Letters of Asa Gray, edited by Jane Loring Gray ... .

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Letters of Asa Gray, edited by Jane Loring Gray ... .

1

Darwiniana: essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. By Asa Gray ...

[1888 printing]

O mercado de Obrigações Corporate em Cabo Verde, potencialidades de crescimento e desenvolvimento. Estudo de Caso: Empréstimo Obrigacionista da ASA – Aeroportos e Segurança Aérea, SA

As obrigações constituem uma das formas de eleição de financiamento para as empresas e são um dos instrumentos financeiros mais utilizados em todo o mundo. Destacam-se, como um dos produtos financeiros privilegiados para investidores conservadores visto que, asseguram contratualmente, a data do pagamento dos juros e do reembolso do empréstimo além do montante dos juros, tratando-se neste caso da modalidade de taxa fixa. Até ao momento, três empresas emitiram Obrigações em Cabo Verde. Electra, Empresa Nacional de Electricidade e Água, SARL, Tecnicil, Sociedade de Imobiliária e Construções, SA e ASA, Empresa Nacional de Aeroportos e Segurança Aérea, SA.

Melhoramento genético da cultivar de milho BR 5033-Asa Branca no Nordeste Brasileiro

Cinco ciclos de seleção entre e dentro de progênies de meios-irmãos foram praticados na cultivar de milho BR 5033-Asa Branca, no período de 1993 a 1997, no Nordeste brasileiro, visando à obtenção de material mais produtivo do que o atual, e mais adaptável às condições edafoclimáticas da região. As 196 progênies foram avaliadas em látice 14 x 14, com duas repetições, efetuandose as recombinações dentro do mesmo ano agrícola, de modo a se obter uma geração por ano. A variabilidade genética da cultivar decresceu à medida que avançaram os ciclos de seleção; essa redução foi mais acentuada nos ciclos III e IV, quando a seleção foi efetuada em dois e três locais, respectivamente, e esteve menos influenciada pela interação progênies x locais. As altas magnitudes dos parâmetros genéticos mostraram que a cultivar BR 5033 possui alta variabilidade genética, a qual fornece perspectiva de aumentos subseqüentes de produção por seleção, o que, juntamente com o bom rendimento apresentado, e a sua precocidade, faz dessa cultivar alternativa importante para a agricultura nordestina.

Spray coating technique asa surface treatment for woodcontaining paper grades

The objective of this work was to introduce the emerging non-contacting spray coating process and compare it to the existing coating techniques. Particular emphasis was given to the details of the spraying process of paper coating colour and the base paper requirements set by the new coating method. Spraying technology itself is nothing new, but the atomisation process of paper coating colour is quite unknown to the paper industry. The differences between the rheology of painting and coating colours make it very difficult to utilise the existing information from spray painting research. Based on the trials, some basic conclusion can be made:The results of this study suggest that the Brookfield viscosity of spray coating colour should be as low as possible, presently a 50 mPas level is regarded as an optimum. For the paper quality and coater runnability, the solids level should be as high as possible. However, the graininess of coated paper surface and the nozzle wear limits the maximum solids level to 60 % at the moment. Most likelydue to the low solids and low viscosity of the coating colour the low shear Brookfield viscosity correlates very well with the paper and spray fan qualities. High shear viscosity is also important, but yet less significant than the low shear viscosity. Droplet size should be minimized and besides keeping the brrokfield viscosity low that can be helped by using a surfactant or dispersing agent in the coating colour formula. Increasing the spraying pressure in the nozzle can also reduce the droplet size. The small droplet size also improves the coating coverage, since there is hardly any levelling taking place after the impact with the base paper. Because of the lack of shear forces after the application, the pigment particles do not orientate along the paper surface. Therefore the study indicates that based on the present know-how, no quality improvements can be obtained by the use of platy type of pigments. The other disadvantage of them is the rapid deterioration of the nozzle lifetime. Further research in both coating colour rheology and nozzle design may change this in the future, but so far only round shape pigments, like typically calcium carbonate is, can be used with spray coating. The low water retention characteristics of spray coating, enhanced by the low solids and low viscosity, challenge the base paper absorption properties.Filler level has to be low not to increase the number of small pores, which have a great influence on the absorption properties of the base paper. Hydrophobic sizing reduces this absorption and prevents binder migration efficiently. High surface roughness and especially poor formation of the base paper deteriorate thespray coated paper properties. However, pre-calendering of the base paper does not contribute anything to the finished paper quality, at least at the coating colour solids level below 60 %. When targeting a standard offset LWC grade, spraycoating produces similar quality to film coating, but yet blade coating being on a slightly better level. However, because of the savings in both investment and production costs, spray coating may have an excellent future ahead. The porousnature of the spray coated surface offers an optimum substrate for the coldset printing industry to utilise the potential of high quality papers in their business.