Efeito das interações hiperconjugativas na constante de acoplamento ¹J CH da hexametilenotetramina e do adamantano: estudo teórico e experimental

The objective of this work was to determine the influence of hyperconjugative interactions on the ¹J CH coupling constant for hexamethylenetetramine (1) and adamantane (2). For this end, theoretical and experimental ¹J CH were obtained and hyperconjugative interactions were investigated using NBO. It was observed, theoretically and experimentally, that ¹J CH in 1 is 20 Hz larger than in 2, mainly due to the nN®s*C-H hyperconjugative interaction. This interaction occurs only in 1, with an energy of 9.30 kcal mol-1. It increases the s-character of the carbon atom in the C-H bond and the occupancy of the sigma*C-H orbital in (1).

Cinética de remoção de lactato na definição de pausas para treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Proposta e verificação da validade de testes de limiar anaerobico para natação do nado crawl

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Condutividade e difusividade térmica do figo (Ficus carica L.) Roxo de Valinhos

The post harvest cooling and/or freezing processes for horticultural products have been carried out with the objective of removing the heat from these products, allowing them a bigger period of conservation. Therefore, the knowledge of the physical properties that involve heat transference in the fig fruit Roxo de Valinhos is useful for calculating projects and systems of food engineering in general, as well as, for using in equations of thermodynamic mathematical models. The values of conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the whole fig fruit-rami index were determined, and from these values it was determined the value of the specific heat. For these determination it was used the transient method of the Line Heat Source. The results shown that the fig fruit has a thermal conductivity of 0.52 W m-1°C, thermal diffusivity of 1.56 x 10-7 m² s-1, pulp density of 815.6 kg m-3 and specific heat of 4.07 kJ kg-1 °C.

Avaliação da biodegradabilidade anaeróbia de resíduos da bovinocultura e da suinocultura

The biodegradability of animal wastes production was evaluated through a simplified methodology that allowed the verification of the applicability of anaerobic processes. The experiments were performed in bath reactors, with granular sludge of three origins: UASB reactor treating dairy effluent, UASB reactor treating swine effluent and UASB reactor treating effluent of slaughterhouse of poultry. The experiments (1) - dairy effluent and poultry slaughterhouse non-adapted sludge; (2) -swine effluent and poultry slaughterhouse non-adapted sludge; (3) - dairy effluent and poultry slaughterhouse adapted sludge; (4) - swine effluent and poultry slaughterhouse adapted sludge; (5) - dairy effluent and dairy sludge, and (6) - swine effluent and swine sludge were performed in Incubator Shaker, at a temperature of 35 °C, under agitation at a 150 rpm, for 5 minutes, every 1 hour. A substrat:biomass relationship of 0.5 was used. Kinetic models of Monod, Zero Order, First and Second Order were tested and it was verified that the First Order model provided the best adjustment. The apparent First Order kinetic parameter (k1) was estimated for the experiments 1; 2; 3; 4; 5, and 6, as 2.51 x 10-2; 2.49 x 10-2; 1.90 x 10-2; 3.09 x 10-2; 2.54 x 10-2; 4.09 x 10-2 h-1, respectively.

Modelo dinâmico de simulação e otimização da força normal de reação do solo para um mecanismo de corte basal

The physical model was based on the method of Newton-Euler. The model was developed by using the scientific computer program Mathematica®. Several simulations where tried varying the progress speeds (0.69; 1.12; 1.48; 1.82 and 2.12 m s-1); soil profiles (sinoidal, ascending and descending ramp) and height of the profile (0.025 and 0.05 m) to obtain the normal force of soil reaction. After the initial simulations, the mechanism was optimized using the scientific computer program Matlab® having as criterion (function-objective) the minimization of the normal force of reaction of the profile (FN). The project variables were the lengths of the bars (L1y, L2, l3 and L4), height of the operation (L7), the initial length of the spring (Lmo) and the elastic constant of the spring (k t). The lack of robustness of the mechanism in relation to the variable height of the operation was outlined by using a spring with low rigidity and large length. The results demonstrated that the mechanism optimized showed better flotation performance in relation to the initial mechanism.

Projeto de um cortador de base para colhedora de cana-de-açúcar utilizando otimização matemática

A base-cutter represented for a mechanism of four bars, was developed using the Autocad program. The normal force of reaction of the profile in the contact point was determined through the dynamic analysis. The equations of dynamic balance were based on the laws of Newton-Euler. The linkage was subject to an optimization technique that considered the peak value of soil reaction force as the objective function to be minimized while the link lengths and the spring constant varied through a specified range. The Algorithm of Sequential Quadratic Programming-SQP was implemented of the program computational Matlab. Results were very encouraging; the maximum value of the normal reaction force was reduced from 4,250.33 to 237.13 N, making the floating process much less disturbing to the soil and the sugarcane rate. Later, others variables had been incorporated the mechanism optimized and new otimization process was implemented .

