiar en el fenómeno de los conflictos escolares. La hipótesis general de la investigación sostiene que determinados aspectos considerados como indicadores de una situación familiar no deseable se encuentran relacionados significativamente con una mayor implicación por parte de estos alumnos en las situaciones de conflictividad y de violencia que se desencadenan en el centro escolar. Muestra invitada de 187 alumnos distribuidos en 8 grupos: 4 de primaria y 4 de secundaria (tercer ciclo de primaria y primer ciclo de ESO) La muestra productora de datos quedó constituida por 176 alumnos todos de un centro escolar comarcal ubicado en un paraje sin núcleo urbano a unos 4 KM del centro urbano de la ciudad de Cartagena. Comienza a funcionar en 1970 y en 1985 es declarado como centro de integración social. Se han cubierto cinco fases. La primera o preeliminar se ocupa de las cuestiones previas y que centran el problema a investigar en los conflictos escolares. La segunda en la que se realiza el diseño metodológico, la tercera de aplicación de los cuestionarios, la cuarta de análisis y estudio estadístico de resultados y la quinta de elaboración del informe y conclusiones. Cuestionario de Relaciones Interpersonales Familiares y Escolares (REFE) elaborado por Pedro Ortega y cols., que recoge información sobre aspectos de la convivencia familiar y la conflictividad escolar y Cuestionario sobre la Percepción que los alumnos tienen de la violencia escolar y de las dinámicas de agresión-victimización (Bull-sociograma), de Cerezo y Díaz Aguado, que se centra en las relaciones de elección y rechazo que se producen en el aula y en las dinámicas de agresión-victimización que experimentan los alumnos. Investigación empírico-analítica orientada al contraste de hipótesis (que comprueba si existe asociación estadísticamente significativa entre aspectos familiares no deseables en la convivencia familiar y la realidad de la conflictividad vivida en las aulas) Investigación de carácter descriptivo (conocer una realidad) La técnica de recogida de datos ha sido la observación indirecta de la realidad familiar y escolar a través de dos cuestionarios. 1. De todos los factores familiares, los más vinculados a la presencia de conflictos en las familias son: tener conocimiento de las expectativas que los padres se forman de ellos, el tipo de relación entre padres-hijos y el diálogo familiar 2. Las relaciones entre alumnos no son lo deseables que deberían. La mayoría se encuentra bien integrada pero hay alumnos que son objeto de rechazo sistemático por la mayoría o bastantes compañeros 3. En el centro escolar existen situaciones de violencia entre los alumnos y éstas suceden con mayor frecuencia que las dinámicas de agresión-victimización 4. Existen situaciones de violencia en la escuela y son más frecuentes entre escolares que las promovidas por los profesores 5. Los alumnos afirman sentirse muy seguros en la escuela 6. Existe relación entre conflictividad familiar y escolar pues la mayoría de los alumnos que viven conflictos en sus casas también viven conflictos en el colegio 7. La relación entre conflictividad intrafamiliar y la implicación de los alumnos en situaciones violentas no está clara (bulling). La relación entre padres e hijos se encuentra asociada significativamente a diversos aspectos de la conflictividad escolar, sin embargo ha sido tratada de forma genérica. Para futuras investigaciones la autora propone abordar el camino experimentado por las relaciones entre padres e hijos en las últimas décadas tratando de localizar los factores más importantes que determinan el éxito o el deterioro de las mismas, tratando de analizar cómo afectan a la presencia de conflictos en la escuela y al modo de gestionarlos.

C??mo trabajar en clase de ELE con la pel??cula ???Cobardes???

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

Estratégias da promoção da saúde em escolares do grupo etário 15-19 anos

Este trabalho teve por base a promoção da saúde em escolares dos 15 aos 19 anos e estudar as possíveis estratégias a aplicar para se atingir este fim. Dentro deste tema analisaram-se os níveis de alcoolismo, tabagismo e drogas tanto a nível nacional como internacional com o fim de perceber a dimensão destes riscos assim como elaborar possíveis programas para diminuir os consumos destas substâncias. Os principais problemas na adolescência são as dependências tais como o alcoolismo, tabagismo e drogas que levam muitas vezes também a acidentes rodoviários. Existem também muitos problemas de saúde associados à imagem física tais como a obesidade, a anorexia e a acne. Além destes problemas, há também alguma falta de educação sexual de maneira a prevenir as doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e as gravidezes indesejáveis, assim como, mais recentemente, o bulling e cyberbulling. Dentro destes possíveis problemas que podem ocorrer na adolescência, aprofundou-se neste trabalho as dependências do álcool, tabaco e drogas por parte dos adolescentes dos 15 aos 19 anos. Dentro deste tema analisaram-se as razões do aparecimento destes problemas nos adolescentes, porque começam o consumo destas substâncias, quais as suas motivações e quais as estratégias a adotar para prevenir este tipo de consumos e posteriores consequências físicas e mentais no futuro.