Influência da idade no comportamento da frequência cardíaca na transição repouso-exercício: uma análise por deltas e regressão linear

BACKGROUND: Changes in heart rate during rest-exercise transition can be characterized by the application of mathematical calculations, such as deltas 0-10 and 0-30 seconds to infer on the parasympathetic nervous system and linear regression and delta applied to data range from 60 to 240 seconds to infer on the sympathetic nervous system. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that young and middle-aged subjects have different heart rate responses in exercise of moderate and intense intensity, with different mathematical calculations. METHODS: Seven middle-aged men and ten young men apparently healthy were subject to constant load tests (intense and moderate) in cycle ergometer. The heart rate data were submitted to analysis of deltas (0-10, 0-30 and 60-240 seconds) and simple linear regression (60-240 seconds). The parameters obtained from simple linear regression analysis were: intercept and slope angle. We used the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the distribution of data and the t test for unpaired comparisons between groups. The level of statistical significance was 5%. RESULTS: The value of the intercept and delta 0-10 seconds was lower in middle age in two loads tested and the inclination angle was lower in moderate exercise in middle age. CONCLUSION: The young subjects present greater magnitude of vagal withdrawal in the initial stage of the HR response during constant load exercise and higher speed of adjustment of sympathetic response in moderate exercise.

Microencapsulação de óleo essencial de laranja

It was done microencapsulation of natural essencial orange oil through spray-drying. The purpose was to use the best proportion of wall materials among maltodextrin, acacia gum, and modified starch (capsul) in order to retain greater amount of orange oil. The orange oil (10%) and maltodextrin (36%) remained constant. Three spray drying temperatures were employed: 180°C, 200°C and 220°C, therefore, nine final products were obtained. The superficial and inner oil concentrations were measured. The microcapsules were also examined through optical and scanning electron microscopy. The three temperatures employed did not affect the microencapsulation. The microstructure of the capsules were almost similar regardless the proportion employed among the carbohydrates to wall composition. At light microscopy it was observed a great heterogeneity of capsules diameters, and probably not smooth surfaces; at scanning electron microscopy it was clear that the walls displayed porosity over round surfaces. The best retention was given by the formula containing 10% of capsul, 10% of orange oil and 36% of maltodextrin, when total oil retention was 94%, regardless the drying temperature here employed.

COMPARAÇÃO DAS PROPRIEDADES REOLÓGICAS DA MASSA DE CACAU TORRADA CONVENCIONALMENTE E POR MICROONDAS

Two kinds of roasting cocoa system: conventional batch method in electrical oven, and by microwaves, in a continuous microwave rotary applicator (2450MHz), were compared with respect to viscosity. Cocoa was roasted in whole beans and in nibs. The variable used in the microwave treatment was the power density applied to the whole beans (254,45 to 290,80 Wh/kg) and to the nibs (227,27 to 262,23 Wh/kg), with a constant holding time of 10 minutes. The variable used in the conventional roasting process was the roasting time of the beans (40 to 44 min) and the nibs (34 to 38 min), with constant temperature in the jacket of electric oven (150°C). Viscosity was measured in a Brookfield rheometer (mod RV-DVIII) at 40°C. In general, the plastic viscosity of the microwaved samples was lower than that of the conventional roasted samples. Also the nibs showed lower viscosities than the whole beans when roasted in the electric oven. The viscosity of the samples roasted in the microwave oven was lower in the whole beans than in the nibs. The product was sensorially evaluated by three experts in cocoa flavour, and it was shown that the flavour of the microwave roasted products was similar to that of the conventionally roasted products, with the advantage of a reduction in process time.

Efeitos da constrição pupilar na perimetria de freqüência dupla em olhos normais

Purpose: To study the effects of pupillary constriction on frequency doubling perimetry in a group of normal subjects. Methods: Eighteen healthy volunteers participated in the study. Only one eye per patient (right eye) underwent frequency doubling perimetry (Full Threshold C-20 strategy). For the second session, one drop of 2% pilocarpine was administered to the volunteers' right eye and the examination was repeated after 60 minutes. Results: Sixty minutes after administration of 2% pilocarpine, there was a significant reduction of the pupillary diameter from 4.22 ± 0.17 mm to 1.55 ± 0.51 mm (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction of the mean retinal sensibility after pupillary constriction. The threshold sensitivity of the central 5º worsened by 5.67 ± 2.49 dB; the area between 2.5º and 10º worsened by 4.49 ± 2.73 dB; and the area between 10º and 20º worsened by 5.10 ± 3.55 dB (p<0.01). A reduction of 4.06 ± 2.67 dB was observed in the mean deviation, as well as an increase of 0.64 ± 0.94 dB in the pattern standard deviation (p<0.01). No differences were observed regarding the number of fixation losses, false-positive and false-negatives responses, and duration of the examination. Conclusion: Changes in pupillary diameter may produce significant declines in threshold sensitivities of the 20º visual field tested by frequency doubling perimetry. These results suggest that is important to maintain a constant pupillary diameter in seriate examinations.

A dança na formação docente em educação física

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Determinação da velolcidade critica como referencia do limiar anaerobio para o nado costas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Suplementação com caldo de cana de açucar comparado com outros carboidratos na reposição do glicogenio e cinetica de biomarcadores pos-exercicio agudo em ratos

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

O jogo de futebol : investigação de sua estrutura, de seus modelos e da inteligencia de jogo, do ponto de vista da complexidade

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física